Changes

''Vakyadosha'' (syntactical defects), in this context, is of five types – ''nyunam, adhikam, anarthakam, aparthakam, viruddham''. Without these there is no damage to the contextual sense.  

''Vakyadosha'' (syntactical defects), in this context, is of five types – ''nyunam, adhikam, anarthakam, aparthakam, viruddham''. Without these there is no damage to the contextual sense.  

#Nyunam (semantic deficiency) such as – if there is lack of even one of the five – proposition (pratijna), reason (hetu), instance (udaharan), correlation (upanaya) and conclusion (nigaman) or if there be many reasons and only one reason is resorted to for proving something than it is defined as nyunam.  

#''Nyunam'' (semantic deficiency) such as – if there is lack of even one of the five – proposition (''pratijna''), reason (''hetu''), instance (''udaharan''), correlation (''upanaya'') and conclusion (''nigaman'') or if there be many reasons and only one reason is resorted to for proving something than it is defined as ''nyunam''.  

Adhikam (superfluity) is just contrary to nyunam such as while talking about Ayurveda one says about some irrelevant texts such as that composed by Barhaspatyam or Aushana or even if relevant it is repeated unnecessarily than the repetition (punarukti) also comes under adhikam (superfluity). Repetition (punarukta) is of two types – arthapunaruktam (semantic repetition) and Shabdapunaruktam (verbal repetition). The former (arthapunaruktam) consists of the repetition of the same idea by different synonymous words such as bheshajam, aushadham and sadhanam and the repetition of the same word such as, bheshaja is called as shabdapunaruktam.  

#Adhikam (superfluity) is just contrary to nyunam such as while talking about Ayurveda one says about some irrelevant texts such as that composed by Barhaspatyam or Aushana or even if relevant it is repeated unnecessarily than the repetition (punarukti) also comes under adhikam (superfluity). Repetition (punarukta) is of two types – arthapunaruktam (semantic repetition) and Shabdapunaruktam (verbal repetition). The former (arthapunaruktam) consists of the repetition of the same idea by different synonymous words such as bheshajam, aushadham and sadhanam and the repetition of the same word such as, bheshaja is called as shabdapunaruktam.  

Anarthakam (nonessential statement) is that where there is only jumble of alphabets devoid of any sense. Aparthakam is deprivation of meaning due to lack of mutual connection of otherwise meaningful words such as, chakra-na(ta)kra-vamsha-vajra-nishakara.  

Anarthakam (nonessential statement) is that where there is only jumble of alphabets devoid of any sense. Aparthakam is deprivation of meaning due to lack of mutual connection of otherwise meaningful words such as, chakra-na(ta)kra-vamsha-vajra-nishakara.  

Viruddham(Incongruity) is considered in relation to instance (drushtanta), theory (siddhanta) and convention (samaya). Instance (drushtanta) and theory have already been described earlier.  

Viruddham(Incongruity) is considered in relation to instance (drushtanta), theory (siddhanta) and convention (samaya). Instance (drushtanta) and theory have already been described earlier.  

Now convention (samaya) is of three types – Ayurvedic samaya, yajnika samaya, (ritual) and ethical (mokshashastrika). Ayurvedic samaya (ayurvedic convention) such as four aspects of health care, yajnika samaya (ritual convention) such as animals are to be sacrificed by persons following rituals, mokshashastrika (ethical convention) such as non-violence towards all creatures. The statement incongruous in respect of the respective convention is taken as viruddha (incongruity). Thus are the vakyadosha (syntactical defects).[54]

Now convention (samaya) is of three types – Ayurvedic samaya, yajnika samaya, (ritual) and ethical (mokshashastrika). Ayurvedic samaya (ayurvedic convention) such as four aspects of health care, yajnika samaya (ritual convention) such as animals are to be sacrificed by persons following rituals, mokshashastrika (ethical convention) such as non-violence towards all creatures. The statement incongruous in respect of the respective convention is taken as viruddha (incongruity). Thus are the vakyadosha (syntactical defects).[54]

34.Vakyaprashamsa (syntactical excellence):

 

=====34.Vakyaprashamsa (syntactical excellence):

अथवाक्यप्रशंसा- वाक्यप्रशंसानामयथाखल्वस्मिन्नर्थेत्वन्यूनम्, अनधिकम्, अर्थवत्, अनपार्थकम्, अविरुद्धम्, अधिगतपदार्थंचेतियत्तद्वाक्यमननुयोज्यमितिप्रशस्यते||५५||  

अथवाक्यप्रशंसा- वाक्यप्रशंसानामयथाखल्वस्मिन्नर्थेत्वन्यूनम्, अनधिकम्, अर्थवत्, अनपार्थकम्, अविरुद्धम्, अधिगतपदार्थंचेतियत्तद्वाक्यमननुयोज्यमितिप्रशस्यते||५५||  

atha vākyapraśaṁsā- vākyapraśaṁsā nāma yathā khalvasminnarthē tvanyūnam, anadhikam, arthavat, anapārthakam, aviruddham, adhigatapadārthaṁ cēti yattadvākyamananuyōjyamiti praśasyatē||55||  

atha vākyapraśaṁsā- vākyapraśaṁsā nāma yathā khalvasminnarthē tvanyūnam, anadhikam, arthavat, anapārthakam, aviruddham, adhigatapadārthaṁ cēti yattadvākyamananuyōjyamiti praśasyatē||55||