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|title=Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya

|title=Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords=a catalogue of herbs, selective activity profile, pharmaceutical forms of drugs, medicinal juice, paste, decoction, cold infusion, hot infusion

|keywords=a catalogue of herbs, selective activity profile, pharmaceutical forms of drugs, medicinal juice, paste, decoction, cold infusion, hot infusion, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=This chapter provides comprehensive information about herbs and their classification by their specific activity and utility, medicinal preparations for evacuation (or evacuatives), and specific therapeutic regimen such as cleansing regimen (samshodhana) and pacification regimen (samshamana)

|description=This chapter provides comprehensive information about herbs and their classification by their specific activity and utility, medicinal preparations for evacuation (or evacuatives), and specific therapeutic regimen such as cleansing regimen (samshodhana) and pacification regimen (samshamana)

}}

}}

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 4. The Resources of Six Hundred Evacuatives'''</big>

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 4. The Resources of Six Hundred Evacuatives'''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya

|title = Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Sharira Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

=== Introduction ===

== Introduction ==

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This chapter is the last one among ''Bheshaja Chatushka'' (group of chapters on therapeutics). Previous second and third chapters dealt with the internal and external cleansing procedures respectively. Present chapter is in continuation of those topics and describes ''vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) and ''virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) based treatment procedures. These preparations - six hundred of them - are also described in the section of [[Kalpa Sthana]] that deals with specific preparations for body cleansing procedures. However, considering the importance of cleansing procedures, they are referred briefly in the present chapter. The main content of this chapter includes fifty classes of five hundred herbs, based upon their selective action on various diseases and biological systems. These classes are called ''mahakashaya'' (classes of drugs with similar activity profile) comprising ten herbs each. These fifty classes are again sub-divided into ten sub-classes starting with ''jeevaniya'' (vitalizers) and ending with ''vayasthapana'' (anti-aging herbs). These fifty ''mahakashaya'' refer to fifty therapeutic indications, for example, ''chhardi nigrahana'' (anti-emetic), ''mutra virechaniya'' (diuretic), ''kasahara'' (antitussive and expectorant), ''shoola prashamana'' (analgesic), etc. The potency of a single drug may vary per the preparation and the indication of preparation depends on the patient’s strength.

This chapter is the last one among ''Bheshaja Chatushka'' (group of chapters on therapeutics). Previous second and third chapters dealt with the internal and external cleansing procedures respectively. Present chapter is in continuation of those topics and describes therapeutic emesis (''[[vamana]]'') and therapeutic purgation (''[[virechana]]'') based treatment procedures. These preparations - six hundred of them - are also described in the section of [[Kalpa Sthana]] that deals with specific preparations for body cleansing procedures. However, considering the importance of cleansing procedures, they are referred briefly in the present chapter. The main content of this chapter includes fifty classes of five hundred herbs, based upon their selective action on various diseases and biological systems. These classes are called ''mahakashaya'' (classes of drugs with similar activity profile) comprising ten herbs each. These fifty classes are again sub-divided into ten sub-classes starting with vitalizers (''jeevaniya'') and ending with anti-aging herbs (''vayasthapana''). These fifty ''mahakashaya'' refer to fifty therapeutic indications, for example, anti-emetic (''chhardi nigrahana''), diuretic (''mutra virechaniya''), antitussive and expectorant (''kasahara''), analgesic(''shoola prashamana''), etc. The potency of a single drug may vary per the preparation and the indication of preparation depends on the patient’s strength.

Thus, this chapter provides a comprehensive information about medicinal preparations, their original plant resources, and selective actions of each preparation with targeted activity profile.

Thus, this chapter provides a comprehensive information about medicinal preparations, their original plant resources, and selective actions of each preparation with targeted activity profile.

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=== Sanskrit text, transliteration, and English translation ===

== Sanskrit text, transliteration, and English translation ==

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Now (I) shall expound the chapter on resources of six hundred evacuatives.  

Now we shall expound the chapter "Shadvirechanashatashritiya" (Resources of six hundred evacuatives). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

==== Brief numerical categories of medicine====

=== Brief numerical categories of medicine===

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Here are six hundred evacuatives, six classes of plant origin, five sources of medicines, five forms of medicine preparation, fifty classes of medicines and list of five hundred medicinal herbs, in brief. [3]

Here are six hundred evacuatives, six classes of plant origin, five sources of medicines, five forms of medicine preparation, fifty classes of medicines and list of five hundred medicinal herbs, in brief. [3]

==== Six hundred formulations of medicinal plants ====

=== Six hundred formulations of medicinal plants ===

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==== Six parts of plants used in formulation ====

=== Six parts of plants used in formulation ===

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The six parts of plants that serve as sources of evacuatives are: latex, root, bark, leaf, flower and fruit. [5]

The six parts of plants that serve as sources of evacuatives are: latex, root, bark, leaf, flower and fruit. [5]

==== Basic tastes for medicinal preparations ====

=== Basic tastes for medicinal preparations ===

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The five basic tastes associated with medicinal preparations mentioned in this compendium are:  sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent. [6]

The five basic tastes associated with medicinal preparations mentioned in this compendium are:  sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent. [6]

==== Five types of medicinal forms ====

=== Five types of medicinal forms ===

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==== Fifty classes of medicines per their activity profile ====

=== Fifty classes of medicines per their activity profile ===

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पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया’ इति यदुक्तं तदनुव्याख्यास्यामः;तद्यथा- <br />

पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया’ इति यदुक्तं तदनुव्याख्यास्यामः;तद्यथा- <br />

जीवनीयो बृंहणीयो लेखनीयो भेदनीयः सन्धानीयो दीपनीय इति <br />

जीवनीयो बृंहणीयो लेखनीयो भेदनीयः सन्धानीयो दीपनीय इति षट्कः कषायवर्गः; <br />  

षट्कः कषायवर्गः; बल्यो वर्ण्यः कण्ठ्यो हृद्य इति <br />

बल्यो वर्ण्यः कण्ठ्यो हृद्य इति चतुष्कः कषायवर्गः; <br />

चतुष्कः कषायवर्गः; तृप्तिघ्नोऽर्शोघ्नः कुष्ठघ्नः कण्डूघ्नः क्रिमिघ्नो <br />

तृप्तिघ्नोऽर्शोघ्नः कुष्ठघ्नः कण्डूघ्नः क्रिमिघ्नो विषघ्न इति षट्कः कषायवर्गः; <br />  

विषघ्न इति षट्कः कषायवर्गः; स्तन्यजननः स्तन्यशोधनः शुक्रजननः <br />

स्तन्यजननः स्तन्यशोधनः शुक्रजननः शुक्रशोधन इति चतुष्कः कषायवर्गः; <br />  

शुक्रशोधन इति चतुष्कः कषायवर्गः; स्नेहोपगः स्वेदोपगो वमनोपगो <br />

स्नेहोपगः स्वेदोपगो वमनोपगो विरेचनोपग आस्थापनोपगोऽनुवासनोपगः शिरोविरेचनोपग इति सप्तकः कषायवर्गः; <br />  

विरेचनोपग आस्थापनोपगोऽनुवासनोपगः शिरोविरेचनोपग इति <br />

छर्दिनिग्रहणस्तृष्णानिग्रहणो हिक्कानिग्रहण इति त्रिकः कषायवर्गः; <br />

सप्तकः कषायवर्गः; छर्दिनिग्रहणस्तृष्णानिग्रहणो हिक्कानिग्रहण इति <br />

पुरीषसङ्ग्रहणीयः पुरीषविरजनीयो मूत्रसङ्ग्रहणीयो मूत्रविरजनीयो मूत्रविरेचनीय इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; <br />

त्रिकः कषायवर्गः; पुरीषसङ्ग्रहणीयः पुरीषविरजनीयो मूत्रसङ्ग्रहणीयो मूत्रविरजनीयो <br />

कासहरः श्वासहरः शोथहरो ज्वरहरः श्रमहर इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; <br />  

मूत्रविरेचनीय इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; कासहरः श्वासहरः शोथहरो ज्वरहरः श्रमहर <br />

दाहप्रशमनः शीतप्रशमन उदर्दप्रशमनोऽङ्गमर्दप्रशमनः शूलप्रशमन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; <br />

इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; दाहप्रशमनः शीतप्रशमन उदर्दप्रशमनोऽङ्गमर्दप्रशमनः शूलप्रशमन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; शोणितस्थापनो वेदनास्थापनः सञ्ज्ञास्थापनः प्रजास्थापनो वयःस्थापन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; इति पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया महतां च कषायाणां लक्षणोदाहरणार्थं व्याख्याता भवन्ति| <br />

शोणितस्थापनो वेदनास्थापनः सञ्ज्ञास्थापनः प्रजास्थापनो वयःस्थापन इति पञ्चकः कषायवर्गः; <br />

इति पञ्चाशन्महाकषाया महतां च कषायाणां लक्षणोदाहरणार्थं व्याख्याता भवन्ति| <br />

तेषामेकैकस्मिन् महाकषाये दश दशावयविकान् कषायाननुव्याख्यास्यामः; तान्येव पञ्च कषायशतानि भवन्ति||८|| <br />

तेषामेकैकस्मिन् महाकषाये दश दशावयविकान् कषायाननुव्याख्यास्यामः; तान्येव पञ्च कषायशतानि भवन्ति||८|| <br />

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Thus, fifty classes of medicines have been mentioned for definition and example. Among them, in every class, the ten constituent medicinal herbs will be described further, which will complete the list of five hundred medicinal herbs. [8]

Thus, fifty classes of medicines have been mentioned for definition and example. Among them, in every class, the ten constituent medicinal herbs will be described further, which will complete the list of five hundred medicinal herbs. [8]

====== Group I: Six subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group I: Six subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group II: Four subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group II: Four subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group III: Six subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group III: Six subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group IV: Four subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group IV: Four subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group V: Seven subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group V: Seven subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group VI: Three subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group VI: Three subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group VII: Five subgroups ======

===== Group VII: Five subgroups =====

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====== Group VIII:  Five subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group VIII:  Five subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group IX: Five subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group IX: Five subgroups of medicines =====

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====== Group X: Five subgroups of medicines ======

===== Group X: Five subgroups of medicines =====

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Thus five hundred medicines grouped in fifty classes have been mentioned alongwith definition and examples. [19]

Thus five hundred medicines grouped in fifty classes have been mentioned alongwith definition and examples. [19]

==== Limitations and guidelines for description in ''Samhita'' ====

=== Limitations and guidelines for description in ''Samhita'' ===

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While Lord Atreya was saying thus, Agnivesha, inquired, “Sir, the number five hundred does not match with regards to medicines (or medicinal herbs) because the same constituents are repeated in these classes of medicines.” [21]

While Lord Atreya was saying thus, Agnivesha, inquired, “Sir, the number five hundred does not match with regards to medicines (or medicinal herbs) because the same constituents are repeated in these classes of medicines.” [21]

==== Importance of knowing synonyms ====

=== Importance of knowing synonyms ===

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==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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=== ''Tattva vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles ===

== Tattva vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

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*Six sources of evacuatives (sourced from plant parts) are latex, root, bark, leaf, flower and fruit. Classification of medicinal herbs has been done on the basis of their specific action. [verse 5]  

*Six sources of evacuatives (sourced from plant parts) are latex, root, bark, leaf, flower and fruit. Classification of medicinal herbs has been done on the basis of their specific action. [verse 5]  

*Five origins of medicines in this compendium are based on their tastes: sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent. These basic tastes can produce various medicine forms. However, the salty taste cannot produce any other medicinal form as it is soluble in water. [verse 6]   

*Five origins of medicines in this compendium are based on their tastes: sweet, sour, pungent, bitter and astringent. These basic tastes can produce various medicine forms. However, the salty taste cannot produce any other medicinal form as it is soluble in water. [verse 6]   

*A drug can be prepared in five forms viz. juices, pastes, decoctions, cold infusions and hot infusions. Fresh juice is more potent/effective than paste; the paste is more potent than decoction; the decoction is more potent than cold infusion; and, cold infusion is more potent than hot infusion. Here, potency refers to active potential of the drug as well as expected bio-availability of the drug inside the body. The dosage of medication is decided depending upon the strength of the patient and the severity of disease. The digestive power of the patient is also an important consideration when deciding the form or mode of administration. If the digestive power of patient is weak, then ''swarasa'' (juice) should be avoided because it is strong and heavy to digest. In that case, one should recommend ''phanta'' (hot infusion). There are many new forms of medicine available these days. However, the basic forms will remain five as described above.  [verse 7]

*A drug can be prepared in five forms viz. juices, pastes, decoctions, cold infusions and hot infusions. Fresh juice is more potent/effective than paste; the paste is more potent than decoction; the decoction is more potent than cold infusion; and, cold infusion is more potent than hot infusion. Here, potency refers to active potential of the drug as well as expected bio-availability of the drug inside the body. The dosage of medication is decided depending upon the strength of the patient and the severity of disease. The digestive power of the patient is also an important consideration when deciding the form or mode of administration. If the digestive power of patient is weak, then ''swarasa'' (juice) should be avoided because it is strong and heavy to digest. In that case, one should recommend ''phanta'' (hot infusion). There are many new forms of medicine available these days. However, the basic forms will remain five as described above.  [verse 7]

*A single medicine can work in different ways and depending upon the properties and modes of interaction with biological systems, may lead to different pharmacological effects. Similarly, different drugs could result in similar patterns to produce a common cumulative pharmacological effect. Therefore, these drugs have been grouped into specific ''mahakashaya'' [verse 22].

*A single medicine can work in different ways and depending upon the properties and modes of interaction with biological systems, may lead to different pharmacological effects. Similarly, different drugs could result in similar patterns to produce a common cumulative pharmacological effect. Therefore, these drugs have been grouped into specific ''mahakashaya''. [verse 22]

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=== ''Vidhi vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences ===

== Vidhi vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

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The chapter describes fifty classes of medicines per their selective action on biological systems and their expected pharmacological effects. These medicines are clinically used in various disease conditions and for indicated benefit:

The chapter describes fifty classes of medicines per their selective action on biological systems and their expected pharmacological effects. These medicines are clinically used in various disease conditions and for indicated benefit:

#''Jivaniya'' (vitaliser): Drugs which promote vitality are called ''jivaniya''. They promote formation of good quality body tissues and are used in the management of ojas disorders. These drugs are predominant in ''prithví'' + ''jala mahabhuta'' and are mostly ''madhura'' (sweet in taste) and ''sheeta veerya'' (cool in potency). These drugs are used in immunocompromised and chronic debilitating diseases.  

#''Jivaniya'' (vitaliser): Drugs which promote vitality are called ''jivaniya''. They promote formation of good quality body tissues and are used in the management of [[ojas]] disorders. These drugs are predominant in ''[[prithvi]]'' + ''[[jala mahabhuta]]'' and are mostly ''madhura'' (sweet in taste) and ''sheeta veerya'' (cool in potency). These drugs are used in immunocompromised and chronic debilitating diseases.  

#''Brimhaniya'' (strength promoting): Drugs that increase body strength and bulk of muscles (weight), and anabolic activities by nourishing the ''dhatus'' are termed ''brimhaniya''. Thus, ''brimhaniya'' drugs make body strong and firm. ''Prithvi'' and ''jala mahabhutas'' are predominant in ''brimhaniya'' drugs. These drugs are indicated in degenerative diseases like neuromuscular diseases.

#''Brimhaniya'' (strength promoting): Drugs that increase body strength and bulk of muscles (weight), and anabolic activities by nourishing the ''dhatus'' are termed ''brimhaniya''. Thus, ''brimhaniya'' drugs make body strong and firm. ''[[Prithvi]]'' and ''[[jala mahabhuta]]s'' are predominant in ''brimhaniya'' drugs. These drugs are indicated in degenerative diseases like neuromuscular diseases.

#''Lekhaniya'' (lightness producing): Drugs that reduce excessively increased ''dhatus'' and make person lean and thin along with feeling of lightness are said ''lekhaniya''. ''Vayu'' and ''agni mahabhutas'' are predominant in such type of drugs. These drugs are indicated in diseases like obesity that are caused due to overnutrition.  

#''Lekhaniya'' (lightness producing): Drugs that reduce excessively increased ''[[dhatu]]s'' and make person lean and thin along with feeling of lightness are said ''lekhaniya''. ''[[Vayu]]'' and ''[[agni mahabhuta]]s'' are predominant in such type of drugs. These drugs are indicated in diseases like obesity that are caused due to overnutrition.  

#''Bhedaniya'' (useful for probing and depressurizing): Those drugs that break the accumulation of ''dosha'', fecal material, ''gulma'' (abdominal lump) or any type of growth are called ''bhedaniya''. ''Bhedana'' action of these drugs is due to their ''tikshna'' property (sharp, piercing properties). These are indicated in diseases with obstructive pathology.  

#''Bhedaniya'' (useful for probing and depressurizing): Those drugs that break the accumulation of ''[[dosha]]'', fecal material, ''gulma'' (abdominal lump) or any type of growth are called ''bhedaniya''. ''Bhedana'' action of these drugs is due to their ''tikshna'' property (sharp, piercing properties). These are indicated in diseases with obstructive pathology.  

#''Sandhaniya'' (union promoter): The drugs that are helpful for uniting tissues, wound healing and treatment of fractures are called ''sandhaniya''. Mostly ''kashaya rasa dravyas'' are included in this group.

#''Sandhaniya'' (union promoter): The drugs that are helpful for uniting tissues, wound healing and treatment of fractures are called ''sandhaniya''. Mostly ''kashaya rasa dravyas'' are included in this group.

#''Dipaniya'' (appetiser): The drugs which increase appetite are called ''dipaniya''. These drugs stimulate appetite as they possess predominantly ''agni mahabhuta''. These drugs are pungent, sour and salty in taste, hot in potency, and with light and strong properties.  

#''Dipaniya'' (appetiser): The drugs which increase appetite are called ''dipaniya''. These drugs stimulate appetite as they possess predominantly ''[[agni mahabhuta]]''. These drugs are pungent, sour and salty in taste, hot in potency, and with light and strong properties.  

#''Balya'' (tonic): ''Balya'' has been defined as a class of drugs that have ''upachaya'' (firm) and ''shakti'' (strength) as their key properties. So ''balya'' means that which enhances strength by promoting ''ojas'' (Dalhana– Su.Su. 45.26). ''Bala'' has been considered as action of ''ojas''. In absence of ''ojas'' body becomes unable to perform its own natural function. ''Balya dravyas'' are considered as of two types:

#''Balya'' (tonic): ''Balya'' has been defined as a class of drugs that have ''upachaya'' (firm) and ''shakti'' (strength) as their key properties. So ''balya'' means that which enhances strength by promoting ''[[ojas]]''. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 45/26] <ref>Dalhana, Sushruta. Sutra Sthana, Cha.45 Dravadravyvidhi Adhyaya verse 26. In: Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya, Editors. Sushruta Samhita. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>''Bala'' has been considered as action of ''[[ojas]]''. In absence of ''[[ojas]]'' body becomes unable to perform its own natural function. ''Balya dravyas'' are considered as of two types:

##''Samanya'' (general) – These drugs promote general bodily strength, such as ''shatavari'' etc. Being ''dhatu'' promoting they potentiate the formation of ''ojas''.

##''[[Samanya]]'' (general) – These drugs promote general bodily strength, such as ''shatavari'' etc. Being ''[[dhatu]]'' promoting they potentiate the formation of ''[[ojas]]''.

##''Vishishta'' (specific) – Some drugs provide strength to specific organs, such as

##''Vishishta'' (specific) – Some drugs provide strength to specific organs, such as

###''Tiktarasa dravyas'', effective for ''amashaya'' (stomach)

###''Tiktarasa dravyas'', effective for ''amashaya'' (stomach)

###''Arjuna'', effective for ''hridaya'' (heart)

###''Arjuna'', effective for ''hridaya'' (heart)

#''Varnya'' (complexion promoting): Drugs that are useful in the maintenance and improvement of natural body complexion are called ''varnya''. ''Bhrajaka pitta'' situated in the skin is responsible for the complexion of the skin. These drugs (e.g., ''chandana, ushira, manjishtha, sariva'' etc.) pacify ''bhrajaka pitta'' and improve the complexion, and therefore are used  in cosmetics .

#''Varnya'' (complexion promoting): Drugs that are useful in the maintenance and improvement of natural body complexion are called ''varnya''. ''Bhrajaka pitta'' situated in the skin is responsible for the complexion of the skin. These drugs (e.g., ''chandana, ushira, manjishtha, sariva'' etc.) pacify ''bhrajaka [[pitta]]'' and improve the complexion, and therefore are used  in cosmetics .

#''Kanthya'' (beneficial for throat and voice): Drugs which alleviate defect in the vocal cord and restore the normalcy of voice are called ''kanthya'' or ''svarya''. Disorders of throat are considered ''tridoshaja'' (since all the ''doshas'' are vitiated in these disorders), however ''vata'' and ''kapha'' are predominant. Therefore, ''vata-kapha'' pacifying drugs are beneficial in alleviating throat disorders and improving voice.

#''Kanthya'' (beneficial for throat and voice): Drugs which alleviate defect in the vocal cord and restore the normalcy of voice are called ''kanthya'' or ''svarya''. Disorders of throat are considered ''tridoshaja'' (since all the ''[[dosha]]s'' are vitiated in these disorders), however ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'' are predominant. Therefore, ''[[vata]]-[[kapha]]'' pacifying drugs are beneficial in alleviating throat disorders and improving voice.

#''Hridya'' (cardiac tonic): The ten ''hridya'' drugs are generally mildly sour tasting and liked by most people. The word ''hridya'' denotes that which is beneficial to the heart (cardiac tonic) i.e. ''arjuna'', gold. etc.

#''Hridya'' (cardiac tonic): The ten ''hridya'' drugs are generally mildly sour tasting and liked by most people. The word ''hridya'' denotes that which is beneficial to the heart (cardiac tonic) i.e. ''arjuna'', gold. etc.

#''Truptighna'' (anti-satiety): ''Trupti'' (satiety) is a specific disorder of ''kapha'' in which feeling of fullness or bloatedness is experienced. The drugs of this group are mostly pungent and bitter tasting.

#''Truptighna'' (anti-satiety): ''Trupti'' (satiety) is a specific disorder of ''[[kapha]]'' in which feeling of fullness or bloatedness is experienced. The drugs of this group are mostly pungent and bitter tasting.

#''Arshodhna'' (anti-hemorrhoids): These drugs alleviate the cause of ''doshas'' of ''arsha'' (haemorrhoids) are called ''arshoghna''.  

#''Arshodhna'' (anti-hemorrhoids): These drugs alleviate the cause of ''[[dosha]]s'' of ''arsha'' (haemorrhoids) are called ''arshoghna''.  

#''Kushthaghna'' (anti-dermatosis): These drugs mainly pacify the vitiation of blood and alleviate skin disorders and are called ''kushthaghna''. Most of the drugs of this group act as ''vyadhipratyanika'' (anti-disease) but this property is also gauged by the ''prabhava'' (specific potency) of a drug. ''Khadira'' is an example of a ''kushthaghna'' (alleviating skin diseases).

#''Kushthaghna'' (anti-dermatosis): These drugs mainly pacify the vitiation of blood and alleviate skin disorders and are called ''kushthaghna''. Most of the drugs of this group act as ''vyadhipratyanika'' (anti-disease) but this property is also gauged by the ''prabhava'' (specific potency) of a drug. ''Khadira'' is an example of a ''kushthaghna'' (alleviating skin diseases).

#''Kandughna'' (anti-pruritic): These drugs alleviate itching and therefore are called ''kandughna''. Aggravated ''kapha'' localized to skin or membrane produces itching (''kandu''). Thus, the drug is effective in pacifying ''kapha'' and is very effective in keeping the skin healthy.

#''Kandughna'' (anti-pruritic): These drugs alleviate itching and therefore are called ''kandughna''. Aggravated ''[[kapha]]'' localized to skin or membrane produces itching (''kandu''). Thus, the drug is effective in pacifying ''[[kapha]]'' and is very effective in keeping the skin healthy.

#''Krimighna'' (anthelmintic or vermicidal): The drugs that destroy external and internal worms and expel them out of the body are termed ''krimighna''. These have been classified into two groups by their mode of action:  

#''Krimighna'' (anthelmintic or vermicidal): The drugs that destroy external and internal worms and expel them out of the body are termed ''krimighna''. These have been classified into two groups by their mode of action:  

##''Antahkrimighna'' (wormicidal) –Drugs that destroy worms (especially those residing in the intestines) - either by killing them or rendering them immobile.

##''Antahkrimighna'' (wormicidal) –Drugs that destroy worms (especially those residing in the intestines) - either by killing them or rendering them immobile.

##''Bahyakrimighna'' (affecting external microbes)  

##''Bahyakrimighna'' (affecting external microbes)  

#''Vishaghna'' (antidote for poison): Drugs eliminating the toxic effects of ''visha'' (poison) are called ''vishaghna''.

#''Vishaghna'' (antidote for poison): Drugs eliminating the toxic effects of ''visha'' (poison) are called ''vishaghna''.

#''Stanyajanana'' (galactogogue): The sweet essence of ''rasa dhatu'' that reaches the breast from entire body is ''stanya'' (breast milk). In the process of breast milk formation and secretion, emotions and affection of the mother for the baby play an important role. Drugs that enhance the production and secretion of breast milk are called ''stanyajanana''.

#''Stanyajanana'' (galactogogue): The sweet essence of ''[[rasa dhatu]]'' that reaches the breast from entire body is ''stanya'' (breast milk). In the process of breast milk formation and secretion, emotions and affection of the mother for the baby play an important role. Drugs that enhance the production and secretion of breast milk are called ''stanyajanana''.

#''Stanyashodhana'' (galacto-purifiers): Vitiated ''doshas'' reaching the breast vitiate the breast milk by affecting the ''rasa, rakta, mamsa'' ''dhatus''. The drugs that alleviate these disorders are known as ''stanyashodhana''.

#''Stanyashodhana'' (galacto-purifiers): Vitiated ''[[dosha]]s'' reaching the breast vitiate the breast milk by affecting the ''[[rasa]], [[rakta]], [[mamsa]]'' ''[[dhatu]]s''. The drugs that alleviate these disorders are known as ''stanyashodhana''.

#''Shukrajanana'' (semen promoting): The drugs that promote or enhance production of ''shukra'' (semen) are called ''shukrajanana'', or ''shukrala''. ''Shukra'' is liquid, unctuous, sweet, smelling like honey, cold, and slimy by nature. These drugs also possess properties similar to those of ''shukra'', thus aiding and enhancing the formation of ''shukra''. This group includes seven medicines of the ''jivaniya'' class.

#''Shukrajanana'' (semen promoting): The drugs that promote or enhance production of ''[[shukra]]'' (semen) are called ''shukrajanana'', or ''shukrala''. ''[[Shukra]]'' is liquid, unctuous, sweet, smelling like honey, cold, and slimy by nature. These drugs also possess properties similar to those of ''[[shukra]]'', thus aiding and enhancing the formation of ''[[shukra]]''. This group includes seven medicines of the ''jivaniya'' class.

#''Shukrashodhana'' (semen purifiers): These drugs eliminate the disorders of semen and purify it.                               

#''Shukrashodhana'' (semen purifiers): These drugs eliminate the disorders of semen and purify it.                               

#''Vamanopaga'' (aiding in emesis): These drugs help in the process of therapeutic emesis and avoid complications and are called ''vamanopaga''.

#''Vamanopaga'' (aiding in emesis): These drugs help in the process of therapeutic emesis and avoid complications and are called ''vamanopaga''.

#''Virechanopaga'' (aiding in purgation): These drugs are useful during therapeutic purgation and are effective in dealing with complications and mucosal irritation produced by purgatives.

#''Virechanopaga'' (aiding in purgation): These drugs are useful during therapeutic purgation and are effective in dealing with complications and mucosal irritation produced by purgatives.

#''Asthapanopaga'' (aiding in ununctuous enema): Ununctuous enema is generally administered with medicated decoctions for purification of channels and removing obstructions. Due to their “churning” properties, these drugs aid in eliminating the accumulated ''doshas'' of channels.

#''Asthapanopaga'' (aiding in ununctuous enema): Ununctuous enema is generally administered with medicated decoctions for purification of channels and removing obstructions. Due to their “churning” properties, these drugs aid in eliminating the accumulated ''[[dosha]]s'' of channels.

#''Anuvasanopaga'' (aiding in unctuous enema): Unctuous enema is generally administered with oil for oleation of channels and improving strength of body.  

#''Anuvasanopaga'' (aiding in unctuous enema): Unctuous enema is generally administered with oil for oleation of channels and improving strength of body.  

#''Shirovirechanopaga'' (supporting in nasal drug delivery): These drugs are useful in removing impurities from organs and channels in the head, neck and supraclavicular regions. These are generally indicated in congestive and suppurative diseases of nose, ear, eyes and head regions.  

#''Shirovirechanopaga'' (supporting in nasal drug delivery): These drugs are useful in removing impurities from organs and channels in the head, neck and supraclavicular regions. These are generally indicated in congestive and suppurative diseases of nose, ear, eyes and head regions.  

#''Chhardi nigrahna'' (reduce/check vomiting): Drugs that check emesis and pacify its root cause.  

#''Chhardi nigrahna'' (reduce/check vomiting): Drugs that check emesis and pacify its root cause.  

#''Trushnánigrahana'' (reduce thirst/polydypsia): Drugs that pacify excessive thirst.  

#''Trushnánigrahana'' (reduce thirst/polydypsia): Drugs that pacify excessive thirst.  

#''Hikkanigrahana'' (reduce/check hiccups): These drugs check hiccups. Hiccups are caused by vitiated ''vata'' and ''kapha doshas''.  

#''Hikkanigrahana'' (reduce/check hiccups): These drugs check hiccups. Hiccups are caused by vitiated ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]] doshas''.  

#''Purishasarugrahaniya'' (reducing frequency and liquidity of stool): These drugs reduce the frequency of defecation and excessively watery stool.  

#''Purishasarugrahaniya'' (reducing frequency and liquidity of stool): These drugs reduce the frequency of defecation and excessively watery stool.  

#''Purishavirajaniya'' (eliminating the abnormal colour of faces): These drugs eliminate the abnormal colour of faces and convert it into normal state. Mainly ''ranjaka pitta'' is responsible for colouring the stool. Therefore, for ''purishavirajana'' action mostly ''pitta'' pacifying drugs are useful.

#''Purishavirajaniya'' (eliminating the abnormal colour of faces): These drugs eliminate the abnormal colour of faces and convert it into normal state. Mainly ''ranjaka [[pitta]]'' is responsible for colouring the stool. Therefore, for ''purishavirajana'' action mostly ''[[pitta]]'' pacifying drugs are useful.

#''Mutrasarugrahaniya'' (anti-diuretic): These drugs reduce the frequency of urination in diabetes like conditions. In this group ''bhallataka'' has ''ushna virya'' (or is hot in potency), which decreases the quantity of urine produced in the bladder. ''Panchaavalkala'' reduces the urine output by increasing ''vata'' by virtue of ''sheeta, kashaya'' and ''ruksha'' properties.

#''Mutrasarugrahaniya'' (anti-diuretic): These drugs reduce the frequency of urination in diabetes like conditions. In this group ''bhallataka'' has ''ushna virya'' (or is hot in potency), which decreases the quantity of urine produced in the bladder. ''Panchaavalkala'' reduces the urine output by increasing ''[[vata]]'' by virtue of ''sheeta, kashaya'' and ''ruksha'' properties.

#''Mutravirajaniya'' (reducing abnormal colour of urine): These drugs correct abnormality in the colour of urine. Drugs of this group are ''sheetavirya'' and pacify ''pitta''.

#''Mutravirajaniya'' (reducing abnormal colour of urine): These drugs correct abnormality in the colour of urine. Drugs of this group are ''sheetavirya'' and pacify ''[[pitta]]''.

#''Mutravirechaniya'' (diuretic): These drugs increase the flow and formation of urine. In ''panchabhautika'' composition ''jala'' and ''agni'' ''mahabhutas'' are predominant, so both ''sheeta'' and ''ushna vírya'' drugs increase urination.

#''Mutravirechaniya'' (diuretic): These drugs increase the flow and formation of urine. In ''panchabhautika'' composition ''[[jala]]'' and ''[[agni]]'' ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' are predominant, so both ''sheeta'' and ''ushna vírya'' drugs increase urination.

In relation to ''chardi'' etc., word ''nigrahana'' and ''sangrahana'' with ''purisha'' etc. are used. ''Nigrahana'' means to check, control or stop, while ''sangrahana'' means to increase absorption of water, restrain and/or collect. This is the difference between above two words.

In relation to ''chardi'' etc., word ''nigrahana'' and ''sangrahana'' with ''purisha'' etc. are used. ''Nigrahana'' means to check, control or stop, while ''sangrahana'' means to increase absorption of water, restrain and/or collect. This is the difference between above two words.

#''Kasahara'' (antitussive and mucolytic): These drugs reduce the impulse to cough. Vitiated ''pranavayu'' associated with ''udanavayu'' comes out from the mouth with force in an abnormal manner, producing sound like that of “a cracked utensil of bell metal”. As such ''vata'' pacifying ''madhura, snigdha'' and ''ushna'' drugs pacify ''vata'' and alleviate ''kasa''.

#''Kasahara'' (antitussive and mucolytic): These drugs reduce the impulse to cough. Vitiated ''pranavayu'' associated with ''udanavayu'' comes out from the mouth with force in an abnormal manner, producing sound like that of “a cracked utensil of bell metal”. As such ''[[vata]]'' pacifying ''madhura, snigdha'' and ''ushna'' drugs pacify ''[[vata]]'' and alleviate ''kasa''.

#''Shwasahara'' (relieving dyspnea/bronchodilator): ''Pranavayu'' excessively moves upward resulting in ''bhastrikadhmana'' (distended leather bag) like movement of chest. Clinically, it is dyspnea due to airway obstruction commonly caused by histamine and other inflammatory peptides.  ''Shatti'' contains antihistamine properties and ''pushkarmoola'' has bronchodilator properties.  

#''Shwasahara'' (relieving dyspnea/bronchodilator): ''Pranavayu'' excessively moves upward resulting in ''bhastrikadhmana'' (distended leather bag) like movement of chest. Clinically, it is dyspnea due to airway obstruction commonly caused by histamine and other inflammatory peptides.  ''Shatti'' contains antihistamine properties and ''pushkarmoola'' has bronchodilator properties.  

#''Shothahara'' (relieve swelling): Aggravated ''kapha, rakta'' and ''pitta'' obstruct ''vayu'' resulting in accumulation of fluid in interstitial space resulting in ''shotha'' (swelling).

#''Shothahara'' (relieve swelling): Aggravated ''[[kapha]], [[rakta]]'' and ''[[pitta]]'' obstruct ''[[vayu]]'' resulting in accumulation of fluid in interstitial space resulting in ''shotha'' (swelling).

All the ten drugs in this group are called ''dashamoola'' and they all pacify all the three ''doshas''.

All the ten drugs in this group are called ''dashamoola'' and they all pacify all the three ''[[dosha]]s''.

#''Jwarahara'' (relieving fever): Increase in heat in the body and the mind are cardinal signs of fever. According to [[http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/index.php?title=[[Ayurveda]]|[[Ayurveda]]]] , ''amadosha'' entering the ''amashaya'' causes ''jwara''. The drugs for ''jwara'' have been grouped as follows:

#''Jwarahara'' (relieving fever): Increase in heat in the body and the mind are cardinal signs of fever. According to [[Ayurveda]] , ''amadosha'' entering the ''amashaya'' causes ''[[jwara]]''. The drugs for ''[[jwara]]'' have been grouped as follows:

##''Santapahara'' (anti-pyretic)

##''Santapahara'' (anti-pyretic)

##''Amapachana'' (digesting ama)

##''Amapachana'' (digesting ama)

##''Vishamajvaraghna'' (relieving fever of periodic pattern)

##''Vishamajvaraghna'' (relieving fever of periodic pattern)

#Drugs of this group may also be classified as:

#Drugs of this group may also be classified as:

##Drugs pacifying ''pitta''

##Drugs pacifying ''[[pitta]]''

##Drugs that digest ''ama'' and cleanse the channels.   

##Drugs that digest ''ama'' and cleanse the channels.   

#''Shramahara'' (relieving fatigue): These drugs help in overcoming fatigue. Fatigue is caused due to increased ''vata''. ''Shramahara'' drugs, by virtue of ''madhura'' and ''snigdha'' properties, pacify ''vata'' and help in treating hypoglycemia, generalized debility etc.

#''Shramahara'' (relieving fatigue): These drugs help in overcoming fatigue. Fatigue is caused due to increased ''[[vata]]''. ''Shramahara'' drugs, by virtue of ''madhura'' and ''snigdha'' properties, pacify ''[[vata]]'' and help in treating hypoglycemia, generalized debility etc.

#''Dahaprashamana'' (pacifying burning sensation): These drugs pacify ''daha'' (internal and external burning sensations). ''Daha'' is a cardinal sign of ''pitta''. In this group, the drugs are mostly ''sheetavirya'' and of ''madhura'' and ''tikta'' rasa, thus ''pitta''-pacifying. This combination can also be used in hyperpyrexia.

#''Dahaprashamana'' (pacifying burning sensation): These drugs pacify ''daha'' (internal and external burning sensations). ''Daha'' is a cardinal sign of ''[[pitta]]''. In this group, the drugs are mostly ''sheetavirya'' and of ''madhura'' and ''tikta'' rasa, thus ''[[pitta]]''-pacifying. This combination can also be used in hyperpyrexia.

#''Sheetaprashamana'' (pacifying cold): These drugs pacify coldness in the body. Feeling cold is caused by vitiated ''vata'' and ''kapha''. ''Ushnavirya'' drugs pacify ''vata'' and ''kapha'' while removing coldness. As such they are useful in curing fever with rigour and in ''vata-kapha'' disorders.

#''Sheetaprashamana'' (pacifying cold): These drugs pacify coldness in the body. Feeling cold is caused by vitiated ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]''. ''Ushnavirya'' drugs pacify ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'' while removing coldness. As such they are useful in curing fever with rigour and in ''[[vata]]-[[kapha]]'' disorders.

#''Udaradaprashamana'' (alleviating allergic rashes): Allergic rashes on skin that look like insect bite are called ''udarda''. Drugs that cure ''udarda'' are known as ''udaradaprashamana''. In this disease, vitiated ''vata'' and ''kapha'' are predominant and have partial involvement of ''pitta''. So ''udaradaprashamana'' drugs pacify all the three ''doshas''.

#''Udaradaprashamana'' (alleviating allergic rashes): Allergic rashes on skin that look like insect bite are called ''udarda''. Drugs that cure ''udarda'' are known as ''udaradaprashamana''. In this disease, vitiated ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'' are predominant and have partial involvement of ''[[pitta]]''. So ''udaradaprashamana'' drugs pacify all the three ''[[dosha]]s''.

#''Angamardaprashamana'' (alleviating malaise/bodyache): ''Angamarda'' is a cardinal sign of ''vatika'' disorders that manifest specially in the stage of ''dhatukshaya'' or general debility. Most of the drugs of this group possess ''madhura-snigdha'' properties that are opposite to the properties of ''vata''. So, they promote strength and increase nutrition of ''dhatus''. As such these drugs restore the natural functions of the body and therefore called  ''angamardaprashamana''.

#''Angamardaprashamana'' (alleviating malaise/bodyache): ''Angamarda'' is a cardinal sign of ''vatika'' disorders that manifest specially in the stage of ''dhatukshaya'' or general debility. Most of the drugs of this group possess ''madhura-snigdha'' properties that are opposite to the properties of ''[[vata]]''. So, they promote strength and increase nutrition of ''[[dhatu]]s''. As such these drugs restore the natural functions of the body and therefore called  ''angamardaprashamana''.

#''Shoolaprashamana'' (anti-spasmodic, anticolic, analgesic): The root-cause of ''shoola'' is ''vata''. Natural movement of the intestines is altered by vitiated ''vata'' and it moves in the ''pratiloma-gati'' (i.e., in the reverse manner). Drugs that pacify ''vata'' in the abdomen and promote the passing out of flatus and stool while removing colic are called ''shoolaprashamana''. This group of drugs includes ''shadushana'' type of medicines/herbs.  

#''Shoolaprashamana'' (anti-spasmodic, anticolic, analgesic): The root-cause of ''shoola'' is ''[[vata]]''. Natural movement of the intestines is altered by vitiated ''[[vata]]'' and it moves in the ''pratiloma-gati'' (i.e., in the reverse manner). Drugs that pacify ''[[vata]]'' in the abdomen and promote the passing out of flatus and stool while removing colic are called ''shoolaprashamana''. This group of drugs includes ''shadushana'' type of medicines/herbs.  

#''Shonitasthapana'' (hemostatics and blood purifiers):  Drugs that promote the quality of blood by enhancing its formation, alleviating abnormalities and checking bleeding are called ''shonitasthapana''. ''Shonitasthapana'' drugs could be categorized as follows:

#''Shonitasthapana'' (hemostatics and blood purifiers):  Drugs that promote the quality of blood by enhancing its formation, alleviating abnormalities and checking bleeding are called ''shonitasthapana''. ''Shonitasthapana'' drugs could be categorized as follows:

##''Raktaposhan'' (haematinic)

##''Raktaposhan'' (haematinic)

##''Raktastambhaka'' (haemostatic)

##''Raktastambhaka'' (haemostatic)

##''Raktaprosadana'' (blood purification)

##''Raktaprosadana'' (blood purification)

#''Vedanasthapana'' (relieving pain sensations): In [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[[Ayurveda]] [[Ayurveda]]] , the word ''vedana'' is said to provide a general feeling of sensation. It is of two types – ''sukhatmaka'' (pleasant) and ''dukhatmaka'' (unpleasant) (Cha.Sha. 1.133). As such ''vedanasthapana'' means drugs that stabilize sensory sensations in the body. They are useful in conditions where a sensation is lost or damaged due to various reasons. These drugs also relieve pain and bring body back to normalcy.  

#''Vedanasthapana'' (relieving pain sensations): In [[Ayurveda]] , the word ''vedana'' is said to provide a general feeling of sensation. It is of two types – ''sukhatmaka'' (pleasant) and ''dukhatmaka'' (unpleasant). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/133] As such ''vedanasthapana'' means drugs that stabilize sensory sensations in the body. They are useful in conditions where a sensation is lost or damaged due to various reasons. These drugs also relieve pain and bring body back to normalcy.  

#''Sanjnasthapana'' (re-establishing consciousness): Drugs that resuscitate or revive the sense of consciousness are called ''sanjnasthapana''. Such drugs overcome the effect of losing consciousness or fainting and help the patient in regaining consciousness.

#''Sanjnasthapana'' (re-establishing consciousness): Drugs that resuscitate or revive the sense of consciousness are called ''sanjnasthapana''. Such drugs overcome the effect of losing consciousness or fainting and help the patient in regaining consciousness.

#''Prajasthapana'' (conception promoting, foetus stabilizing): These drugs promote conception by enhancing the health of the reproductive organs before pregnancy and providing adequate nourishment to the foetus to help nurture it and keep it healthy.   

#''Prajasthapana'' (conception promoting, foetus stabilizing): These drugs promote conception by enhancing the health of the reproductive organs before pregnancy and providing adequate nourishment to the foetus to help nurture it and keep it healthy.   

The comprehensive information of herbs in this chapter with synonyms, botanical names and activity profile can be found in the [[List of herbs in Charak Samhita]].

The comprehensive information of herbs in this chapter with synonyms, botanical names and activity profile can be found in the [[List of herbs in Charak Samhita]].

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