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<p style='text-align:justify;'>The word ‘Sharira’ means ‘physical body’. [[Ayurveda]] describes sharira as the seat of consciousness, composed of the aggregate of the products of five mahabhutas and carrying on in the state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/4] [[Soul]] is assumed to be the cause of consciousness. Thus, [[Ayurveda]] considers that sharira is a living body constituted by the association of the [[Pancha mahabhuta | panchamahabhutas]] and the [[soul]]. The physical body is formed by amalgamation of [[Pancha mahabhuta | pachamahabhutas]] in variable quantities. The physical body is active but unconscious. The soul is inactive and conscious in the living being. They both coexist together inside the sharira. The physical body works as per the direction of the [[Atma|soul]]. The association between body and [[soul]] can be related to a lame person sitting on the shoulders of a blind person and  moves on  the directions of blind person. Sharira is one of the tripods of [[life]] along with [[mind]] and [[soul]]. When these three factors unite, the body survives and possesses all essentials of life [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/46]. The importance of [[knowledge]] of sharira can be understood by observing a separate section named ‘[[Sharira Sthana|sharira sthana]]’  in each classical [[ayurveda]] text. The knowledge of sharira is mandatory for the clinical diagnosis, treatment of [[diseases]], and maintenance of a healthy life. Current researches show that knowledge of sharira is necessary to decide the ingredients of drugs, understand the mode of action of therapy, and evaluation of anthropometric data. </p>

The word ‘Sharira’ means ‘physical body’. [[Ayurveda]] describes sharira as the seat of consciousness, composed of the aggregate of the products of five mahabhutas and carrying on in the state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/4] [[Soul]] is assumed to be the cause of consciousness. Thus, [[Ayurveda]] considers that sharira is a living body constituted by the association of the [[Pancha mahabhuta | panchamahabhutas]] and the [[soul]]. The physical body is formed by amalgamation of [[Pancha mahabhuta | pachamahabhutas]] in variable quantities. The physical body is active but unconscious. The soul is inactive and conscious in the living being. They both coexist together inside the sharira. The physical body works as per the direction of the [[Atma|soul]]. The association between body and [[soul]] can be related to a lame person sitting on the shoulders of a blind person and  moves on  the directions of blind person. Sharira is one of the tripods of [[life]] along with [[mind]] and [[soul]]. When these three factors unite, the body survives and possesses all essentials of life [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/46]. The importance of [[knowledge]] of sharira can be understood by observing a separate section named ‘[[Sharira Sthana|sharira sthana]]’  in each classical [[ayurveda]] text. The knowledge of sharira is mandatory for the clinical diagnosis, treatment of [[diseases]], and maintenance of a healthy life. Current researches show that knowledge of sharira is necessary to decide the ingredients of drugs, understand the mode of action of therapy, and evaluation of anthropometric data.

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== Sub-division ==

== Sub-division ==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50%;"

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"

|+ Table 1. Shadangam (six body parts)

|+ Table 1. Shadangam (six body parts)

|-

|-

|-

|-

| Upper limbs/extremities

| Upper limbs/extremities

| 2

| style="text-align:center;" | 2

|-

|-

| Lower limbs /extremities

| Lower limbs /extremities

| 2

| style="text-align:center;" | 2

|-

|-

| Head and Neck

| Head and Neck

| 1

| style="text-align:center;" | 1

|-

|-

| Trunk

| Trunk

| 1

| style="text-align:center;" | 1

|}

|}

== Kosha and sharira ==

== Kosha and sharira ==

# Manomaya kosha: Manomaya kosha is the cover denoting the mind.  

# Manomaya kosha: Manomaya kosha is the cover denoting the mind.  

# Vijnanamaya kosha: This denotes the intellect and sense faculties of the person.

# Vijnanamaya kosha: This denotes the intellect and sense faculties of the person.

#Anandmaya kosha: This denotes the attitude and aptitude component of our personality. <ref>Kumar K.V.D., editor, (1st ed.). Clinical Yoga and Ayurveda; Clinical Approach of Yoga and Ayurveda: Section 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2011; 107-109.</ref>

#Anandmaya kosha: This denotes the attitude and aptitude component of our personality. <ref>Kumar K.V.D., editor, (1st ed.). Clinical Yoga and [[Ayurveda]]; Clinical Approach of Yoga and [[Ayurveda]]: Section 3. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2011; 107-109.</ref>

Ayurveda practices intend to nourish all these components and maintain equilibrium to preserve [[health]].  

[[Ayurveda]] practices intend to nourish all these components and maintain equilibrium to preserve [[health]].  

== Examination and assessment methods==

== Examination and assessment methods==

* Any imbalance in [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] (body components) and [[mala]] (metabolic biproducts); or any anatomical or physiological anomaly leads to pathogenesis and [[disease]] manifestation of the body. For example, decreased hemoglobin level can be observed as pallor on skin and conjunctiva on sharira. The body thus portrays the state of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]], and [[mala]]. Consequently, the imbalance of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]], and [[mala]] are balanced and brought to equilibrium by the administration of [[aahara]] (food), [[vihara]] (daily or seasonal regimen), and [[aushadha]] (medicine and therapy) to sharira.

* Any imbalance in [[dosha]], [[dhatu]] (body components) and [[mala]] (metabolic biproducts); or any anatomical or physiological anomaly leads to pathogenesis and [[disease]] manifestation of the body. For example, decreased hemoglobin level can be observed as pallor on skin and conjunctiva on sharira. The body thus portrays the state of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]], and [[mala]]. Consequently, the imbalance of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]], and [[mala]] are balanced and brought to equilibrium by the administration of [[aahara]] (food), [[vihara]] (daily or seasonal regimen), and [[aushadha]] (medicine and therapy) to sharira.

* The sharira is the base of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]], and [[mala]]. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/3] To successfully treat a patient, understanding functional entities, anatomical entities and metabolic by-products is necessary. Hence the knowledge of sharira is mandatory in healthcare systems. A [[physician]] who is well versed in the understanding of sharira becomes admirable in the field of [[science of life]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/3]

* The sharira is the base of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]], and [[mala]]. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/3] To successfully treat a patient, understanding functional entities, anatomical entities and metabolic by-products is necessary. Hence the knowledge of sharira is mandatory in healthcare systems. A [[physician]] who is well versed in the understanding of sharira becomes admirable in the field of [[science of life]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/3]

* Basic knowledge of the anatomical aspect of sharira is necessary for surgical procedures. Ayurveda believes that one can be considered an expert shalya chikitsak (surgeon) only when he is well versed in practical anatomy and the knowledge of classical literature. Therefore, one should start the procedures (of surgery) after clearing away the doubts by actually seeing (the surgical anatomy concerned) and consulting (the appropriate literature). [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/63]

* Basic knowledge of the anatomical aspect of sharira is necessary for surgical procedures. [[Ayurveda]] believes that one can be considered an expert shalya chikitsak (surgeon) only when he is well versed in practical anatomy and the knowledge of classical literature. Therefore, one should start the procedures (of surgery) after clearing away the doubts by actually seeing (the surgical anatomy concerned) and consulting (the appropriate literature). [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/63]

* In medical jurisprudence, the anatomical [[study]] of sharira is vital to find out the cause of death, gender, age, sex, etc.  

* In medical jurisprudence, the anatomical [[study]] of sharira is vital to find out the cause of death, gender, age, sex, etc.  

* Though sharira is mainly assumed as a physical body, sharira also demonstrates the status of the psyche and mental faculty. For example, stressed mental status causes the release of hormones like catecholamines. These hormones manifest in raised blood pressure and increased heart activity in sharira. The relation between sharira and [[manas]] (psyche) is highlighted in [[Charak Samhita]] by quoting that body follows psyche and vice versa. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/36]

* Though sharira is mainly assumed as a physical body, sharira also demonstrates the status of the psyche and mental faculty. For example, stressed mental status causes the release of hormones like catecholamines. These hormones manifest in raised blood pressure and increased heart activity in sharira. The relation between sharira and [[manas]] (psyche) is highlighted in [[Charak Samhita]] by quoting that body follows psyche and vice versa. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/36]

<br/>   

<br/>   

<li>''' Significance of [[anguli pramana]] in [[ayurveda]]: a critical review '''</li>

<li>''' Significance of [[anguli pramana]] in [[ayurveda]]: a critical review '''</li>

Importance of anatomical knowledge of sharira about [[anguli pramana]] (measurement with fingers) is elaborated. [[Anguli pramana]] is significant in determining age, status of immunity, economic quality, [[life span]], therapy dosage, treatment selection, forensic medicine, textile industry, etc.<ref>Dhannajay, Naresh K. Kumawat, Nishi Jain, Vikash Bhatnagar. Significance of Anguli Pramana in Ayurveda: A Critical Review. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, 2015 3(3):947-952; ISSN: 1320 5091.</ref>

Importance of anatomical knowledge of sharira about [[anguli pramana]] (measurement with fingers) is elaborated. [[Anguli pramana]] is significant in determining age, status of immunity, economic quality, [[life span]], therapy dosage, treatment selection, forensic medicine, textile industry, etc.<ref>Dhannajay, Naresh K. Kumawat, Nishi Jain, Vikash Bhatnagar. Significance of Anguli Pramana in [[Ayurveda]]: A Critical Review. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal, 2015 3(3):947-952; ISSN: 1320 5091.</ref>

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<br/>

<li>''' Review on shadanga sharira '''</li>

<li>''' Review on shadanga sharira '''</li>

Formation and development of shadanga, division of body structures, and their external appearance (bahya pratyanga) is elaborated in Sushruta samhita. Knowledge of anatomical structure is the base for understanding functions and pathological changes. It is highly important while performing surgery as well as post-surgery.<ref>Rubia R. Peerzade, Dr. M. R. Patil, Dr. J. T. Giritammannavar. Review on Shadanga Sharira. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2020;6:310-316.</ref>

Formation and development of shadanga, division of body structures, and their external appearance (bahya pratyanga) is elaborated in Sushruta samhita. Knowledge of anatomical structure is the base for understanding functions and pathological changes. It is highly important while performing surgery as well as post-surgery.<ref>Rubia R. Peerzade, Dr. M. R. Patil, Dr. J. T. Giritammannavar. Review on Shadanga Sharira. J [[Ayurveda]] Integr Med Sci 2020;6:310-316.</ref>

<br/>

<br/>

<li>''' Fundamentals of rachana sharira (anatomy) in treatise Sushruta Samhita '''</li>

<li>''' Fundamentals of rachana sharira (anatomy) in treatise Sushruta Samhita '''</li>

Rachana Sharira is a specialty subject dealing with the knowledge of sharira. The [[Human Body|human body]] is formed of six parts called ‘angas’. Hence it is known as Shadang Sharira. shadangas and pratyangas are the first ever anatomical landmarks explained in medical science. The six parts of shadangas have definite peculiarities, like shakha help in daily activities and locomotion. Shira is the control center of body activities. Sharira Madhya (middle portion of the body, trunk) comprises of many organs related to important life processes. Vaksha is composed of vital organs of circulation and ventilation. Concept  of the interrelationship  between manas (psyche)  & sharira (soma)  w.s.r.  to Ayurvedic Treatment

Rachana Sharira is a specialty subject dealing with the knowledge of sharira. The [[Human Body|human body]] is formed of six parts called ‘angas’. Hence it is known as Shadang Sharira. shadangas and pratyangas are the first ever anatomical landmarks explained in medical science. The six parts of shadangas have definite peculiarities, like shakha help in daily activities and locomotion. Shira is the control center of body activities. Sharira Madhya (middle portion of the body, trunk) comprises of many organs related to important life processes. Vaksha is composed of vital organs of circulation and ventilation. Concept  of the interrelationship  between manas (psyche)  & sharira (soma)  w.s.r.  to Ayurvedic Treatment

<br/>

<br/>

Sharira & [[manas]] are related to each other through their fundamental functional forces viz. the [[tridosha]] & [[triguna]]. Sharirika dosha [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] are related to [[rajas]], [[sattva]] & [[tamas]], respectively. The interrelationship at this level is of a quantitative type. After comparing the normal functions of both [[dosha]] and observing them, it is observed that [[vata]] has an affinity with [[rajas]] & [[tamas]], while [[kapha]] with [[sattva]].<ref>Dhimdhime R.S, Pawar K.B, Kodape D.T, Dhimdhime S.R, Prashant  Baghel. Concept of Interrelationship Between Manas (Psyche) & Sharira (Soma) w.s.r. to Ayurvedic Treatment International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2017;5(1):70-73.</ref>

Sharira & [[manas]] are related to each other through their fundamental functional forces viz. the [[tridosha]] & [[triguna]]. Sharirika dosha [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] are related to [[rajas]], [[sattva]] & [[tamas]], respectively. The interrelationship at this level is of a quantitative type. After comparing the normal functions of both [[dosha]] and observing them, it is observed that [[vata]] has an affinity with [[rajas]] & [[tamas]], while [[kapha]] with [[sattva]].<ref>Dhimdhime R.S, Pawar K.B, Kodape D.T, Dhimdhime S.R, Prashant  Baghel. Concept of Interrelationship Between Manas (Psyche) & Sharira (Soma) w.s.r. to Ayurvedic Treatment International Journal of [[Ayurveda]] and Pharma Research. 2017;5(1):70-73.</ref>

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== References ==

== References ==