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=== Four types of ''Agni'' ===

=== Four types of [[Agni]]===

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Depending upon their intensity, ''agnis'' (factors responsible for digestion and metabolism) located in the body of human beings can be classified under four categories, viz. ''tikshna'' (severe), ''manda'' (low), ''sama'' (normal) and ''vishama'' (irregular). The ''tikshna'' type is capable of tolerating all types of irregularities whereas the ''manda'' type is of opposite nature, i.e. even a small irregularity will impair its functioning. The ''sama'' or balanced type of ''agni'' gets impaired even by minor irregularities; it maintains its normalcy so long as there is no irregularity. The irregular type of ''agni'', as opposed to ''sama'' or balanced type, sometimes gets impaired and sometime it does not get impaired by irregularities.

Depending upon their intensity, [[agni]](factors responsible for digestion and metabolism) located in the body of human beings can be classified under four categories, viz. ''tikshna'' (severe), ''manda'' (low), ''sama'' (normal) and ''vishama'' (irregular). The ''tikshna'' type is capable of tolerating all types of irregularities whereas the ''manda'' type is of opposite nature, i.e. even a small irregularity will impair its functioning. The ''sama'' or balanced type of [[agni]] gets impaired even by minor irregularities; it maintains its normalcy so long as there is no irregularity. The irregular type of [[agni]], as opposed to ''sama'' or balanced type, sometimes gets impaired and sometime it does not get impaired by irregularities.

These four types of ''agni'' occur in the four types of individuals. In individuals having ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in their balanced and normal state, the ''agnis'' are regular or balanced. In the case of individuals having the dominance of ''vata'' constitution, due to the affliction of the site of ''agni'' by ''vata,'' their ''agnis'' are irregular. In the case of individuals having the dominance of ''pitta'', the ''agnis'' are sharp. Similarly, in the case of individuals having the dominance of ''kapha'' in the constitution, the ''agnis'' are mild due to the affliction of the site of ''agni'' by ''kapha''. [12]

These four types of [[agni]] occur in the four types of individuals. In individuals having [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their balanced and normal state, the [[agni]] are regular or balanced. In the case of individuals having the dominance of [[vata]] constitution, due to the affliction of the site of [[agni]] by [[vata]], their [[agni]] are irregular. In the case of individuals having the dominance of [[pitta]], the [[agni]] are sharp. Similarly, in the case of individuals having the dominance of [[kapha]] in the constitution, the [[agni]] are mild due to the affliction of the site of [[agni]] by [[kapha]]. [12]

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=== Physical constitution ===

=== Physical constitution ===

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Some scholars hold the view that living beings cannot have a balanced state of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in their body because they are accustomed to the intake of diets which are seldom balanced. Therefore, according to them some individuals have ''vata prakriti'' (''vatika'' constitution), some have ''pitta prakriti'' (''pattika'' constitution) and the rest have ''kapha prakriti'' (''shlaishmika'' constitution). This is not correct because physicians take an individual to be healthy only when ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in his body are in a state of equilibrium and health represents the natural state of the body. It is with a view to maintaining good health that all types of treatments are prescribed. That state of the body is the most cherished one. Therefore, there are individuals having the balanced state of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in their body.

Some scholars hold the view that living beings cannot have a balanced state of [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their body because they are accustomed to the intake of diets which are seldom balanced. Therefore, according to them some individuals have [[vata]] [[prakriti]] (''vatika'' constitution), some have [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] (''pattika'' constitution) and the rest have [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] (''shlaishmika'' constitution). This is not correct because physicians take an individual to be healthy only when [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in his body are in a state of equilibrium and health represents the natural state of the body. It is with a view to maintaining good health that all types of treatments are prescribed. That state of the body is the most cherished one. Therefore, there are individuals having the balanced state of [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their body.

The use of terms like ''vataprakriti, pittaprakriti'' and ''kaphaprakriti'' is not correct because in these types of constitutions, there is always a dominance of ''doshas'' in the bodies of individuals. ''Prakriti'' means a normal or natural state and there should not be any dominance of ''doshas'' in the bodies of such individuals. So such individuals as are having the dominance of one or the other ''doshas'' cannot be described to have the normal state of their body. Thus to use the correct term, they are ''vatala'' (having the dominance of ''vata''), ''pittala'' (having the dominance of ''pitta'') and ''shlesmala'' (having the dominance of ''kapha''), and these do not indicate the normal state of their body. [13]

The use of terms like [[vata]] [[prakriti]], [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] and [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] is not correct because in these types of constitutions, there is always a dominance of [[dosha]] in the bodies of individuals. [[Prakriti]] means a normal or natural state and there should not be any dominance of [[dosha]] in the bodies of such individuals. So such individuals as are having the dominance of one or the other [[dosha]] cannot be described to have the normal state of their body. Thus to use the correct term, they are ''vatala'' (having the dominance of [[vata]]), ''pittala'' (having the dominance of [[pitta]]) and ''shlesmala'' (having the dominance of [[kapha]]), and these do not indicate the normal state of their body. [13]

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=== Management of persons having different types of physical constitution ===

=== Management of persons having different types of physical constitution ===

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Four types of regimens are prescribed for the benefit of these four categories of individuals. For an individual having the balance state of all ''doshas'', all the regimens to be adopted by him should be of balanced type. When there is predominance of ''doshas'', depending upon the nature of the ''doshas'' involved, it is useful to adopt such three regimens as would be in contradiction with these three predominating ''doshas'' till there is normalcy of ''agni''. It is only after the normalcy of the ''agni'' is attained, balanced regimens should be adopted. Similarly, various therapies and other regimens should be administered to these four categories of individuals.  We shall now explain them in detail. [14]

Four types of regimens are prescribed for the benefit of these four categories of individuals. For an individual having the balance state of all [[dosha]], all the regimens to be adopted by him should be of balanced type. When there is predominance of [[dosha]], depending upon the nature of the [[dosha]] involved, it is useful to adopt such three regimens as would be in contradiction with these three predominating [[dosha]] till there is normalcy of [[agni]]. It is only after the normalcy of the [[agni]] is attained, balanced regimens should be adopted. Similarly, various therapies and other regimens should be administered to these four categories of individuals.  We shall now explain them in detail. [14]

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=== Three types of patients based upon dosha dominance ===  

 

=== Three types of patients based upon [[dosha]] dominance ===  

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त्रयस्तु पुरुषा भवन्त्यातुराः, ते त्वनातुरास्तन्त्रान्तरीयाणां भिषजाम्| तद्यथा- वातलः,पित्तलः, श्लेष्मलश्चेति| तेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं- वातलस्य वातनिमित्ताः, पित्तलस्य पित्तनिमित्ताः, श्लेष्मलस्य श्लेष्मनिमित्ता व्याधयः प्रायेण बलवन्तश्च भवन्ति||१५||  

त्रयस्तु पुरुषा भवन्त्यातुराः, ते त्वनातुरास्तन्त्रान्तरीयाणां भिषजाम्| तद्यथा- वातलः,पित्तलः, श्लेष्मलश्चेति| तेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं- वातलस्य वातनिमित्ताः, पित्तलस्य पित्तनिमित्ताः, श्लेष्मलस्य श्लेष्मनिमित्ता व्याधयः प्रायेण बलवन्तश्च भवन्ति||१५||  

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''Vatala'' (dominance of ''vata''), ''pittala'' (dominance of ''pitta'') and ''shleshmala'' (dominance of ''kapha'')- these three are the morbid state in individuals, even though, according to another school of thought they represent the natural states of the body. Their characteristic features are as given below: - ''vatala, pittala'' and ''shleshmala'' types of individuals are more susceptible to ''vatika, pittika''  and ''shlaishmika'' diseases respectively and such diseases in the respective types of individual become very severe.

''Vatala'' (dominance of [[vata]]), ''pittala'' (dominance of [[pitta]]) and ''shleshmala'' (dominance of [[kapha]])- these three are the morbid state in individuals, even though, according to another school of thought they represent the natural states of the body. Their characteristic features are as given below: - ''vatala, pittala'' and ''shleshmala'' types of individuals are more susceptible to ''vatika, pittika''  and ''shlaishmika'' diseases respectively and such diseases in the respective types of individual become very severe.

==== Principles of management of vata dosha dominance ====  

==== Principles of management of [[vata]] [[dosha]] dominance ====  

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तत्र वातलस्य वातप्रकोपणान्यासेवमानस्य क्षिप्रं वातः प्रकोपमापद्यते, न तथेतरौ दोषौ; स तस्य प्रकोपमापन्नो यथोक्तैर्विकारैः शरीरमुपतपति बलवर्णसुखायुषामुपघाताय| तस्यावजयनं- स्नेहस्वेदौ विधियुक्तौ, मृदूनि च संशोधनानि स्नेहोष्णमधुराम्ललवणयुक्तानि, तद्वदभ्यवहार्याणि, अभ्यङ्गोपनाहनोद्वेष्टनोन्मर्दनपरिषेकावगाहनसंवाहनावपीडनवित्रासनविस्मापनविस्मारणानि, सुरासवविधानं, स्नेहाश्चानेकयोनयो दीपनीयपाचनीयवातहरविरेचनीयोपहितास्तथा शतपाकाः

तत्र वातलस्य वातप्रकोपणान्यासेवमानस्य क्षिप्रं वातः प्रकोपमापद्यते, न तथेतरौ दोषौ; स तस्य प्रकोपमापन्नो यथोक्तैर्विकारैः शरीरमुपतपति बलवर्णसुखायुषामुपघाताय| तस्यावजयनं- स्नेहस्वेदौ विधियुक्तौ, मृदूनि च संशोधनानि स्नेहोष्णमधुराम्ललवणयुक्तानि, तद्वदभ्यवहार्याणि, अभ्यङ्गोपनाहनोद्वेष्टनोन्मर्दनपरिषेकावगाहनसंवाहनावपीडनवित्रासनविस्मापनविस्मारणानि, सुरासवविधानं, स्नेहाश्चानेकयोनयो दीपनीयपाचनीयवातहरविरेचनीयोपहितास्तथा शतपाकाः

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If ''vatala'' type of individual resorts to such things which are aggravators of ''vata, vata'' in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in case of remaining two ''doshas''. The aggravated ''vata'' afflicts individuals by the manifestation of disease already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this ''dosha'':

If ''vatala'' type of individual resorts to such things which are aggravators of [[vata]], [[vata]] in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in case of remaining two [[dosha]]. The aggravated [[vata]] afflicts individuals by the manifestation of disease already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this [[dosha]]:

#Proper administration of oleation and fomentation;

#Proper administration of oleation and fomentation;

#Massage, poultices, bandages, kneading, effusion, bath, ''samvahana'' (pressing and massaging by hand), pressing, using means of terrifying, methods of surprising and making oneself to forget (bad memories)  

#Massage, poultices, bandages, kneading, effusion, bath, ''samvahana'' (pressing and massaging by hand), pressing, using means of terrifying, methods of surprising and making oneself to forget (bad memories)  

#Use of wine and ''asavas'' (fermented drinks)

#Use of wine and ''asavas'' (fermented drinks)

#Fats from different sources mixed with drugs having digestive, stimulant, carminative, ''vata'' alleviating and purgative properties- they may be boiled hundred and thousand times and be used for being administered in different ways, viz. internal use, massage, enema, etc., and

#Fats from different sources mixed with drugs having digestive, stimulant, carminative, [[vata]] alleviating and purgative properties- they may be boiled hundred and thousand times and be used for being administered in different ways, viz. internal use, massage, enema, etc., and

#Observance of enema regimens, its regulations and adopting comfort (in behavior and lifestyle) [15-16]

#Observance of enema regimens, its regulations and adopting comfort (in behavior and lifestyle) [15-16]

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==== Principles of management of pitta dosha dominance ====  

==== Principles of management of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] dominance ====  

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If a ''pittaja'' individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of ''pitta, pitta'' in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in the case of remaining two ''doshas''. The aggravated ''pitta'' afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this ''dosha'':

If a ''pittaja'' individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of [[pitta]], [[pitta]] in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in the case of remaining two [[dosha]]. The aggravated [[pitta]] afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this [[dosha]]:

#Consumption of ghee;

#Consumption of ghee;

#Adoption of such other regimens as are of soothing nature. [17]

#Adoption of such other regimens as are of soothing nature. [17]

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==== Principles of management of shleshma dosha dominance ====  

==== Principles of management of [[kapha]] [[dosha]] dominance ====  

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If ''shlaishmala'' types of individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of ''kapha'', then ''kapha'' in his body gets aggravated immediately; this does not happen to the remaining two ''doshas''. The aggravated ''kapha'' afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this ''dosha'':

If ''shlaishmala'' types of individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of [[kapha]], then [[kapha]] in his body gets aggravated immediately; this does not happen to the remaining two [[dosha]]. The aggravated [[kapha]] afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this [[dosha]]:

#Proper administration of strong and hot elimination therapies;

#Proper administration of strong and hot elimination therapies;

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To sum up, in this chapter, groups of diseases based upon ''vata'' etc. ''prakriti'' types, non-contradiction of classified categories of diseases, similarity in ''dosha'' and ''roga'', numbers of ''doshas'', diseases with one type, causes of vitiation of ''dosha'', description of ''agni'', and means to stimulate it’s functions, ''vata'' etc. dominant types of persons and their management to maintain normalcy of ''dosha'' are described in details by sage Atreya. [20-22]

To sum up, in this chapter, groups of diseases based upon [[vata]] etc. [[prakriti]] types, non-contradiction of classified categories of diseases, similarity in [[dosha]] and ''roga'', numbers of [[dosha]], diseases with one type, causes of vitiation of [[dosha]], description of [[agni]], and means to stimulate it’s functions, [[vata]] etc. dominant types of persons and their management to maintain normalcy of [[dosha]] are described in details by sage Atreya. [20-22]

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

#The grouping of diseases, patients and ''agni'' is framed for development of common modalities for diagnosis and treatment.

#The grouping of diseases, patients and [[agni]] is framed for development of common modalities for diagnosis and treatment.

#Understanding the disease, the ''agni'' (digestive capacity) and ''prakriti'' (constitution) of a person is of prime importance for a physician to provide effective treatment.

#Understanding the disease, the [[agni]] (digestive capacity) and [[Prakriti]](constitution) of a person is of prime importance for a physician to provide effective treatment.

#Comprehensive knowledge of a disease includes its prognosis(curable or incurable), severity(mild or severe), location(soma or psyche),causes(endogenous or exogenous) and site of origin (stomach/digestive or large intestine/excretory).  

#Comprehensive knowledge of a disease includes its prognosis(curable or incurable), severity(mild or severe), location(soma or psyche),causes(endogenous or exogenous) and site of origin (stomach/digestive or large intestine/excretory).  

#If a person has predominant ''dosha'' and indulges in activities or food increasing that ''dosha'' then he will have abrupt onset of disease caused by aggravation of that ''dosha''.

#If a person has predominant [[dosha]] and indulges in activities or food increasing that [[dosha]] then he will have abrupt onset of disease caused by aggravation of that [[dosha]].

#A disease with known etiology, clinical features pointing to a diagnosis and indicated effective treatment is called ''anubandhya'', on the other hand a disease with unknown etiology, variable clinical features and not effective treatment is called ''anubandha''.  

#A disease with known etiology, clinical features pointing to a diagnosis and indicated effective treatment is called ''anubandhya'', on the other hand a disease with unknown etiology, variable clinical features and not effective treatment is called ''anubandha''.  

#Mental and physical disorders may start as such but later influence each other.

#Mental and physical disorders may start as such but later influence each other.

#Passion, anger, greed, attachment, envy, ego, worry, anxiety, fear, excitement etc. are due to psychic ''dosha, raja'' and ''tamas''.

#Passion, anger, greed, attachment, envy, ego, worry, anxiety, fear, excitement etc. are due to psychic ''dosha, raja'' and ''tamas''.

#''Rajas'' is the initiator of all actions. ''Tamas'' cannot act without ''rajas''.

#''Rajas'' is the initiator of all actions. ''Tamas'' cannot act without ''rajas''.

#''Agni''( digestive processes) of a person shall be diagnosed as ''tikshna''(severe), ''manda''(low), ''sama''(balanced) and ''vishama''(irregular). The selection of diet and dose of medicine depends upon ''agni''.

#''Agni''( digestive processes) of a person shall be diagnosed as ''tikshna''(severe), ''manda''(low), ''sama''(balanced) and ''vishama''(irregular). The selection of diet and dose of medicine depends upon [[agni]].

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

* [[Ashtodariya]]

* [[Ashtodariya]]

* [[Maharoga Adhyaya]]

* [[Maharoga Adhyaya]]

== References ==

== References ==