Administrators, Editors, Bots, Bureaucrats, Charaksamhita, Moderators (CommentStreams), Interface administrators, Administrators
10,100
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
mLine 2:
Line 2: − + + + + − − <big>'''Abstract'''</big> − − <div style="text-align:justify;">This comprehensive and detailed chapter deals with assessment criteria of standard quality treatise, the teacher and the disciple, the means for receiving the knowledge from the treatise, method of discussion and its types- friendly or hostile, result of discussion, worth considering or worth discarding. It describes examination of ten entities to understand the state of health of the patient before starting the treatment. For providing treatment, physician should consider the strength of patient, severity of disease, prakriti (constitution), vikriti (nature of abnormalities), potency of drugs, season for purification therapy, and the status of the patients in context to use of drugs. Thus, this chapter gives a glimpse of how advanced the medical education in India was over two thousand years ago and how well the phenomenon of health was understood and managed. </div> − − '''Keywords''': Preceptor, student, teaching methodology, learning methods, discussion techniques, examination techniques of patient, ''prakriti'', ''sara'', purification therapies, pharmacovigilance. − </div> − Line 26:
Line 21: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − |header3 = + + − }} Line 55:
Line 66: − अथातोरोगभिषग्जितीयंविमानंव्याख्यास्यामः||१|| इतिहस्माहभगवानात्रेयः||२||+ + + Line 66:
Line 79: + + − बुद्धिमानात्मनःकार्यगुरुलाघवंकर्मफलमनुबन्धंदेशकालौचविदित्वायुक्तिदर्शनाद्भिषग्बुभूषुःशास्त्रमेवादितःपरीक्षेत| विविधानिहिशास्त्राणिभिषजांप्रचरन्तिलोके;+ − तत्रयन्मन्येतसुमहद्यशस्विधीरपुरुषासेवितमर्थबहुलमाप्तजनपूजितंत्रिविधशिष्यबुद्धिहितमपगतपुनरुक्तदोषमार्षंसुप्रणीतसूत्रभाष्यसङ्ग्रहक्रमंस्वाधारमनवपतितशब्दमकष्टशब्दं+ − पुष्कलाभिधानंक्रमागतार्थमर्थतत्त्वविनिश्चयप्रधानंसङ्गतार्थमसङ्कुलप्रकरणमाशुप्रबोधकंलक्षणवच्चोदाहरणवच्च,तदभिप्रपद्येतशास्त्रम्|शास्त्रंह्येवंविधममलइवादित्यस्तमोविधूयप्रकाशयतिसर्वम्||३||+ + + + + + + + + Line 100:
Line 123: − + − + Line 110:
Line 133: − ततोऽनन्तरमाचार्यंपरीक्षेत;तद्यथा-पर्यवदातश्रुतंपरिदृष्टकर्माणंदक्षंदक्षिणंशुचिंजितहस्तमुपकरणवन्तंसर्वेन्द्रियोपपन्नंप्रकृतिज्ञंप्रतिपत्तिज्ञमनुपस्कृतविद्यमनहङ्कृतमनसूयकमकोपनंक्लेशक्षमंशिष्यवत्सलमध्यापकंज्ञापनसमर्थंचेत+ − एवङ्गुणोह्याचार्यःसुक्षेत्रमार्तवोमेघइवशस्यगुणैः \सुशिष्यमाशुवैद्यगुणैः+ + + + + + + Line 135:
Line 164: − + − तमुपसृत्यारिराधयिषुरुपचरेदग्निवच्चदेववच्चराजवच्चपितृवच्चभर्तृवच्चाप्रमत्तः|+ − ततस्तत्प्रसादात्कृत्स्नंशास्त्रमधिगम्यशास्त्रस्यदृढतायामभिधानस्य+ − सौष्ठवेऽर्थस्यविज्ञानेवचनशक्तौचभूयोभूयःप्रयतेतसम्यक्||५||+ + + Line 155:
Line 186: − + + Line 165:
Line 197: − + − + − नमस्कृत्यसमेशुचौदेशेसुखोपविष्टोमनःपुरःसराभिर्वाग्भिःसूत्रमनुक्रामन्+ − पुनःपुनरावर्तयेद्बुद्ध्वासम्यगनुप्रविश्यार्थतत्त्वंस्वदोषपरिहारार्थं+ − परदोषप्रमाणार्थंच;एवंमध्यन्दिनेऽपराह्णेरात्रौचशश्वदपरिहापयन्नध्ययनमभ्यस्येत्|इत्यध्ययनविधिः||७||+ + + + + + + + + + Line 184:
Line 225: − + − + − + + + + + − धृतिमन्तमनहङ्कृतंमेधाविनंवितर्कस्मृतिसम्पन्नमुदारसत्त्वं+ − तद्विद्यकुलजमथवातद्विद्यवृत्तंतत्त्वाभिनिवेशिनमव्यङ्गमव्यापन्नेन्द्रियं+ + + + + − कर्मदर्शनेचानन्यकार्यमलुब्धमनलसंसर्वभूतहितैषिणमाचार्यसर्वानुशिष्टिप्रतिकरमनुरक्तंच,एवङ्गुणसमुदितमध्याप्यमाहुः||८||+ + + + Line 221:
Line 273: − + − उदगयनेशुक्लपक्षेप्रशस्तेऽहनितिष्यहस्तश्रवणाश्वयुजामन्यतमेन+ − नक्षत्रेणयोगमुपगतेभगवतिशशिनिकल्याणेकल्याणेचकरणेमैत्रेमुहूर्तेमुण्डःकृतोपवासःस्नातःकाषायवस्त्रसंवीतःसगन्धहस्तःसमिधोऽग्निमाज्यमुपलेपनमुदकुम्भान्+ + + + − कुशलाजसर्षपाक्षतांश्चशुक्लानि+ − सुमनांसिग्रथिताग्रथितानिमेध्यान्भक्ष्यान्गन्धांश्चघृष्टानादायोपतिष्ठस्वेति||९||+ + + Line 242:
Line 299: − सतथाकुर्यात्||१०||+ + Line 253:
Line 311: − तमुपस्थितमाज्ञायसमेशुचौदेशेप्राक्प्रवणेउदक्प्रवणेवाचतुष्किष्कुमात्रंचतुरस्रंस्थण्डिलंगोमयोदकेनोपलिप्तंकुशास्तीर्णंसुपरिहितं+ − परिधिभिश्चतुर्दिशंयथोक्तचन्दनोदकुम्भक्षौमहेमहिरण्यरजतमणिमुक्ताविद्रुमालङ्कृतंमेध्यभक्ष्यगन्धशुक्लपुष्पलाजसर्षपाक्षतोपशोभितंकृत्वा,+ − तत्रपालाशीभिरैङ्गुदीभिरौदुम्बरीभिर्माधुकीभिर्वासमिद्भिरग्निमुपसमाधायप्राङ्मुखःशुचिरध्ययनविधिमनुविधायमधुसर्पिर्भ्यांत्रिस्त्रिर्जुहुयादग्निमाशीः+ − − सम्प्रयुक्तैर्मन्त्रैर्ब्रह्माणमग्निंधन्वन्तरिंप्रजापतिमश्विनाविन्द्रमृषींश्चसूत्रकारानभिमन्त्रयमाणःपूर्वंस्वाहेति||११|| Line 292:
Line 348: − हुत्वाचप्रदक्षिणमग्निमनुपरिक्रामेत्| परिक्रम्यब्राह्मणान्स्वस्तिवाचयेत्;भिषजश्चाभिपूजयेत्||१२||+ + Line 303:
Line 360: − + − अथैनमग्निसकाशेब्राह्मणसकाशेभिषक्सकाशेचानुशिष्यात्-ब्रह्मचारिणा श्मश्रुधारिणसत्यवादिनाऽमांसादेनमेध्यसेविनानिर्मत्सरेणाशस्त्रधारिणाचभवितव्यं,नचतेमद्वचनात्किञ्चिदकार्यंस्यादन्यत्रराजद्विष्टात्प्राणहराद्विपुलादधर्म्यादनर्थसम्प्रयुक्ताद्वाऽप्यर्थात्;+ − मदर्पणेनमत्प्रधानेनमदधीनेनमत्प्रियहितानुवर्तिनाचशश्वद्भवितव्यं,+ − पुत्रवद्दासवदर्थिवच्चोपचरताऽनुवस्तव्योऽहम्अनुत्सेकेनावहितेनानन्यमनसाविनीतेनावेक्ष्यावेक्ष्यकारिणाऽनसूयकेनचाभ्यनुज्ञातेनप्रविचरितव्यम्, + − + − गोब्राह्मणमादौकृत्वासर्वप्राणभृतांशर्माशासितव्यमहरहरुत्तिष्ठताचोपविशताच,सर्वात्मनाचातुराणामारोग्यायप्रयतितव्यं, जीवितहेतोरपिचातुरेभ्योनाभिद्रोग्धव्यं,+ − मनसाऽपिचपरस्त्रियोनाभिगमनीयास्तथासर्वमेवपरस्वं,निभृतवेशपरिच्छदेनभवितव्यम्, अशौण्डेनापापेनापापसहायेनच,+ − श्लक्ष्णशुक्लधर्म्यशर्म्यधन्यसत्यहितमितवचसादेशकालविचारिणास्मृतिमताज्ञानोत्थानोपकरणसम्पत्सुनित्यंयत्नवताच;+ − नचकदाचिद्राजद्विष्टानांराजद्वेषिणांवामहाजनद्विष्टानांमहाजनद्वेषिणांवाऽप्यौषधमनुविधातव्यं,तथा+ − सर्वेषामत्यर्थविकृतदुष्टदुःखशीलाचारोपचाराणामनपवादप्रतिकारणां मुमूर्षूणांच,तथैवासन्निहितेश्वराणांस्त्रीणामनध्यक्षाणांवा;नच कदाचित्स्त्रीदत्तमामिषमादातव्यमननुज्ञातंभर्त्राऽथवाऽध्यक्षेण,आतुरकुलं+ − चानुप्रविशताविदितेनानुमतप्रवेशिनासार्धंपुरुषेणसुसंवीतेनावाक्शिरसास्मृतिमतास्तिमितेनावेक्ष्यावेक्ष्यमनसासर्वमाचरतासम्यगनुप्रवेष्टव्यम्,अनुप्रविश्यचवाङ्मनोबुद्धीन्द्रियाणिनक्वचित् प्रणिधातव्यान्यन्यत्रातुरादातुरोपकारार्थादातुरगतेष्वन्येषुवाभावेषु,नचातुरकुलप्रवृत्तयोबहिर्निश्चारयितव्याः, ह्रसितंचायुषःप्रमाणमातुरस्यजानताऽपित्वयानवर्णयितव्यंतत्रयत्रोच्यमानमातुरस्यान्यस्यवाऽप्युपघातायसम्पद्यते;ज्ञानवताऽपिचनात्यर्थमात्मनोज्ञानेविकत्थितव्यम्,आप्तादपिहि विकत्थमानादत्यर्थमुद्विजन्त्यनेके||१३||+ + Line 376:
Line 434: + − + Line 393:
Line 452: − + Line 406:
Line 465: − + Line 426:
Line 485: − + Line 446:
Line 505: − + Line 459:
Line 518: − + Line 507:
Line 566: − + Line 535:
Line 594: − + Line 1,360:
Line 1,419: − + Line 1,401:
Line 1,460: − + Line 1,444:
Line 1,503: − + Line 1,462:
Line 1,521: − + Line 1,491:
Line 1,550: − + Line 1,507:
Line 1,566: − + Line 1,523:
Line 1,582: − + Line 1,536:
Line 1,595: − + Line 1,549:
Line 1,608: − + Line 1,574:
Line 1,633: − + Line 1,595:
Line 1,654: − + Line 1,614:
Line 1,673: − + Line 1,631:
Line 1,690: − + Line 1,647:
Line 1,706: − + Line 1,687:
Line 1,746: − + Line 1,704:
Line 1,763: − + Line 1,717:
Line 1,776: − + Line 1,733:
Line 1,792: − + Line 1,745:
Line 1,804: − + − + Line 1,763:
Line 1,822: − + Line 1,777:
Line 1,836: − + Line 1,792:
Line 1,851: − + Line 1,806:
Line 1,865: − + Line 1,824:
Line 1,883: − + Line 1,842:
Line 1,901: − + Line 1,857:
Line 1,916: − + Line 1,870:
Line 1,929: − + Line 1,908:
Line 1,967: − + Line 1,925:
Line 1,984: − + Line 1,944:
Line 2,003: − + Line 1,960:
Line 2,019: − + Line 1,984:
Line 2,043: − + Line 1,997:
Line 2,056: − + Line 2,011:
Line 2,070: − + Line 2,057:
Line 2,116: − + Line 2,070:
Line 2,129: − + Line 2,087:
Line 2,146: − + Line 2,123:
Line 2,182: − + Line 2,138:
Line 2,197: − + Line 2,152:
Line 2,211: − + Line 2,177:
Line 2,236: − + Line 2,215:
Line 2,274: − + Line 2,242:
Line 2,301: − + Line 2,264:
Line 2,323: − + Line 2,291:
Line 2,350: − + Line 2,311:
Line 2,370: − + Line 2,329:
Line 2,388: − + Line 2,343:
Line 2,402: − + Line 2,357:
Line 2,416: − + Line 2,371:
Line 2,430: − + Line 2,429:
Line 2,488: − + Line 2,444:
Line 2,503: − + Line 2,471:
Line 2,530: − + Line 2,685:
Line 2,744: − +
Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana (view source)
Revision as of 11:51, 16 January 2021
, 11:51, 16 January 2021Text replacement - "http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg" to "http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg"
|title=Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana
|title=Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Preceptor, student, teaching methodology, learning methods, discussion techniques, examination techniques of patient, prakriti, sara, purification therapies, pharmacovigilance
|keywords=Preceptor, student, teaching methodology, learning methods, discussion techniques, examination techniques of patient, prakriti, sara, purification therapies, pharmacovigilance, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 8. Methods of conquering debate and disease
|description=Vimana Sthana Chapter 8. Methods of conquering debate and disease
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
}}
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 8. Methods of conquering debate and disease '''</big>
<big>'''Vimana Sthana Chapter 8. Methods of conquering debate and disease '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana
|title = Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Dubey S.D., Singh A.N., Singh A., Singh A., Samant A., Deole Y. S.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Khandel S.K., Ram J.P.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Khandel S.K., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.009 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s03.009]
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<div style="text-align:justify;">This comprehensive and detailed chapter deals with assessment criteria of standard quality treatise, the teacher and the disciple, the means for receiving the knowledge from the treatise, method of discussion and its types- friendly or hostile, result of discussion, worth considering or worth discarding. It describes examination of ten entities to understand the state of health of the patient before starting the treatment. For providing treatment, physician should consider the strength of patient, severity of disease, prakriti (constitution), vikriti (nature of abnormalities), potency of drugs, season for purification therapy, and the status of the patients in context to use of drugs. Thus, this chapter gives a glimpse of how advanced the medical education in India was over two thousand years ago and how well the phenomenon of health was understood and managed. </div>
'''Keywords''': Preceptor, student, teaching methodology, learning methods, discussion techniques, examination techniques of patient, ''prakriti'', ''sara'', purification therapies, pharmacovigilance.
</div>
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अथातो रोगभिषग्जितीयं विमानं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
Now we shall expound the chapter "Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana" (Methods of conquering debate and disease). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
Now we shall expound the chapter "Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana" (Methods of conquering debate and disease). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
=== Aspects of medical education ===
==== Selection of medical treatise ====
==== Selection of medical treatise ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
बुद्धिमानात्मनः कार्यगुरुलाघवं कर्मफलमनुबन्धं देशकालौ च विदित्वा युक्तिदर्शनाद्भिषग्बुभूषुः शास्त्रमेवादितः परीक्षेत|
विविधानि हि शास्त्राणि भिषजां प्रचरन्ति लोके;
तत्र यन्मन्येत सुमहद्यशस्विधीरपुरुषासेवितमर्थबहुलमाप्तजनपूजितं त्रिविधशिष्यबुद्धिहितमपगतपुनरुक्तदोषमार्षं सुप्रणीतसूत्रभाष्यसङ्ग्रहक्रमं स्वाधारमनवपतितशब्दमकष्टशब्दं
पुष्कलाभिधानं क्रमागतार्थमर्थतत्त्वविनिश्चयप्रधानं सङ्गतार्थमसङ्कुलप्रकरणमाशुप्रबोधकं लक्षणवच्चोदाहरणवच्च,
तदभिप्रपद्येत शास्त्रम्|
शास्त्रं ह्येवंविधममल इवादित्यस्तमो विधूय प्रकाशयति सर्वम्||३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*having comprehensive knowledge of subject
*having comprehensive knowledge of subject
*with proper sequencing of its contents
*with proper sequencing of its contents
*committed principally to arriving at the essence of thoughts, which reveals cleary meanings and concrete conclusion
*committed principally to arriving at the essence of thoughts, which reveals clear meanings and concrete conclusion
*focused on the particular subject without wavering ideas and irrelevant content,
*focused on the particular subject without wavering ideas and irrelevant content,
*quicky understandable with separated topics, effectively comprehensible, and having definitions showed with examples.
*quickly understandable with separated topics, effectively comprehensible, and having definitions showed with examples.
Such treatise with pure knowledge is similar to sun which enlightens the whole subject while warding off the darkness. [3]
Such treatise with pure knowledge is similar to sun which enlightens the whole subject while warding off the darkness. [3]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
ततोऽनन्तरमाचार्यं परीक्षेत; तद्यथा-
पर्यवदातश्रुतं परिदृष्टकर्माणं दक्षं दक्षिणं शुचिं जितहस्तमुपकरणवन्तं सर्वेन्द्रियोपपन्नं प्रकृतिज्ञं
प्रतिपत्तिज्ञमनुपस्कृतविद्यमनहङ्कृतमनसूयकमकोपनं क्लेशक्षमं शिष्यवत्सलमध्यापकं ज्ञापनसमर्थं चेति |
एवङ्गुणो ह्याचार्यः सुक्षेत्रमार्तवो मेघ इव शस्यगुणैः सुशिष्यमाशु वैद्यगुणैः
सम्पादयति||४||
सम्पादयति||४||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The teacher holding such qualities quickly inculcates physician’s qualities in his disciple as the seasonal cloud furnishes good crop in a suitable land. [4]
The teacher holding such qualities quickly inculcates physician’s qualities in his disciple as the seasonal cloud furnishes good crop in a suitable land. [4]
=== Means of learning in medical science ===
==== Means of learning in medical science ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तमुपसृत्यारिराधयिषुरुपचरेदग्निवच्च देववच्च राजवच्च पितृवच्च भर्तृवच्चाप्रमत्तः|
ततस्तत्प्रसादात्कृत्स्नं शास्त्रमधिगम्य शास्त्रस्य दृढतायामभिधानस्य
सौष्ठवेऽर्थस्य विज्ञाने वचनशक्तौ च भूयो भूयः प्रयतेत सम्यक्||५||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
तत्रोपायाननुव्याख्यास्यामः-
तत्रोपायाननुव्याख्यास्यामः-
अध्ययनम्,अध्यापनं,तद्विद्यसम्भाषाचेत्युपायाः||६||
अध्ययनम्, अध्यापनं, तद्विद्यसम्भाषा चेत्युपायाः||६||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The means for enhancing depth of knowledge are- study, teaching and discussion with authorities. [6]
The means for enhancing depth of knowledge are- study, teaching and discussion with authorities. [6]
=== Method of study ===
==== Method of study ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तत्रायमध्ययनविधिः-कल्यःकृतक्षणःप्रातरुत्थायोपव्यूषंवाकृत्वाऽऽवश्यकमुपस्पृश्योदकंदेवर्षिगोब्राह्मणगुरुवृद्धसिद्धाचार्येभ्यो
तत्रायमध्ययनविधिः-
कल्यः कृतक्षणः प्रातरुत्थायोपव्यूषं वा कृत्वाऽऽवश्यकमुपस्पृश्योदकं
देवर्षिगोब्राह्मणगुरुवृद्धसिद्धाचार्येभ्यो नमस्कृत्य समे शुचौ देशे सुखोपविष्टो मनःपुरःसराभिर्वाग्भिः सूत्रमनुक्रामन्
पुनः पुनरावर्तयेद्बुद्ध्वा सम्यगनुप्रविश्यार्थतत्त्वं स्वदोषपरिहारार्थं
परदोषप्रमाणार्थं च;
एवं मध्यन्दिनेऽपराह्णे रात्रौ च शश्वदपरिहापयन्नध्ययनमभ्यस्येत्|
इत्यध्ययनविधिः||७||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
</div>
</div>
=== Characteristics of ideal student and method of teaching ===
==== Characteristics of ideal student and method of teaching ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अथाध्यापनविधिः-अध्यापनेकृतबुद्धिराचार्यःशिष्यमेवादितः
अथाध्यापनविधिः-
परीक्षेत;तद्यथा-प्रशान्तमार्यप्रकृतिकमक्षुद्रकर्माणमृजुचक्षुर्मुखनासावंशं
अध्यापने कृतबुद्धिराचार्यः शिष्यमेवादितः परीक्षेत; तद्यथा-
प्रशान्तमार्यप्रकृतिकमक्षुद्रकर्माणमृजुचक्षुर्मुखनासावंशं
तनुरक्तविशदजिह्वमविकृतदन्तौष्ठममिन्मिनं
तनुरक्तविशदजिह्वमविकृतदन्तौष्ठममिन्मिनं
धृतिमन्तमनहङ्कृतं मेधाविनं वितर्कस्मृतिसम्पन्नमुदारसत्त्वं
तद्विद्यकुलजमथवा तद्विद्यवृत्तं तत्त्वाभिनिवेशिनमव्यङ्गमव्यापन्नेन्द्रियं
निभृतमनुद्धतमर्थतत्त्वभावकमकोपनमव्यसनिनं
निभृतमनुद्धतमर्थतत्त्वभावकमकोपनमव्यसनिनं
शीलशौचाचारानुरागदाक्ष्यप्रादक्षिण्योपपन्नमध्ययनाभिकाममर्थविज्ञाने
शीलशौचाचारानुरागदाक्ष्यप्रादक्षिण्योपपन्नमध्ययनाभिकाममर्थविज्ञाने
कर्मदर्शने चानन्यकार्यमलुब्धमनलसं सर्वभूतहितैषिणमाचार्यसर्वानुशिष्टिप्रतिकरमनुरक्तं च,
एवङ्गुणसमुदितमध्याप्यमाहुः||८||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
*following all the instructions of the teacher and being attached to his teacher.[8]
*following all the instructions of the teacher and being attached to his teacher.[8]
=== Commencement of academic session/teaching ===
==== Commencement of academic session/teaching ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
एवंविधमध्ययनार्थिनमुपस्थितमारिराधयिषुमाचार्योऽनुभाषेत
एवंविधमध्ययनार्थिनमुपस्थितमारिराधयिषुमाचार्योऽनुभाषेत
उदगयने शुक्लपक्षे प्रशस्तेऽहनि तिष्यहस्तश्रवणाश्वयुजामन्यतमेन
नक्षत्रेण योगमुपगते भगवति शशिनि कल्याणे कल्याणे च करणे मैत्रे मुहूर्ते मुण्डः कृतोपवासः स्नातः काषायवस्त्रसंवीतः सगन्धहस्तः समिधोऽग्निमाज्यमुपलेपनमुदकुम्भान्
माल्यदामदीपहिरण्यहेमरजतमणिमुक्ताविद्रुमक्षौमपरिधीन्
माल्यदामदीपहिरण्यहेमरजतमणिमुक्ताविद्रुमक्षौमपरिधीन्
कुशलाजसर्षपाक्षतांश्च शुक्लानि
सुमनांसि ग्रथिताग्रथितानि मेध्यान् भक्ष्यान् गन्धांश्च घृष्टानादायोपतिष्ठस्वेति||९||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
स तथा कुर्यात्||१०||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तमुपस्थितमाज्ञाय समे शुचौ देशे प्राक्प्रवणे उदक्प्रवणे वा चतुष्किष्कुमात्रं चतुरस्रं स्थण्डिलं गोमयोदकेनोपलिप्तं कुशास्तीर्णं सुपरिहितं
परिधिभिश्चतुर्दिशं यथोक्तचन्दनोदकुम्भक्षौमहेमहिरण्यरजतमणिमुक्ताविद्रुमालङ्कृतं मेध्यभक्ष्यगन्धशुक्लपुष्पलाजसर्षपाक्षतोपशोभितं कृत्वा,
तत्र पालाशीभिरैङ्गुदीभिरौदुम्बरीभिर्माधुकीभिर्वा समिद्भिरग्निमुपसमाधाय प्राङ्मुखः शुचिरध्ययनविधिमनुविधाय मधुसर्पिर्भ्यां त्रिस्त्रिर्जुहुयादग्निमाशीःसम्प्रयुक्तैर्मन्त्रैर्ब्रह्माणमग्निं धन्वन्तरिं प्रजापतिमश्विनाविन्द्रमृषींश्च सूत्रकारानभिमन्त्रयमाणः पूर्वं स्वाहेति||११||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शिष्यश्चैनमन्वालभेत।
हुत्वा च प्रदक्षिणमग्निमनुपरिक्रामेत्| परिक्रम्य ब्राह्मणान् स्वस्ति वाचयेत्;भिषजश्चाभिपूजयेत्||१२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The disciple should follow him. After offering oblations he should go round the fire keeping it to the right side, than ''brahmanas'' should recite ''svasti''. At the end, he should pay regards to the physicians in the society. [12]
The disciple should follow him. After offering oblations he should go round the fire keeping it to the right side, than ''brahmanas'' should recite ''svasti''. At the end, he should pay regards to the physicians in the society. [12]
=== Code of conduct for medical student and professional ===
==== Code of conduct for medical student and professional ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अथैनमग्निसकाशे ब्राह्मणसकाशे भिषक्सकाशे चानुशिष्यात्-ब्रह्मचारिणा श्मश्रुधारिणा सत्यवादिनाऽमांसादेन मेध्यसेविना निर्मत्सरेणाशस्त्रधारिणा च भवितव्यं,न च ते मद्वचनात्किञ्चिदकार्यं स्यादन्यत्र राजद्विष्टात्प्राणहराद्विपुलादधर्म्यादनर्थसम्प्रयुक्ताद्वाऽप्यर्थात्;
मदर्पणेन मत्प्रधानेन मदधीनेन मत्प्रियहितानुवर्तिना च शश्वद्भवितव्यं,
पुत्रवद्दासवदर्थिवच्चोपचरताऽनुवस्तव्योऽहम्,
अनुज्ञातेन(चाननुज्ञातेनच)प्रविचरतापूर्वंगुर्वर्थोपाहरणेयथाशक्तिप्रयतितव्यं,कर्मसिद्धिमर्थसिद्धंयशोलाभंप्रेत्यचस्वर्गमिच्छताभिषजात्वया
अनुत्सेकेनावहितेनानन्यमनसा विनीतेनावेक्ष्यावेक्ष्यकारिणाऽनसूयकेन चाभ्यनुज्ञातेन प्रविचरितव्यम्,
अनुज्ञातेन(चाननुज्ञातेन च)प्रविचरता पूर्वं गुर्वर्थोपाहरणे यथाशक्ति प्रयतितव्यं,कर्मसिद्धिमर्थसिद्धं यशोलाभं प्रेत्य च स्वर्गमिच्छता भिषजा त्वया
गोब्राह्मणमादौ कृत्वा सर्वप्राणभृतां शर्माशासितव्यमहरहरुत्तिष्ठता चोपविशता च,सर्वात्मना चातुराणामारोग्याय प्रयतितव्यं, जीवितहेतोरपि चातुरेभ्यो नाभिद्रोग्धव्यं,
मनसाऽपि च परस्त्रियो नाभिगमनीयास्तथा सर्वमेवपरस्वं,निभृतवेशपरिच्छदेन भवितव्यम्, अशौण्डेनापापेनापापसहायेन च,
श्लक्ष्णशुक्लधर्म्यशर्म्यधन्यसत्यहितमितवचसा देशकालविचारिणा स्मृतिमता ज्ञानोत्थानोपकरणसम्पत्सु नित्यं यत्नवता च;
न च कदाचिद्राजद्विष्टानां राजद्वेषिणां वा महाजनद्विष्टानां महाजनद्वेषिणां वाऽप्यौषधमनुविधातव्यं,तथा
सर्वेषामत्यर्थविकृतदुष्टदुःखशीलाचारोपचाराणामनपवादप्रतिकाराणां मुमूर्षूणां च,तथैवासन्निहितेश्वराणां स्त्रीणामनध्यक्षाणां वा;न च कदाचित्स्त्रीदत्तमामिषमादातव्यमननुज्ञातं भर्त्राऽथवाऽध्यक्षेण,आतुरकुलं
चानुप्रविशता विदितेनानुमतप्रवेशिना सार्धं पुरुषेण सुसंवीतेनावाक्शिरसा स्मृतिमतास्तिमितेनावेक्ष्यावेक्ष्य मनसा सर्वमाचरता सम्यगनुप्रवेष्टव्यम्,अनुप्रविश्य च वाङ्मनोबुद्धीन्द्रियाणि न क्वचित् प्रणिधातव्यान्यन्यत्रातुरादातुरोपकारार्थादातुरगतेष्वन्येषु वा भावेषु,न चातुरकुलप्रवृत्तयो बहिर्निश्चारयितव्याः, ह्रसितं चायुषः प्रमाणमातुरस्य जानताऽपि त्वया न वर्णयितव्यं तत्र यत्रोच्यमानमातुरस्यान्यस्य वाऽप्युपघाताय सम्पद्यते;ज्ञानवताऽपि च नात्यर्थमात्मनो ज्ञाने विकत्थितव्यम्,आप्तादपि हि विकत्थमानादत्यर्थमुद्विजन्त्यनेके||१३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
If the disciple follows these instructions then he should be taught, otherwise not. The teacher when teaches such a worthy disciple obtains the aforesaid fruits of teaching and enjoins the disciple and himself with other not mentioned beneficial qualities. Thus, the method of teaching is said. [14]
If the disciple follows these instructions then he should be taught, otherwise not. The teacher when teaches such a worthy disciple obtains the aforesaid fruits of teaching and enjoins the disciple and himself with other not mentioned beneficial qualities. Thus, the method of teaching is said. [14]
</div>
</div>
=== Organization of discussion meetings ===
=== Method of conducting discussion in seminars and symposia of experts ===
==== Method of conducting discussion in seminars and symposia of experts ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Two types of discussions ===
==== Two types of discussions ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Discussion with experts is of two types- friendly discussion and hostile discussion. [16]
Discussion with experts is of two types- friendly discussion and hostile discussion. [16]
=== Friendly discussion ===
==== Friendly discussion ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Hostile discussion ===
==== Hostile discussion ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Three categories of opponent ===
==== Three categories of opponent ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The opponent may be of three types – superior, inferior or equal, according to the above mentioned qualities for discussion and not all aspects .[19]
The opponent may be of three types – superior, inferior or equal, according to the above mentioned qualities for discussion and not all aspects .[19]
=== Types of assembly ===
==== Types of assembly ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Summary of discussion technique ===
==== Summary of discussion technique ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In a hostile discussion, one should speak reasonably and should not withdraw the words once spoken. A hostile speech gives rise to strong agitation in some persons. The agitated person, may do some unfavourable things or may speak some unwanted words. Hence the wise do not recommend quarrel in the assembly of noble persons. Thus one should perform in discussion initiated. [22-24]
In a hostile discussion, one should speak reasonably and should not withdraw the words once spoken. A hostile speech gives rise to strong agitation in some persons. The agitated person, may do some unfavourable things or may speak some unwanted words. Hence the wise do not recommend quarrel in the assembly of noble persons. Thus one should perform in discussion initiated. [22-24]
=== Guidelines for preparation before initiation and recording the debate ===
==== Guidelines for preparation before initiation and recording the debate ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
These ten entities should be examined first and thereafter one should proceed for action. Hence the physician desirous of taking up action should beforehand examine the entire situation by proper methods and then initiate the action(treatment). [79]
These ten entities should be examined first and thereafter one should proceed for action. Hence the physician desirous of taking up action should beforehand examine the entire situation by proper methods and then initiate the action(treatment). [79]
=== Questions for discussion ===
==== Questions for discussion ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Types of examinations ===
==== Types of examinations ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
So, these entities should be specifically examined with great emphasis.[85]
So, these entities should be specifically examined with great emphasis.[85]
=== Assessment of physician and qualities of good physician ===
==== Assessment of physician and qualities of good physician ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of medicine and categories ===
==== Assessment of medicine and categories ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of disequilibrium of ''dhatu'' ===
==== Assessment of disequilibrium of ''dhatu'' ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of equilibrium of ''dhatu'' ===
==== Assessment of equilibrium of ''dhatu'' ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Outcome of therapeutic management ===
==== Outcome of therapeutic management ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The result of the act (''karyaphala'') is attainment of happiness. It is featured as satisfaction of mind, intellect, sense organs and the body pleasure.[90]
The result of the act (''karyaphala'') is attainment of happiness. It is featured as satisfaction of mind, intellect, sense organs and the body pleasure.[90]
=== Consequence of therapeutic management ===
==== Consequence of therapeutic management ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
After effect (''anubandha'') is life and it is characterized by union with ''prana''(vitality).[91]
After effect (''anubandha'') is life and it is characterized by union with ''prana''(vitality).[91]
=== Field of action and its assessment ===
==== Field of action and its assessment ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Examination of patient ===
==== Examination of patient ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== ''Prakriti pariksha'' (Assessment of basic constitution of patient) ===
==== ''[[Prakriti]] pariksha'' (Assessment of basic constitution of patient) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Characteristics of ''kapha prakriti'' ===
===== Characteristics of ''kapha prakriti'' =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Characteristics of ''pitta prakriti'' ===
===== Characteristics of ''pitta prakriti'' =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Characteristics of ''vata prakriti'' ===
===== Characteristics of ''vata prakriti'' =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In persons having equilibrium of all ''dhatus'', the characters of all of the three are found. Thus one should examine the constitution.[100]
In persons having equilibrium of all ''dhatus'', the characters of all of the three are found. Thus one should examine the constitution.[100]
=== Assessment of ''vikriti'' (disorder) ===
==== Assessment of ''vikriti'' (disorder) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of ''sara'' (best qualities of body tissues) ===
==== Assessment of ''sara'' (best qualities of body tissues) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Moreover a patient should be examined in respect of ''sara'' i.e. (best qualities of body tissues). There are eight types of ''sara'' in human beings which are described here for the knowledge of degree of strength such as –''tvak, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra'' and ''sattva''.[102]
Moreover a patient should be examined in respect of ''sara'' i.e. (best qualities of body tissues). There are eight types of ''sara'' in human beings which are described here for the knowledge of degree of strength such as –''tvak, rakta, mamsa, meda, asthi, majja, shukra'' and ''sattva''.[102]
==== Characteristics of ''twak sara'' (best quality of skin) ====
===== Characteristics of ''twak sara'' (best quality of skin) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
==== Characteristics of ''rakta sara'' (best quality of blood tissue) ====
===== Characteristics of ''rakta sara'' (best quality of blood tissue) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div></div>
</div></div>
In persons with essence of ''rakta'' have there ear, eye, face, tongue, nose, lips, palms, soles, nails, forehead and genitals to be unctuous, red, beautiful and shining. This essence indicates happiness, sharp intellect, magnanimity, tenderness, moderate strength, lack for endurance and intolerance to heat.[104]
In persons with essence of ''rakta'' have their ear, eye, face, tongue, nose, lips, palms, soles, nails, forehead and genitals to be unctuous, red, beautiful and shining. This essence indicates happiness, sharp intellect, magnanimity, tenderness, moderate strength, lack for endurance and intolerance to heat.[104]
==== Characteristics of ''mamsa sara'' (best quality of muscular tissue) ====
===== Characteristics of ''mamsa sara'' (best quality of muscular tissue) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
==== Characteristics of ''meda sara'' (best quality of lipid tissues) ====
===== Characteristics of ''meda sara'' (best quality of lipid tissues) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The person endowed with essence of ''meda'' have significant unctuousness specifically in complexion, voice, eyes, hair, skin hairs, nails, teeth, lips, urine and feces. This indicates wealth, power, happiness, enjoyment, charity, simplicity and delicacy in dealings.[106]
The person endowed with essence of ''meda'' have significant unctuousness specifically in complexion, voice, eyes, hair, skin hairs, nails, teeth, lips, urine and feces. This indicates wealth, power, happiness, enjoyment, charity, simplicity and delicacy in dealings.[106]
==== Characteristics of ''asthi sara'' (best quality of bone) ====
===== Characteristics of ''asthi sara'' (best quality of bone) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Person with ''asthi sara'' has prominent heels (''parshni''), ankles (''gulpha''), knee joint (''janu''), elbows (''aratni''), collarbones (''jatru''), chin (''chibuka''), head (''shira''), flanks (''parshva'') and joints and also bones and teeth. Such persons are excess enthusiastic, very active, enduring, having strong and firm body as well as longevity.[107]
Person with ''asthi sara'' has prominent heels (''parshni''), ankles (''gulpha''), knee joint (''janu''), elbows (''aratni''), collarbones (''jatru''), chin (''chibuka''), head (''shira''), flanks (''parshva'') and joints and also bones and teeth. Such persons are excess enthusiastic, very active, enduring, having strong and firm body as well as longevity.[107]
==== Characteristics of ''majja sara''(best quality of bone marrow tissue) ====
===== Characteristics of ''majja sara''(best quality of bone marrow tissue) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The persons with soft body parts, strong, unctuous complexion and sweet voice, prominent (''sthula''), long (''dirgha'') and rounded joints should be known as ''majjasara'' (or the essence of''majja''). They are long-lived, strong and endowed with learning ability, wealth, understanding, progeny and respectful image.[108]
The persons with soft body parts, strong, unctuous complexion and sweet voice, prominent (''sthula''), long (''dirgha'') and rounded joints should be known as ''majjasara'' (or the essence of''majja''). They are long-lived, strong and endowed with learning ability, wealth, understanding, progeny and respectful image.[108]
==== Characteristics of ''shukra sara''(best quality of reproductive tissues) ====
===== Characteristics of ''shukra sara''(best quality of reproductive tissues) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
==== Characteristics of ''sattva sara'' (best quality of mind) ====
===== Characteristics of ''sattva sara'' (best quality of mind) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Characteristics of ''sarva sara'' (best quality of all tissues) ===
===== Characteristics of ''sarva sara'' (best quality of all tissues) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Characteristics of ''Asara'' (no/low quality of tissues) ===
===== Characteristics of ''Asara'' (no/low quality of tissues) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
And those persons having no or less essence of tissues are contrary to these individual.[112]
And those persons having no or less essence of tissues are contrary to these individual.[112]
=== Characteristics of ''madhya sara''(moderate quality of tissues) ===
===== Characteristics of ''madhya sara''(moderate quality of tissues) =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of ''samhanana'' (compactness) ===
==== Assessment of ''samhanana'' (compactness) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of ''pramana'' (proportion and measurements) ===
==== Assessment of ''pramana'' (proportion and measurements) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of ''satmya'' (suitability) ===
==== Assessment of [[satmya]] (suitability) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of ''Sattva'' (psyche/mental strength) ===
==== Assessment of ''Sattva'' (psyche/mental strength) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Assessment of ''aharashakti'' (power of assimilation) ===
==== Assessment of ''aharashakti'' (power of assimilation) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Examination regarding power for assimilation (''aharashakti'') is to be done in respect of power of ingestion as well as digestion. Strength and life depends on diet.[120]
Examination regarding power for assimilation (''aharashakti'') is to be done in respect of power of ingestion as well as digestion. Strength and life depends on diet.[120]
=== Assessment of ''vyayamashakti'' (exercise capacity) ===
==== Assessment of ''vyayamashakti'' (exercise capacity) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In respect of capacity of exercise (''vyayamashakti'') examination should be done by the capactiy for work. In accordance with capacity for work strength is inferred as of three types (poor, moderate and good). [121]
In respect of capacity of exercise (''vyayamashakti'') examination should be done by the capactiy for work. In accordance with capacity for work strength is inferred as of three types (poor, moderate and good). [121]
=== Assessment of ''vaya'' (age) ===
==== Assessment of ''vaya'' (age) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
</div>
</div>
=== Knowledge of lifespan ===
===== Knowledge of lifespan =====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In regard to knowledge of measure of life span, there is description of symptoms in Indriya sthana and Jatisutriya adhyaya (eighth chapter of sharira sthana).[124]
In regard to knowledge of measure of life span, there is description of symptoms in Indriya sthana and Jatisutriya adhyaya (eighth chapter of sharira sthana).[124]
=== Assessment of ''Kala'' (time or stage or season) ===
==== Assessment of ''Kala'' (time or stage or season) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
''Kala'' (time) has been considered of two types viz. year aspect and status of the patient. The year has been divided into two, three, six, twelve or even more parts according to nature of action (to be taken). Now, dividing into six, the action will be said. ''Hemanta'' (early winter), ''grishma'' (summer) and ''varsha'' (rainy season) these are the three seasons characterised by cold, heat and rains. In between them, there are other three seasons having common characters as ''pravrit'' (early rain), ''sharada'' (autumn) and ''vasanta'' (spring). ''Pravrit'' denotes the early rain; ''varsha'' is the continuation of the same. Thus, these six divisions of the seasons have been made for the purpose of evacuative therapy.[125]
''Kala'' (time) has been considered of two types viz. year aspect and status of the patient. The year has been divided into two, three, six, twelve or even more parts according to nature of action (to be taken). Now, dividing into six, the action will be said. ''Hemanta'' (early winter), ''grishma'' (summer) and ''varsha'' (rainy season) these are the three seasons characterised by cold, heat and rains. In between them, there are other three seasons having common characters as ''pravrit'' (early rain), ''sharada'' (autumn) and ''vasanta'' (spring). ''Pravrit'' denotes the early rain; ''varsha'' is the continuation of the same. Thus, these six divisions of the seasons have been made for the purpose of evacuative therapy.[125]
=== Appropriate season for purification therapies ===
==== Appropriate season for purification therapies ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Therefore, the measures like emesis etc. are stopped in the seasons ending with the rains (early winter, summer and rainy seasons) except in case of emergency. In emergency too, one should administer the therapy with great care after modifying the seasonal effects sufficiently by artificial means producing qualities contrary to the seasons and by making the measure appropriate in standard potency with variation in combination, processing and quantity. [127]
Therefore, the measures like emesis etc. are stopped in the seasons ending with the rains (early winter, summer and rainy seasons) except in case of emergency. In emergency too, one should administer the therapy with great care after modifying the seasonal effects sufficiently by artificial means producing qualities contrary to the seasons and by making the measure appropriate in standard potency with variation in combination, processing and quantity. [127]
=== Stage of disease ===
==== Stage of disease ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The status of the patient is also called as timely or untimely in relation the act being performed or not. Such as, in a certain condition one drug is untimely, and the other one is timely. This is also due to specific condition, hence the nomenclature of ''kala'' (timely) and ''akala'' (untimely) is given to the conditions of the patients. This is examined like this- the physician should observe all the conditions of the patient again and again in order to administer the correct therapy. The therapy administered after or before the (opportune) time is not effective because time determines the sufficiency to the administration of therapy.[128]
The status of the patient is also called as timely or untimely in relation the act being performed or not. Such as, in a certain condition one drug is untimely, and the other one is timely. This is also due to specific condition, hence the nomenclature of ''kala'' (timely) and ''akala'' (untimely) is given to the conditions of the patients. This is examined like this- the physician should observe all the conditions of the patient again and again in order to administer the correct therapy. The therapy administered after or before the (opportune) time is not effective because time determines the sufficiency to the administration of therapy.[128]
=== ''Pravritti'' (inclination or action) ===
==== ''Pravritti'' (inclination or action) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
''Pravritti'' (inclination or action) is the initiation of the therapy which is characterized by the combination of physician, drug, patient and attendant in treatment. [129]
''Pravritti'' (inclination or action) is the initiation of the therapy which is characterized by the combination of physician, drug, patient and attendant in treatment. [129]
=== ''Upaya'' (management) ===
==== ''Upaya'' (management) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Thus these mentioned ten entities should be examined separately and sincerely.[131]
Thus these mentioned ten entities should be examined separately and sincerely.[131]
=== Objective of examination ===
==== Objective of examination ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In situation where symptoms of both indication and contraindication conjoined, one should decide (the treatment protocol) after proper examination of dominant or recessive condition of ''dosha''. The diseases mentioned in treatises are in respect of their treatment as general rule or exception. Hence it is said that one should take action after considering the dominant or recessive condition of ''dosha''. [134]
In situation where symptoms of both indication and contraindication conjoined, one should decide (the treatment protocol) after proper examination of dominant or recessive condition of ''dosha''. The diseases mentioned in treatises are in respect of their treatment as general rule or exception. Hence it is said that one should take action after considering the dominant or recessive condition of ''dosha''. [134]
=== List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis ===
==== List of medicines used in therapeutic emesis ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*Decoction of ''shalmali, shalmalika, bhadraparni, elaparni, upodika, uddalaka, dhanvana, rajadana, upachitra, gopi (sariva), shringataka; pippali, pippalimula, chavya, chitraka, shringavera, sarshapa, phanita, kshira, kshara,'' salt with water and made into bolus and other eatables added with ''vartti kriya'' (suppository), powder, linctus, processed in lipids, extract, meat soup, gruel, (vegetable) soup, ''kambalika'' and milk should be administered to the patient requiring emesis according to prescribed procedure. These are, in brief, the pharmaceutical forms of emetic drugs, which are described in detail latter on in [[Kalpa Sthana]].[135]
*Decoction of ''shalmali, shalmalika, bhadraparni, elaparni, upodika, uddalaka, dhanvana, rajadana, upachitra, gopi (sariva), shringataka; pippali, pippalimula, chavya, chitraka, shringavera, sarshapa, phanita, kshira, kshara,'' salt with water and made into bolus and other eatables added with ''vartti kriya'' (suppository), powder, linctus, processed in lipids, extract, meat soup, gruel, (vegetable) soup, ''kambalika'' and milk should be administered to the patient requiring emesis according to prescribed procedure. These are, in brief, the pharmaceutical forms of emetic drugs, which are described in detail latter on in [[Kalpa Sthana]].[135]
=== List of medicines used in therapeutic purgation ===
==== List of medicines used in therapeutic purgation ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
*made into bolus and other eatables added with ''vartikriya'' (suppository), ''churna'' (powder), ''asava, leha'' (linctus), ''sneha'' (medicated fatty preparation), ''kashaya'' (decoction), ''mamsarasa'' (meat-soup), ''yusha'' (vegetable soup), ''kambalika'' (a kind of soup prepared from whey and green gram), ''yavagu'' (gruel), ''kshiropadheyan'' (milk administered), ''modaka'' (comparatively big tablet for high dose), and other forms of food preparation are to be used in patient requiring purgation. These are in brief the pharmaceutical preparation of purgative drugs, which will be further described in detail.[136]
*made into bolus and other eatables added with ''vartikriya'' (suppository), ''churna'' (powder), ''asava, leha'' (linctus), ''sneha'' (medicated fatty preparation), ''kashaya'' (decoction), ''mamsarasa'' (meat-soup), ''yusha'' (vegetable soup), ''kambalika'' (a kind of soup prepared from whey and green gram), ''yavagu'' (gruel), ''kshiropadheyan'' (milk administered), ''modaka'' (comparatively big tablet for high dose), and other forms of food preparation are to be used in patient requiring purgation. These are in brief the pharmaceutical preparation of purgative drugs, which will be further described in detail.[136]
=== List of medicines used in therapeutic non-unctuous enema ===
==== List of medicines used in therapeutic non-unctuous enema ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
That non-unctuous enema is of six types having single rasa as said by physician. Drugs possess mostly the combined ''rasa'' therefore grouping them in single group is not possible, hence the drugs included in ''madhura'' group mean those which are sweet, predominantly sweet, and sweet in ''vipaka'' or having effects similar to sweet drugs. This is same for other drugs also.[138]
That non-unctuous enema is of six types having single rasa as said by physician. Drugs possess mostly the combined ''rasa'' therefore grouping them in single group is not possible, hence the drugs included in ''madhura'' group mean those which are sweet, predominantly sweet, and sweet in ''vipaka'' or having effects similar to sweet drugs. This is same for other drugs also.[138]
=== ''Madhura skandha'' (group of sweet drugs) ===
==== ''Madhura skandha'' (group of sweet drugs) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The drugs mentioned in sweet group (''madhura skandha'') are ''jivaka, rushabhaka, jivanti, vira, amalaki, kakoli, kshirakakoli, mudgaparni, mashaparṇi, shalaparni, prushniparni, mashaparni, shalaparni, meda, mahameda, karkatashringi, shringataka, chinnaruha, cchatra, aticchatra, shravani, mahashravavani, sahadeva, vishvadeva, shukla, kshirashukla, bala, atibala, vidari, kshiravidari, kshudrasaha, mahasaha, rishyagandha, ashvagandha, vrishchira, punarnava, brihati, kantakari, korubuka, moraṭa, shwadamshtra, samharsha, shatavari, shaatapushpa, madhukapushpi, yashtimadhu, madhulika, mrudvika, kharjura, parushaka, atmagupta, pushkarabija, kasheruka, rajakasheruka, rajadana, kataka, kashmarya, shita, pakya, danapaki tala, kharjura, mastakam, ikshu, ikshuvalika, darbha, kusha, kasha, shali, gundrrtkataka, shaaramula, rajakshavaka, rushyaprokta, dvarada, bharadvaj, vanatrapushya, bhirupatri hamsapadi, kakanasa, kulinga, kshiravalli, kapolavalli, kapotavalli, somavalli'' and ''gopavalli''. These and such other drugs of sweet group should be taken. After cutting and breaking them into small pieces and washing with water properly, should be kept in a vessel. Adding to it milk diluted with half water should be cooked stirring till its major portion of water is absorbed, drugs are extracted and milk is not charred. The vessel should be brought down and the milk should be taken out of it and filtered well. This lukewarm milk added with ghee, oil, fat, marrow, salt and ''phanita'' should be used properly for enema by expert in ''vatika'' disorders. In ''paittika'' disorders, the same should be given cold and combined with honey and ghee. Thus, ends the sweet group of drugs. [139]
The drugs mentioned in sweet group (''madhura skandha'') are ''jivaka, rushabhaka, jivanti, vira, amalaki, kakoli, kshirakakoli, mudgaparni, mashaparṇi, shalaparni, prushniparni, mashaparni, shalaparni, meda, mahameda, karkatashringi, shringataka, chinnaruha, cchatra, aticchatra, shravani, mahashravavani, sahadeva, vishvadeva, shukla, kshirashukla, bala, atibala, vidari, kshiravidari, kshudrasaha, mahasaha, rishyagandha, ashvagandha, vrishchira, punarnava, brihati, kantakari, korubuka, moraṭa, shwadamshtra, samharsha, shatavari, shaatapushpa, madhukapushpi, yashtimadhu, madhulika, mrudvika, kharjura, parushaka, atmagupta, pushkarabija, kasheruka, rajakasheruka, rajadana, kataka, kashmarya, shita, pakya, danapaki tala, kharjura, mastakam, ikshu, ikshuvalika, darbha, kusha, kasha, shali, gundrrtkataka, shaaramula, rajakshavaka, rushyaprokta, dvarada, bharadvaj, vanatrapushya, bhirupatri hamsapadi, kakanasa, kulinga, kshiravalli, kapolavalli, kapotavalli, somavalli'' and ''gopavalli''. These and such other drugs of sweet group should be taken. After cutting and breaking them into small pieces and washing with water properly, should be kept in a vessel. Adding to it milk diluted with half water should be cooked stirring till its major portion of water is absorbed, drugs are extracted and milk is not charred. The vessel should be brought down and the milk should be taken out of it and filtered well. This lukewarm milk added with ghee, oil, fat, marrow, salt and ''phanita'' should be used properly for enema by expert in ''vatika'' disorders. In ''paittika'' disorders, the same should be given cold and combined with honey and ghee. Thus, ends the sweet group of drugs. [139]
=== ''Amla skandha'' (group of sour drugs) ===
==== ''Amla skandha'' (group of sour drugs) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
These and such other drugs of the sour group should be taken and after cutting and breaking into small pieces should be placed in a vessel along with liquids and be cooked. The lukewarm product added properly with oil, fat, ''majja'', salt and ''phanita'' should be used for enema in ''vatika'' disorders according to procedure by the expert physician. Thus, ends the sour group. [140]
These and such other drugs of the sour group should be taken and after cutting and breaking into small pieces should be placed in a vessel along with liquids and be cooked. The lukewarm product added properly with oil, fat, ''majja'', salt and ''phanita'' should be used for enema in ''vatika'' disorders according to procedure by the expert physician. Thus, ends the sour group. [140]
=== ''Lavana skandha'' (group of salty drugs) ===
==== ''Lavana skandha'' (group of salty drugs) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In the salty group (''lavana skandha''), the drugs mentioned are – ''saindhava, sauvarchala, kala, vida, pakya, anupa, valukaila, maulaka, samudra, romaka, audbhida, aushara, pateyaka, pamshuja'' and others. These drugs added with sour or warm water along with fatty substance in lukewarm condition should be used for enema in ''vatika'' disorders according to procedure by the expert. This concludes the salty group of drugs. [141]
In the salty group (''lavana skandha''), the drugs mentioned are – ''saindhava, sauvarchala, kala, vida, pakya, anupa, valukaila, maulaka, samudra, romaka, audbhida, aushara, pateyaka, pamshuja'' and others. These drugs added with sour or warm water along with fatty substance in lukewarm condition should be used for enema in ''vatika'' disorders according to procedure by the expert. This concludes the salty group of drugs. [141]
=== ''Katu skandha'' (group of pungent drugs) ===
==== ''Katu skandha'' (group of pungent drugs) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
In pungent group (''katuka skandha'') the drugs included are – ''pippali, pippalimula, gajapippali, chavya, chitraka, shunţhi, maricha, ajamoda, ardraka, vidanga, dhanyaka, pilu, tejavati, ela, kushtha, bhallatakasthi, hinguniryasa, devadaru, mulaka, sarshapa, lashuna, karanja, shigru, madhu shigru, kharapushpa, bhustruna sumukha, surasa, kutheraka, arjaka, gandira, kalamalaka, parnasa, kshavaka, phanijjhaka,'' alkali, urines, and biles. These along with other similar drugs of group (pungent) should be taken and after cutting and breaking into pieces should be cooked with cow’s urine. This while lukewarm added with honey oil and salt should be used for enema in ''shlaishmika'' disorders according to procedure by experts. Thus ends the pungent group.[142]
In pungent group (''katuka skandha'') the drugs included are – ''pippali, pippalimula, gajapippali, chavya, chitraka, shunţhi, maricha, ajamoda, ardraka, vidanga, dhanyaka, pilu, tejavati, ela, kushtha, bhallatakasthi, hinguniryasa, devadaru, mulaka, sarshapa, lashuna, karanja, shigru, madhu shigru, kharapushpa, bhustruna sumukha, surasa, kutheraka, arjaka, gandira, kalamalaka, parnasa, kshavaka, phanijjhaka,'' alkali, urines, and biles. These along with other similar drugs of group (pungent) should be taken and after cutting and breaking into pieces should be cooked with cow’s urine. This while lukewarm added with honey oil and salt should be used for enema in ''shlaishmika'' disorders according to procedure by experts. Thus ends the pungent group.[142]
=== ''Tikta skandha'' (group of bitter drugs) ===
==== ''Tikta skandha'' (group of bitter drugs) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The drugs mentioned in bitter group (''tikta skandha'') are – ''Chandana, nalada, aragvadha, naktamala, nimba, tumburu, kutaja, haridra, daruharidra, musta, murva, kiratatikta, katurohini, trayamana, karvellika, karira, karavira, kebuka, kathillaka, vrusha, mandukaparni, karkotaka, vartaku, karkasha, kakamachi, kakodumbarika, sushavi, ativisha, patola, kulaka, patha, guduchi, tip of vetra, vetasa, vikankata, bakula, somavalka, saptaparna, sumana, arka, avalguja, vacha, tagara, agaru, balaka'' and ''ushira'', along with other similar drugs of the bitter group should be taken and after cutting and breaking them into pieces and washing properly be cooked with water. The product when lukewarm should be added with honey, oil and salt to be used in enema for ''kaphaja'' disorders according to procedure by the expert. In ''paittika'' disorders the same should be used while cold and added with honey and ghee. This ends the bitter group.[143]
The drugs mentioned in bitter group (''tikta skandha'') are – ''Chandana, nalada, aragvadha, naktamala, nimba, tumburu, kutaja, haridra, daruharidra, musta, murva, kiratatikta, katurohini, trayamana, karvellika, karira, karavira, kebuka, kathillaka, vrusha, mandukaparni, karkotaka, vartaku, karkasha, kakamachi, kakodumbarika, sushavi, ativisha, patola, kulaka, patha, guduchi, tip of vetra, vetasa, vikankata, bakula, somavalka, saptaparna, sumana, arka, avalguja, vacha, tagara, agaru, balaka'' and ''ushira'', along with other similar drugs of the bitter group should be taken and after cutting and breaking them into pieces and washing properly be cooked with water. The product when lukewarm should be added with honey, oil and salt to be used in enema for ''kaphaja'' disorders according to procedure by the expert. In ''paittika'' disorders the same should be used while cold and added with honey and ghee. This ends the bitter group.[143]
=== ''Kashaya skandha'' (group of astringent drugs) ===
==== ''Kashaya skandha'' (group of astringent drugs) ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
And the groups of drugs which are not advocated in certain disorders should be considered as those aggravating the same. Thus, these six groups of non-unctuous enema are described dividing them according to ''rasa''. [147-148]
And the groups of drugs which are not advocated in certain disorders should be considered as those aggravating the same. Thus, these six groups of non-unctuous enema are described dividing them according to ''rasa''. [147-148]
===Guidelines for inclusion or exclusion of drugs===
==== Guidelines for inclusion or exclusion of drugs ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
The wise physician should eliminate or exclude the drugs if it is not appropriate even if enumerated under the group and should add the appropriate one even if un-enumerated. In situation needed a group of drugs may be combined with other or several other groups based on the reasoning. The aphorism, though small, is able to provide wide knowledge to the wise like alms of a mendicant or seed of a farmer. The aphorism for the wise, gives rise to critical analysis and reasoning while on the other hand for the dull, it is better to follow the saying exactly. The physician following the said course succeeds in his endeavor or causes little risk because of the illustration being not too brief.[149]
The wise physician should eliminate or exclude the drugs if it is not appropriate even if enumerated under the group and should add the appropriate one even if un-enumerated. In situation needed a group of drugs may be combined with other or several other groups based on the reasoning. The aphorism, though small, is able to provide wide knowledge to the wise like alms of a mendicant or seed of a farmer. The aphorism for the wise, gives rise to critical analysis and reasoning while on the other hand for the dull, it is better to follow the saying exactly. The physician following the said course succeeds in his endeavor or causes little risk because of the illustration being not too brief.[149]
=== List of drugs for unctuous enema ===
==== List of drugs for unctuous enema ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Animal products are fat, marrow and ghee. Out of the oil, fat, marrow and ghee, excellence of applicability as unctuous enema in disorders of ''vata'' and ''kapha'', is determined in regressive order and progressive order in ''paittika'' disorders, so all are applicable in all disorders according to particular procedure and processing. [150]
Animal products are fat, marrow and ghee. Out of the oil, fat, marrow and ghee, excellence of applicability as unctuous enema in disorders of ''vata'' and ''kapha'', is determined in regressive order and progressive order in ''paittika'' disorders, so all are applicable in all disorders according to particular procedure and processing. [150]
=== List of drugs for nasal errhines ===
==== List of drugs for nasal errhines ====
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
=== ''Sara'' examination ===
=== ''Sara'' examination ===
To evaluate immunity or bodie’s resistance to disease, ''sara'' or ‘or the best qualities of tissues needs to be examined. The constitutional essence helps to understand the immunity of the person. More the ''sarata'' of ''dhatu'', more is the immunological strength of the person. Analogue of ant helps to understand the significance of essence of ''dhatus''. And although small and lean in size is able to lift more than its weight due to ''asthisarata'' present in it. In [[Vividhashitpitiya Adhyaya]] of [[Sutra Sthana]] (chapter 28), special importance is given to ''mamsa'' (muscle), ''shonita'' (blood) and ''asthi dhatu'' (bone) in ''Vyadhikshamatva'' (immunity) which needs to be researched more.
To evaluate immunity or bodie’s resistance to disease, ''sara'' or ‘or the best qualities of tissues needs to be examined. The constitutional essence helps to understand the immunity of the person. More the ''sarata'' of ''dhatu'', more is the immunological strength of the person. Analogue of ant helps to understand the significance of essence of ''dhatus''. And although small and lean in size is able to lift more than its weight due to ''asthisarata'' present in it. In [[Vividhashitpitiya Adhyaya]] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 28], special importance is given to ''mamsa'' (muscle), ''shonita'' (blood) and ''asthi dhatu'' (bone) in ''Vyadhikshamatva'' (immunity) which needs to be researched more.
=== [[Satmya]] (suitability) ===
=== [[Satmya]] (suitability) ===