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Line 210: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Cause/factor of vitiation Characteristic features + − Vatadosha frothy, slender, dry, scanty, discomforting ejaculation,infertile + − Pittadosha bluish or yellow discoloration,putrid odor, ejaculation with burning sensation − Kaphadosha extremely slimy and obstructs channel of semen (ejaculatory duct) − Excessive coitus/ injury semen with blood − Suppression of sexual urge ejaculate painfully with increased viscosity. − Sushruta and Vagbhatadescribed eight types of vitiated shukra as below: + − Affected by vatadosha, pittadosha, kaphadosha, that having cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass(granthi), foul smelling, pus like(puti-puya), decreased quantity(kshina),mixed withurine(mutraretas) and feces (purisha).[Su. Sa.ShariraSthana 2/3]+ − + − + + + + + + + + + − + − In case of fever, if the vitiated dosha are affecting shukra dhatu, then it is incurable. [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 3/83].+ − The vitiation of shukra by vata, pitta, kaphadoshaare curable.The semen with cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass (granthi), foul smelling, pus like(puti-puya), decreased quantity (kshina) are difficult to cure. The semenmixed with urine(mutra) and faeces (purisha)areincurable. [Su Sa ShariraSthana 2/4]Vagbhata opines all conditions are difficult to cure except the ones mixed with urine and feces, which is incurable. [Ash Hr. ShariraSthana 1/11]+ − + − + + + + + + + + − • If the semen is affected, virility enhancing food and drinks which promote strength and semen are beneficial. Therapeutic purgation (virechana) is indicated in case of obstruction in the passage of semen.[Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 28/94] − Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) is beneficial in case of diseases of semen. The medicines pacifying bleeding disorders (raktapittahara) and those indicated in the management of disorders of female genital tract (yoni vyapat) are prescribed in vitiation of shukra dhatu. Jeevaneeyaghritam, chyavanaprasha and shilajatu are specially indicated totreat diseases of virile semen. [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 30/146-148] − • Ghee(sarpi), milk(payas) , meat soup (mamsarasa), shali rice, barley (yava), shashtika rice and especially therapeutic enema (bastikarma) are advised in the disorders of semen.[Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 30/152] − Following table shows specific therapies for treating disorders of shukra dhatu vitiated dosha. − Type of vitiation Treatment − Vata niruha and anuvasana (evacuation and unctuous enema) − Pitta rasayana formulations indicated in abhayaamalakeeya chapter − Kapha pippali,guduchi, loha, triphala, bhallatakarasayana − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + +
no edit summary
The shukra dhatu affected by [[dosha]] and specific cause show respective characteristics as given below:
The shukra dhatu affected by [[dosha]] and specific cause show respective characteristics as given below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Cause/factor of vitiation || Characteristic features
|-
| Vata dosha || frothy, slender, dry, scanty, discomforting ejaculation, infertile
|-
| Pitta dosha || bluish or yellow discoloration,putrid odor, ejaculation with burning sensation
|-
| Kapha dosha ||extremely slimy and obstructs channel of semen (ejaculatory duct)
|-
| Excessive coitus/ injury || semen with blood
|-
|Suppression of sexual urge || ejaculate painfully with increased viscosity.
|}
Sushruta and Vagbhata described eight types of vitiated shukra as below:
Affected by [[vata dosha]], [[pitta dosha]], [[kapha dosha]], that having cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass(granthi), foul smelling, pus like(puti-puya), decreased quantity(kshina), mixed with urine(mutraretas) and feces (purisha).[Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 2/3]
===Abnormalities of Semen:===
Abnormalities of Semen:
Currently, the microscopic study of semen is done as the “seminal analysis”. The abnormalities in semen are observed as below:
Currently, microscopic studies of semen is done as “seminal analysis”. The abnormalities in semen are observed as below:
• Aspermia: absence of semen
• Aspermia: absence of semen
• Azoospermia: absence of sperm
• Azoospermia: absence of sperm
• Hypospermia: low semen volume
• Hypospermia: low semen volume
• Hyperspermia: high semen volume
• Hyperspermia: high semen volume
• Oligozoospermia: Very low sperm count
• Oligozoospermia: Very low sperm count
• Asthenozoospermia: poor sperm motility
• Asthenozoospermia: poor sperm motility
• Teratozoospermia: sperm carry more morphological defects than usual
• Teratozoospermia: sperm carry more morphological defects than usual
• Necrozoospermia: all sperm in the ejaculate are dead
• Necrozoospermia: all sperm in the ejaculate are dead
• Leucospermia: a high level of white blood cells in semen.
• Leucospermia: a high level of white blood cells in semen.
Prognosis:
==Prognosis:==
* In case of fever, if the vitiated dosha are affecting shukra dhatu, then it is incurable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83].
==Importance of concept in preservation of health and prevention: ==
Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) produces lineage of progeny, quick sexual stimulation, enables one to perform sexual act with the women uninterruptedly and promotes corpulence and infallible and indestructible semen. [Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 1/1/9-10] This is one of the most important measure to promote sexual health and prevent diseases.
*The vitiation of shukra by vata, pitta, kapha dosha are curable. The semen with cadaveric smell(kunapagandhi), having clots/coagulated mass (granthi), foul-smelling, pus-like(puti-puya), decreased quantity (kshina) are difficult to cure. The semen mixed with urine(mutra) and faeces (purisha)are incurable. [Su Sa Sharira Sthana 2/4]
Vagbhata opines that all conditions are difficult to cure except the ones mixed with urine and feces, which is incurable. [Ash Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/11]
==Importance of concept in the preservation of health and prevention: ==
Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) produces lineage of progeny, quick sexual stimulation, enables one to perform sexual act with the women uninterruptedly and promote corpulence and infallible and indestructible semen. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/9-10] This is one of the most important measures to promote sexual health and prevent diseases.
== Principles of management ==
== Principles of management ==
In contemporary approach, the body components related to reproduction are considered under purview of shukra dhatu. Thus, the male and female reproductive systems, their anatomical and physiological aspects are observed under shukra dhatu. The disorders of semen are described mainly in this article. The disorders of female genital tract and menstruation are described in separate context with reference to yonivyapat.
*If the semen is affected, virility enhancing food and drinks which promote strength and semen are beneficial. Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) is indicated in the case of obstruction in the passage of semen.[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/94]
Seminogram:
The semen analysis also called seminogram or spermiogram evaluates certain characteristics of semen and the sperm contained therein.
* Aphrodisiac therapies (vajikarana) is beneficial in the case of diseases of semen. The medicines pacifying bleeding disorders (raktapittahara) and those indicated in the management of disorders of the female genital tract (yoni vyapat) are prescribed in vitiation of shukra dhatu. Jeevaneeyaghritam, chyavanaprasha and shilajatu are specially indicated to treat diseases of virile semen. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 30/146-148]
*Ghee(sarpi), milk(payas), meat soup (mamsarasa), shali rice, barley (yava), shashtika rice, and especially therapeutic enema ([[basti karma]]) are advised in the disorders of semen.[Cha. Sa. ChikitsaSthana 30/152]
The following table shows specific therapies for treating disorders of shukra dhatu by vitiated dosha.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Type of vitiation || Treatment
|-
| Vata || niruha and anuvasana (evacuation and unctuous enema)
|-
| Pitta || rasayana formulations indicated in [[abhayaamalakeeya]] chapter
|-
| Kapha || pippali,guduchi, loha, triphala, bhallatak arasayana
|}
==Contemporary approach==
In the contemporary approach, the body components related to reproduction are considered under purview of shukra dhatu. Thus, the male and female reproductive systems, their anatomical and physiological aspects are observed under shukra dhatu. The disorders of semen are described mainly in this article. The disorders of female genital tract and menstruation are described in separate contexts with reference to yonivyapat.
===Seminogram:===
The semen analysis also called seminogram or spermiogram which evaluates certain characteristics of semen and the sperm contained therein.
There are many parameters obtained through a spermiogram, the most frequently studied are:
There are many parameters obtained through a spermiogram, the most frequently studied are:
• Liquefaction: After the ejaculation, the sperm sample is coagulated and needs to be liquefied in order to perform any tests. In normal conditions the sperm is totally liquefied in 60 minutes after the ejaculation.
• Viscosity: When the semen sample is highly viscous, it may be a sign of a prostatic dysfunction.
• '''Liquefaction''': After the ejaculation, the sperm sample is coagulated and needs to be liquefied in order to perform any tests. In normal conditions, the sperm is totally liquefied in 60 minutes after the ejaculation.
• Volume: The normal volume of an ejaculate sample after 3 or 5 days of sexual abstinence is 1.5 ml approximately. Lower volumes might suggest hypospermia.
• Color: Sperm is usually opalescent white, lightly yellow. When the color is altered, it is recommended to study possible causes.
• '''Viscosity''': When the semen sample is highly viscous, it may be a sign of a prostatic dysfunction.
• pH: Values should be greater than 7.1. Lower values might be a sign of azoospermia (lack of spermatozoa) or chronic inflammatory processes.
• Sperm concentration: Normal values are around 15 million per ml ejaculated or 39 million per complete semen sample. When these values are lower it could indicate oligozoospermia.
• '''Volume''': The normal volume of an ejaculate sample after 3 or 5 days of sexual abstinence is 1.5 ml approximately. Lower volumes might suggest hypospermia.
• Motility: The percentage of motile spermatozoa and progressively motile is analyzed. The progressive motility value should be over 32%, on the contrary it might indicate astenozoospermia.
• Vitality: The percentage of vital spermatozoa must be over 58%. Lower values could indicate astenoozoospermia.
• '''Color''': Sperm is usually opalescent white, lightly yellow. When the color is altered, it is recommended to study possible causes.
• Morphology: There might be 4% or more normal spermatozoa in an usual spermiogram. Lower percentage of normal sperms and high percentage of morphologically abnormal sperms could indicate teratozoospermia.
• Leukocytes: When the leukocyte concentration is over 1 million per ml of sample it might indicate an infection (leukocytosis).
• '''pH''': Values should be greater than 7.1. Lower values might be a sign of azoospermia (lack of spermatozoa) or chronic inflammatory processes.
• Antisperm Antibodies or Mar test: The number of spermatozoa with adherent particles or cells is reflected. More than 50% spermatozoa clustered together suggests an immunological problem.
• '''Sperm concentration''': Normal values are around 15 million per ml ejaculated or 39 million per complete semen sample. When these values are lower it could indicate oligozoospermia.
• '''Motility''': The percentage of motile spermatozoa and progressively motile is analyzed. The progressive motility value should be over 32%, on the contrary, it might indicate astenozoospermia.
• '''Vitality''': The percentage of vital spermatozoa must be over 58%. Lower values could indicate astenoozoospermia.
• '''Morphology''': There might be 4% or more normal spermatozoa in an usual spermiogram. Lower percentage of normal sperms and high percentage of morphologically abnormal sperms could indicate teratozoospermia.
• '''Leukocytes''': When the leukocyte concentration is over 1 million per ml of sample it might indicate an infection (leukocytosis).
• '''Antisperm Antibodies or Mar test''': The number of spermatozoa with adherent particles or cells is reflected. More than 50% spermatozoa clustered together suggests an immunological problem.
==Current researches ==
==Current researches ==
Ayurveda text describe formation of shukra dhatu from majja dhatu. Current research shows that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have potential of differentiation.They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors which make them appropriate for cell therapy. A study conducted to evaluate the healing effect of BM-MSCs transplantation on germinal cells showed that the transplanted BM-MSCs could successfully induce spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules of azoospermic hamster. Therefore, BM-MSCs can be an attractive candidate in cell transplantation of azoospermia.
Ayurveda text describe the formation of shukra dhatu from majja dhatu. Current research shows that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) have the potential for differentiation. They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors which make them appropriate for cell therapy. A study conducted to evaluate the healing effect of BM-MSCs transplantation on germinal cells showed that the transplanted BM-MSCs could successfully induce spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules of azoospermic hamster. Therefore, BM-MSCs can be an attractive candidate in cell transplantation of azoospermia.
===List of theses done===
===List of theses done===