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Line 10: − − <big>'''Abstract'''</big> − − <div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes criteria for classification and enumeration of diseases, agni (digestion capacity) and patients. Because of variable symptoms and pathogenesis, the diseases are innumerable and they are categorized in groups. The purpose of grouping is to find common modalities for treatment and diagnosis and it is essential to know the disease pathology at micro level. The source components of all the physical and mental disorders are tridosha (three morbid factors). There are three basic causes, viz. injudicious use of senses, intellectual errors and ignoring the bio clock. All diseases have common origin and pathway up to some level, which serves as criteria for grouping of ailments. The common criteria for the enumeration of diseases include prognosis, severity, location, nature of causative factors and site of origin. Classification of agni on the basis of strength is described in this chapter. Prakriti (constitution) as the parameter for the stratifying and clustering various types of patients and concept of psychosomatic diseases is highlighted. Primary and secondary diseases on the basis of priority of vitiation of doshas are explained for successful management of the disease. </div> − − '''Keywords''': ''Agni, Prakriti,'' Psychosomatic diseases, Primary and secondary diseases. − </div> − Line 29:
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Line 516: + + + − + − + − </div> − [[File:Chart 1.png]] − − [[File:Chart 2.png|400px|'''Chart 1:Different types of [[Agni]]'''|thumb]] − − === Chart 2: Factors involved in [[Agni]] process === − − [[File:Chart 3.png]] − − === Chart 3: Diagrammatic representation of importance of [[Agni]] === − <div style="text-align:justify;"> Line 558:
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→Related chapters
|title=Roganika Vimana
|title=Roganika Vimana
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Agni, Prakriti, Psychosomatic diseases, Primary and secondary diseases. classification of diseases, charak samhita, ayurveda
|keywords=Agni, Prakriti, Psychosomatic diseases, Primary and secondary diseases. classification of diseases, charak samhita, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine.
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 6. Classification of Diseases
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 6. Classification of Diseases
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
|type=article
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 6. Classification of Diseases '''</big>
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 6. Classification of Diseases '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Roganika Vimana
|title = Roganika Vimana
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Chandola H.M., Kajaria D.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Paliwal M., Sapra U.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Pol A., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.007]
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes criteria for classification and enumeration of diseases, [[agni]] (digestion capacity) and patients. Because of variable symptoms and pathogenesis, the diseases are innumerable and they are categorized in groups. The purpose of grouping is to find common modalities for treatment and diagnosis and it is essential to know the disease pathology at micro level. The source components of all the physical and mental disorders are tri[[dosha]] (three morbid factors). There are three basic causes, viz. injudicious use of senses, intellectual errors and ignoring the bio clock. All diseases have common origin and pathway up to some level, which serves as criteria for grouping of ailments. The common criteria for the enumeration of diseases include prognosis, severity, location, nature of causative factors and site of origin. Classification of [[agni]] on the basis of strength is described in this chapter. [[Prakriti]] (constitution) as the parameter for the stratifying and clustering various types of patients and concept of psychosomatic diseases is highlighted. Primary and secondary diseases on the basis of priority of vitiation of [[dosha]] are explained for successful management of the disease. </div>
'''Keywords''': [[Agni]], [[Prakriti]], Psychosomatic diseases, Primary and secondary diseases.
</div>
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
This chapter is introducing the ten groups in five pairs of diseases, which are explained in earlier two chapters (19th and 20th chapters) of [[Sutra Sthana]]. The principal behind this grouping is the same as the billions of persons are clubbed only in three groups according to predominance of three ''dosha'' in their constitution and personality traits. Similarly, on the basis of curable/incurable, severity (mild/severe), origin (mental/physical), causative factors (endogenous/exogenous), and pathological sites of diseases (''amashaya samuththa/pakwashaya samuththa'', diseases can also be clubbed in five pairs of ten major groups.
This chapter is introducing the ten groups in five pairs of diseases, which are explained in earlier two chapters (19th and 20th chapters) of [[Sutra Sthana]]. The principal behind this grouping is the same as the billions of persons are clubbed only in three groups according to predominance of three [[dosha]] in their constitution and personality traits. Similarly, on the basis of curable/incurable, severity (mild/severe), origin (mental/physical), causative factors (endogenous/exogenous), and pathological sites of diseases (''amashaya samuththa/pakwashaya samuththa'', diseases can also be clubbed in five pairs of ten major groups.
The term ''roga'' may be applicable to both the ''doshas'' and diseases but there is difference between the two, in as much as ''doshas'' are numerable and diseases are innumerable. One ''dosha'' may be responsible for the causation of many diseases. As it is impossible to describe all the diseases in view of their innumerability, only ten groups will be explained here as are discovered by ancient sages.
The term ''roga'' may be applicable to both the [[dosha]] and diseases but there is difference between the two, in as much as [[dosha] are numerable and diseases are innumerable. One [[dosha]] may be responsible for the causation of many diseases. As it is impossible to describe all the diseases in view of their innumerability, only ten groups will be explained here as are discovered by ancient sages.
After grouping of diseases, this chapter deals with grouping of other two aspects i.e. ''agni'' and patient. ''Agni'' (digestive ability) is of four types, ''tikshna agni'' (severe), ''mandaagni'' (low), ''vishamagni'' (irregular) and ''samaagni'' (balanced). Patients are of four types with the predominance of ''dosha'' - ''vatika, paittika, kaphaja'' and ''samaprakriti''.
After grouping of diseases, this chapter deals with grouping of other two aspects i.e. [[agni]] and patient. [[Agni]] (digestive ability) is of four types, tikshna [[agni]] (severe), manda[[agni]] (low), visham[[agni]] (irregular) and sama[[agni]] (balanced). Patients are of four types with the predominance of [[dosha]] - ''vatika, paittika, kaphaja'' and ''samaprakriti''.
At the end of the chapter describes qualities of an expert physician who is perfect in diagnosis, skilled in treatment and has good knowledge of drugs.
At the end of the chapter describes qualities of an expert physician who is perfect in diagnosis, skilled in treatment and has good knowledge of drugs.
If something, already classified in a particular manner, is reclassified in another way following different criteria, there may be change in the number of groups, and such a charge should not render the statement suggesting such a classification incorrect.
If something, already classified in a particular manner, is reclassified in another way following different criteria, there may be change in the number of groups, and such a charge should not render the statement suggesting such a classification incorrect.
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
An individual has the liberty to classify things as he likes. If something is already classified into some groups in a particular manner, he may reclassify it on the basis of different criteria which may result in changes in the number of groups in different ways. This does not invalidate the number of groups according to some other mode of classification. In some cases the criterion of classification may appear to be the same as the previous one but the specific features of each of these criteria should be observed in deciding about the validity of this classification. The same term may carry different meanings e.g. the word ''roga, antanka, yakshman, doshaprakriti'' and ''vikara'' (morbidity – these terms carry the meaning of or are synonymous with both ''dosha'' and ''vyadhi'' (disease). Thus the term ''roga'' is synonymous with both the ''dosha'' and ''vyadhi''. For the rest like ''hetu'' (etiology) etc., this term, viz. ''roga'' carries a different meaning. [4]
An individual has the liberty to classify things as he likes. If something is already classified into some groups in a particular manner, he may reclassify it on the basis of different criteria which may result in changes in the number of groups in different ways. This does not invalidate the number of groups according to some other mode of classification. In some cases the criterion of classification may appear to be the same as the previous one but the specific features of each of these criteria should be observed in deciding about the validity of this classification. The same term may carry different meanings e.g. the word ''roga, antanka, yakshman, doshaprakriti'' and ''vikara'' (morbidity – these terms carry the meaning of or are synonymous with both [[dosha]] and ''vyadhi'' (disease). Thus the term ''roga'' is synonymous with both the [[dosha]] and ''vyadhi''. For the rest like [[hetu]] (etiology) etc., this term, viz. ''roga'' carries a different meaning. [4]
</div>
</div>
=== Physical and psychic ''doshas'' and their vitiators ===
=== Physical and psychic [[dosha]] and their vitiators ===
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Because of their multitudinous nature, diseases are innumerable. On the other hand, ''doshas'' are numerable because of their limited number. So only some of the diseases will be explained by way of illustrations whereas ''doshas'' will be explained in their entirety.
Because of their multitudinous nature, diseases are innumerable. On the other hand, [[dosha]] are numerable because of their limited number. So only some of the diseases will be explained by way of illustrations whereas [[dosha]] will be explained in their entirety.
''Rajas'' and ''tamas'' are the ''doshas'' pertaining to the mind and the types of morbidity caused by them are ''kama'' (passion), anger, greed, attachment, envy, ego, pride grief, worry, anxiety, fear, excitement etc. ''Vata, pitta and kapha''- these three are the ''doshas'' pertaining to the body. Diseases caused by them are fever, diarrhea, edema, consumption, dyspnoea, ''meha'' (obstinate urinary disorder including diabetes), ''kushtha'' (obstinate skin disease including leprosy) etc. Thus ''doshas'' in their entirety and diseases in parts are explained.
''Rajas'' and ''tamas'' are the dosha pertaining to the mind and the types of morbidity caused by them are ''kama'' (passion), anger, greed, attachment, envy, ego, pride grief, worry, anxiety, fear, excitement etc. [[Vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]]- these three are the [[dosha]] pertaining to the body. Diseases caused by them are fever, diarrhea, edema, consumption, dyspnoea, ''meha'' (obstinate urinary disorder including diabetes), ''kushtha'' (obstinate skin disease including leprosy) etc. Thus [[dosha]] in their entirety and diseases in parts are explained.
Both of these types of ''doshas'' have three types of etiological factors, viz.
Both of these types of [[dosha]] have three types of etiological factors, viz.
#unwholesome contact with the object of senses,
#unwholesome contact with the object of senses,
#intellectual errors, and
#intellectual errors, and
</div></div>
</div></div>
Depending upon the specific nature of the causative factors and also the specificity of the tissue elements afflicted, ''doshas'' when aggravated manifest innumerable types of diseases. [7]
Depending upon the specific nature of the causative factors and also the specificity of the tissue elements afflicted, [[dosha]] when aggravated manifest innumerable types of diseases. [7]
=== Psycho-somatic diseases ===
=== Psycho-somatic diseases ===
</div></div>
</div></div>
There is an eternal union between the two ''doshas'' pertaining to mind, viz. ''rajas'' and ''tamas''. ''Tamas'' cannot manifest its actions without ''rajas''. [9]
There is an eternal union between the two [[dosha]] pertaining to mind, viz. ''rajas'' and ''tamas''. ''Tamas'' cannot manifest its actions without ''rajas''. [9]
=== Combination of physical ''doshas'' ===
=== Combination of physical ''doshas'' ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The three somatic ''doshas'' located at the same place and having identical attributes mostly combine with one another (''samsarga'') or with all taken together (''sannipata''). Attributes of ''doshas'' resemble those of the factors which vitiate those ''doshas''. [10]
The three somatic [[dosha]] located at the same place and having identical attributes mostly combine with one another (''samsarga'') or with all taken together (''sannipata''). Attributes of [[dosha]] resemble those of the factors which vitiate those [[dosha]]. [10]
</div>
</div>
=== Primary and Secondary diseases ===
=== Primary and Secondary diseases ===
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Characteristic features of primary and secondary (subordinate) diseases are as follows:
Characteristic features of primary and secondary (subordinate) diseases are as follows:
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
The primary disease manifests its own symptoms independently; this morbid condition is caused by factors specific to the manifestation of the disease. This can be cured by the therapies prescribed for that particular disease. The subordinate disease is characterized by opposite features. If all the three ''doshas'' are primarily vitiated at a time, the condition is known as ''sannipata''. If only two of the ''doshas'' are vitiated, it is called ''samsarga''. Depending upon the primary and subordinate nature of ''doshas'', they are of many types. Considering such characteristic features, physicians attribute various names (like ''jwara'' or fever and ''atisara'' or diarrhea) to different conditions caused by ''doshas'' and diseases. [11]
The primary disease manifests its own symptoms independently; this morbid condition is caused by factors specific to the manifestation of the disease. This can be cured by the therapies prescribed for that particular disease. The subordinate disease is characterized by opposite features. If all the three [[dosha]] are primarily vitiated at a time, the condition is known as ''sannipata''. If only two of the [[dosha]] are vitiated, it is called ''samsarga''. Depending upon the primary and subordinate nature of [[dosha]], they are of many types. Considering such characteristic features, physicians attribute various names (like ''jwara'' or fever and ''atisara'' or diarrhea) to different conditions caused by [[dosha]] and diseases. [11]
</div>
</div>
=== Four types of ''Agni'' ===
=== Four types of [[Agni]]===
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Depending upon their intensity, ''agnis'' (factors responsible for digestion and metabolism) located in the body of human beings can be classified under four categories, viz. ''tikshna'' (severe), ''manda'' (low), ''sama'' (normal) and ''vishama'' (irregular). The ''tikshna'' type is capable of tolerating all types of irregularities whereas the ''manda'' type is of opposite nature, i.e. even a small irregularity will impair its functioning. The ''sama'' or balanced type of ''agni'' gets impaired even by minor irregularities; it maintains its normalcy so long as there is no irregularity. The irregular type of ''agni'', as opposed to ''sama'' or balanced type, sometimes gets impaired and sometime it does not get impaired by irregularities.
Depending upon their intensity, [[agni]](factors responsible for digestion and metabolism) located in the body of human beings can be classified under four categories, viz. ''tikshna'' (severe), ''manda'' (low), ''sama'' (normal) and ''vishama'' (irregular). The ''tikshna'' type is capable of tolerating all types of irregularities whereas the ''manda'' type is of opposite nature, i.e. even a small irregularity will impair its functioning. The ''sama'' or balanced type of [[agni]] gets impaired even by minor irregularities; it maintains its normalcy so long as there is no irregularity. The irregular type of [[agni]], as opposed to ''sama'' or balanced type, sometimes gets impaired and sometime it does not get impaired by irregularities.
These four types of ''agni'' occur in the four types of individuals. In individuals having ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in their balanced and normal state, the ''agnis'' are regular or balanced. In the case of individuals having the dominance of ''vata'' constitution, due to the affliction of the site of ''agni'' by ''vata,'' their ''agnis'' are irregular. In the case of individuals having the dominance of ''pitta'', the ''agnis'' are sharp. Similarly, in the case of individuals having the dominance of ''kapha'' in the constitution, the ''agnis'' are mild due to the affliction of the site of ''agni'' by ''kapha''. [12]
These four types of [[agni]] occur in the four types of individuals. In individuals having [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their balanced and normal state, the [[agni]] are regular or balanced. In the case of individuals having the dominance of [[vata]] constitution, due to the affliction of the site of [[agni]] by [[vata]], their [[agni]] are irregular. In the case of individuals having the dominance of [[pitta]], the [[agni]] are sharp. Similarly, in the case of individuals having the dominance of [[kapha]] in the constitution, the [[agni]] are mild due to the affliction of the site of [[agni]] by [[kapha]]. [12]
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=== Physical constitution ===
=== Physical constitution ===
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Some scholars hold the view that living beings cannot have a balanced state of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in their body because they are accustomed to the intake of diets which are seldom balanced. Therefore, according to them some individuals have ''vata prakriti'' (''vatika'' constitution), some have ''pitta prakriti'' (''pattika'' constitution) and the rest have ''kapha prakriti'' (''shlaishmika'' constitution). This is not correct because physicians take an individual to be healthy only when ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in his body are in a state of equilibrium and health represents the natural state of the body. It is with a view to maintaining good health that all types of treatments are prescribed. That state of the body is the most cherished one. Therefore, there are individuals having the balanced state of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' in their body.
Some scholars hold the view that living beings cannot have a balanced state of [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their body because they are accustomed to the intake of diets which are seldom balanced. Therefore, according to them some individuals have [[vata]] [[prakriti]] (''vatika'' constitution), some have [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] (''pattika'' constitution) and the rest have [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] (''shlaishmika'' constitution). This is not correct because physicians take an individual to be healthy only when [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in his body are in a state of equilibrium and health represents the natural state of the body. It is with a view to maintaining good health that all types of treatments are prescribed. That state of the body is the most cherished one. Therefore, there are individuals having the balanced state of [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their body.
The use of terms like ''vataprakriti, pittaprakriti'' and ''kaphaprakriti'' is not correct because in these types of constitutions, there is always a dominance of ''doshas'' in the bodies of individuals. ''Prakriti'' means a normal or natural state and there should not be any dominance of ''doshas'' in the bodies of such individuals. So such individuals as are having the dominance of one or the other ''doshas'' cannot be described to have the normal state of their body. Thus to use the correct term, they are ''vatala'' (having the dominance of ''vata''), ''pittala'' (having the dominance of ''pitta'') and ''shlesmala'' (having the dominance of ''kapha''), and these do not indicate the normal state of their body. [13]
The use of terms like [[vata]] [[prakriti]], [[pitta]] [[prakriti]] and [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] is not correct because in these types of constitutions, there is always a dominance of [[dosha]] in the bodies of individuals. [[Prakriti]] means a normal or natural state and there should not be any dominance of [[dosha]] in the bodies of such individuals. So such individuals as are having the dominance of one or the other [[dosha]] cannot be described to have the normal state of their body. Thus to use the correct term, they are ''vatala'' (having the dominance of [[vata]]), ''pittala'' (having the dominance of [[pitta]]) and ''shlesmala'' (having the dominance of [[kapha]]), and these do not indicate the normal state of their body. [13]
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=== Management of persons having different types of physical constitution ===
=== Management of persons having different types of physical constitution ===
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Four types of regimens are prescribed for the benefit of these four categories of individuals. For an individual having the balance state of all ''doshas'', all the regimens to be adopted by him should be of balanced type. When there is predominance of ''doshas'', depending upon the nature of the ''doshas'' involved, it is useful to adopt such three regimens as would be in contradiction with these three predominating ''doshas'' till there is normalcy of ''agni''. It is only after the normalcy of the ''agni'' is attained, balanced regimens should be adopted. Similarly, various therapies and other regimens should be administered to these four categories of individuals. We shall now explain them in detail. [14]
Four types of regimens are prescribed for the benefit of these four categories of individuals. For an individual having the balance state of all [[dosha]], all the regimens to be adopted by him should be of balanced type. When there is predominance of [[dosha]], depending upon the nature of the [[dosha]] involved, it is useful to adopt such three regimens as would be in contradiction with these three predominating [[dosha]] till there is normalcy of [[agni]]. It is only after the normalcy of the [[agni]] is attained, balanced regimens should be adopted. Similarly, various therapies and other regimens should be administered to these four categories of individuals. We shall now explain them in detail. [14]
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=== Three types of patients based upon dosha dominance ===
=== Three types of patients based upon [[dosha]] dominance ===
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त्रयस्तु पुरुषा भवन्त्यातुराः, ते त्वनातुरास्तन्त्रान्तरीयाणां भिषजाम्| तद्यथा- वातलः,पित्तलः, श्लेष्मलश्चेति| तेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं- वातलस्य वातनिमित्ताः, पित्तलस्य पित्तनिमित्ताः, श्लेष्मलस्य श्लेष्मनिमित्ता व्याधयः प्रायेण बलवन्तश्च भवन्ति||१५||
त्रयस्तु पुरुषा भवन्त्यातुराः, ते त्वनातुरास्तन्त्रान्तरीयाणां भिषजाम्| तद्यथा- वातलः,पित्तलः, श्लेष्मलश्चेति| तेषामिदं विशेषविज्ञानं- वातलस्य वातनिमित्ताः, पित्तलस्य पित्तनिमित्ताः, श्लेष्मलस्य श्लेष्मनिमित्ता व्याधयः प्रायेण बलवन्तश्च भवन्ति||१५||
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''Vatala'' (dominance of ''vata''), ''pittala'' (dominance of ''pitta'') and ''shleshmala'' (dominance of ''kapha'')- these three are the morbid state in individuals, even though, according to another school of thought they represent the natural states of the body. Their characteristic features are as given below: - ''vatala, pittala'' and ''shleshmala'' types of individuals are more susceptible to ''vatika, pittika'' and ''shlaishmika'' diseases respectively and such diseases in the respective types of individual become very severe.
''Vatala'' (dominance of [[vata]]), ''pittala'' (dominance of [[pitta]]) and ''shleshmala'' (dominance of [[kapha]])- these three are the morbid state in individuals, even though, according to another school of thought they represent the natural states of the body. Their characteristic features are as given below: - ''vatala, pittala'' and ''shleshmala'' types of individuals are more susceptible to ''vatika, pittika'' and ''shlaishmika'' diseases respectively and such diseases in the respective types of individual become very severe.
==== Principles of management of vata dosha dominance ====
==== Principles of management of [[vata]] [[dosha]] dominance ====
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तत्र वातलस्य वातप्रकोपणान्यासेवमानस्य क्षिप्रं वातः प्रकोपमापद्यते, न तथेतरौ दोषौ; स तस्य प्रकोपमापन्नो यथोक्तैर्विकारैः शरीरमुपतपति बलवर्णसुखायुषामुपघाताय| तस्यावजयनं- स्नेहस्वेदौ विधियुक्तौ, मृदूनि च संशोधनानि स्नेहोष्णमधुराम्ललवणयुक्तानि, तद्वदभ्यवहार्याणि, अभ्यङ्गोपनाहनोद्वेष्टनोन्मर्दनपरिषेकावगाहनसंवाहनावपीडनवित्रासनविस्मापनविस्मारणानि, सुरासवविधानं, स्नेहाश्चानेकयोनयो दीपनीयपाचनीयवातहरविरेचनीयोपहितास्तथा शतपाकाः
तत्र वातलस्य वातप्रकोपणान्यासेवमानस्य क्षिप्रं वातः प्रकोपमापद्यते, न तथेतरौ दोषौ; स तस्य प्रकोपमापन्नो यथोक्तैर्विकारैः शरीरमुपतपति बलवर्णसुखायुषामुपघाताय| तस्यावजयनं- स्नेहस्वेदौ विधियुक्तौ, मृदूनि च संशोधनानि स्नेहोष्णमधुराम्ललवणयुक्तानि, तद्वदभ्यवहार्याणि, अभ्यङ्गोपनाहनोद्वेष्टनोन्मर्दनपरिषेकावगाहनसंवाहनावपीडनवित्रासनविस्मापनविस्मारणानि, सुरासवविधानं, स्नेहाश्चानेकयोनयो दीपनीयपाचनीयवातहरविरेचनीयोपहितास्तथा शतपाकाः
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If ''vatala'' type of individual resorts to such things which are aggravators of ''vata, vata'' in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in case of remaining two ''doshas''. The aggravated ''vata'' afflicts individuals by the manifestation of disease already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this ''dosha'':
If ''vatala'' type of individual resorts to such things which are aggravators of [[vata]], [[vata]] in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in case of remaining two [[dosha]]. The aggravated [[vata]] afflicts individuals by the manifestation of disease already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this [[dosha]]:
#Proper administration of oleation and fomentation;
#Proper administration of oleation and fomentation;
#Massage, poultices, bandages, kneading, effusion, bath, ''samvahana'' (pressing and massaging by hand), pressing, using means of terrifying, methods of surprising and making oneself to forget (bad memories)
#Massage, poultices, bandages, kneading, effusion, bath, ''samvahana'' (pressing and massaging by hand), pressing, using means of terrifying, methods of surprising and making oneself to forget (bad memories)
#Use of wine and ''asavas'' (fermented drinks)
#Use of wine and ''asavas'' (fermented drinks)
#Fats from different sources mixed with drugs having digestive, stimulant, carminative, ''vata'' alleviating and purgative properties- they may be boiled hundred and thousand times and be used for being administered in different ways, viz. internal use, massage, enema, etc., and
#Fats from different sources mixed with drugs having digestive, stimulant, carminative, [[vata]] alleviating and purgative properties- they may be boiled hundred and thousand times and be used for being administered in different ways, viz. internal use, massage, enema, etc., and
#Observance of enema regimens, its regulations and adopting comfort (in behavior and lifestyle) [15-16]
#Observance of enema regimens, its regulations and adopting comfort (in behavior and lifestyle) [15-16]
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==== Principles of management of pitta dosha dominance ====
==== Principles of management of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] dominance ====
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If a ''pittaja'' individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of ''pitta, pitta'' in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in the case of remaining two ''doshas''. The aggravated ''pitta'' afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this ''dosha'':
If a ''pittaja'' individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of [[pitta]], [[pitta]] in his body gets aggravated immediately. This does not happen in the case of remaining two [[dosha]]. The aggravated [[pitta]] afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this [[dosha]]:
#Consumption of ghee;
#Consumption of ghee;
#Adoption of such other regimens as are of soothing nature. [17]
#Adoption of such other regimens as are of soothing nature. [17]
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==== Principles of management of shleshma dosha dominance ====
==== Principles of management of [[kapha]] [[dosha]] dominance ====
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If ''shlaishmala'' types of individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of ''kapha'', then ''kapha'' in his body gets aggravated immediately; this does not happen to the remaining two ''doshas''. The aggravated ''kapha'' afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this ''dosha'':
If ''shlaishmala'' types of individual resorts to such things as are aggravators of [[kapha]], then [[kapha]] in his body gets aggravated immediately; this does not happen to the remaining two [[dosha]]. The aggravated [[kapha]] afflicts the individual by the manifestation of diseases already described, resulting in the impairment of strength, complexion, happiness and longevity. The following therapies alleviate this [[dosha]]:
#Proper administration of strong and hot elimination therapies;
#Proper administration of strong and hot elimination therapies;
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To sum up, in this chapter, groups of diseases based upon ''vata'' etc. ''prakriti'' types, non-contradiction of classified categories of diseases, similarity in ''dosha'' and ''roga'', numbers of ''doshas'', diseases with one type, causes of vitiation of ''dosha'', description of ''agni'', and means to stimulate it’s functions, ''vata'' etc. dominant types of persons and their management to maintain normalcy of ''dosha'' are described in details by sage Atreya. [20-22]
To sum up, in this chapter, groups of diseases based upon [[vata]] etc. [[prakriti]] types, non-contradiction of classified categories of diseases, similarity in [[dosha]] and ''roga'', numbers of [[dosha]], diseases with one type, causes of vitiation of [[dosha]], description of [[agni]], and means to stimulate it’s functions, [[vata]] etc. dominant types of persons and their management to maintain normalcy of [[dosha]] are described in details by sage Atreya. [20-22]
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
#The grouping of diseases, patients and ''agni'' is framed for development of common modalities for diagnosis and treatment.
#The grouping of diseases, patients and [[agni]] is framed for development of common modalities for diagnosis and treatment.
#Understanding the disease, the ''agni'' (digestive capacity) and ''prakriti'' (constitution) of a person is of prime importance for a physician to provide effective treatment.
#Understanding the disease, the [[agni]] (digestive capacity) and [[Prakriti]](constitution) of a person is of prime importance for a physician to provide effective treatment.
#Comprehensive knowledge of a disease includes its prognosis(curable or incurable), severity(mild or severe), location(soma or psyche),causes(endogenous or exogenous) and site of origin (stomach/digestive or large intestine/excretory).
#Comprehensive knowledge of a disease includes its prognosis(curable or incurable), severity(mild or severe), location(soma or psyche),causes(endogenous or exogenous) and site of origin (stomach/digestive or large intestine/excretory).
#If a person has predominant ''dosha'' and indulges in activities or food increasing that ''dosha'' then he will have abrupt onset of disease caused by aggravation of that ''dosha''.
#If a person has predominant [[dosha]] and indulges in activities or food increasing that [[dosha]] then he will have abrupt onset of disease caused by aggravation of that [[dosha]].
#A disease with known etiology, clinical features pointing to a diagnosis and indicated effective treatment is called ''anubandhya'', on the other hand a disease with unknown etiology, variable clinical features and not effective treatment is called ''anubandha''.
#A disease with known etiology, clinical features pointing to a diagnosis and indicated effective treatment is called ''anubandhya'', on the other hand a disease with unknown etiology, variable clinical features and not effective treatment is called ''anubandha''.
#Mental and physical disorders may start as such but later influence each other.
#Mental and physical disorders may start as such but later influence each other.
#Passion, anger, greed, attachment, envy, ego, worry, anxiety, fear, excitement etc. are due to psychic ''dosha, raja'' and ''tamas''.
#Passion, anger, greed, attachment, envy, ego, worry, anxiety, fear, excitement etc. are due to psychic ''dosha, raja'' and ''tamas''.
#''Rajas'' is the initiator of all actions. ''Tamas'' cannot act without ''rajas''.
#''Rajas'' is the initiator of all actions. ''Tamas'' cannot act without ''rajas''.
#''Agni''( digestive processes) of a person shall be diagnosed as ''tikshna''(severe), ''manda''(low), ''sama''(balanced) and ''vishama''(irregular). The selection of diet and dose of medicine depends upon ''agni''.
#''Agni''( digestive processes) of a person shall be diagnosed as ''tikshna''(severe), ''manda''(low), ''sama''(balanced) and ''vishama''(irregular). The selection of diet and dose of medicine depends upon [[agni]].
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
=== Role of [[agni]] ===
=== Role of [[agni]] ===
[[File:Chart 1.png|400px|'''Chart 1:Types of [[Agni]]'''|thumb]]
[[File:Chart 2.png|400px|'''Chart 2: Factors involved in process of [[Agni]]'''|thumb]]
[[File:Chart 3.png|400px|'''Chart 3: Importance of [[Agni]]'''|thumb]]
The relation between [[agni]] and disease process is essential to be understood. Impairment of [[agni]] is a cause of accumulation of various toxic products inside body leading to disease. [[Agni]] includes all processes of digestion and metabolism taking at gross level, tissue level, micro-cellular level. Hence it needs a special emphasis while treating a disease. Diagnosis of [[agni]] of a person is one of key factor in understanding disease.
The relation between [[agni]] and disease process is essential to be understood. Impairment of [[agni]] is a cause of accumulation of various toxic products inside body leading to disease. [[Agni]] includes all processes of digestion and metabolism taking at gross level, tissue level, micro-cellular level. Hence it needs a special emphasis while treating a disease. Diagnosis of [[agni]] of a person is one of key factor in understanding disease.
The term ''sharireshu'' indicates that [[agni]] (factors or enzymes responsible for digestion and metabolism) residing all over the body. However, in subsequent elaboration, [[agni]] residing in the gastrointestinal tract is described because this [[agni]] regulates the aggravation or abatement of all the other [[agni]] [ [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/39]. [[Agni]] belonging to regular or balanced category are the most beneficial for a healthy living; still [[agni]] belonging to the sharp category are given priority in the order of description because of their importance in as much as they are capable of tolerating all types of irregularities. Balanced (''sama'') condition of [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] during their natural states and when they are aggravated, accompanies regular or balanced [[agni]].
The term ''sharireshu'' indicates that [[agni]] (factors or enzymes responsible for digestion and metabolism) residing all over the body. However, in subsequent elaboration, [[agni]] residing in the gastrointestinal tract is described because this [[agni]] regulates the aggravation or abatement of all the other [[agni]] [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/39]. [[Agni]] belonging to regular or balanced category are the most beneficial for a healthy living; still [[agni]] belonging to the sharp category are given priority in the order of description because of their importance in as much as they are capable of tolerating all types of irregularities. Balanced (''sama'') condition of [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]] during their natural states and when they are aggravated, accompanies regular or balanced [[agni]].
The following charts 1,2 and 3 shows various types of [[agni]] and its related processes in ayurvedic perspective.
The charts 1,2 and 3 shows various types of [[agni]] and its related processes in ayurvedic perspective.
=== Contemporary views ===
=== Contemporary views ===
* [[Ashtodariya]]
* [[Ashtodariya]]
* [[Maharoga Adhyaya]]
* [[Maharoga Adhyaya]]
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== References ==
== References ==