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Line 30: − === Introduction ===+ Line 40:
Line 40: − ===Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation===+ − + + − </div></div> − − Now (we) shall expound the chapter on the specific features of ''Rasa''. [1] − <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> − − इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२|| − <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> − − + − ==== Importance and objective of vimana sthana ====+ Line 77:
Line 70: − ==== Effect of ''Rasa'' ====+ Line 98:
Line 91: − ==== Effect of ''rasa'' on ''dosha'' ====+ Line 188:
Line 181: − ====''Dravya prabhava'' (effect of ''dravya'') ====+ Line 210:
Line 203: − ==== Three substances contra-indicated for long term consumption and their effects ob body ====+ Line 259:
Line 252: − ====''Satmya'' (adaptation/habituation)====+ Line 270:
Line 263: − ==== ''Ashta vidha ahara visheshayatana'' ( eight specific factors for diet) ====+ Line 366:
Line 359: − ====''Ahara vidhi vidhana'' (principles for taking meals) ====+ Line 467:
Line 460: − ====Summary====+ Line 513:
Line 506: − + Line 528:
Line 521: − ==== TABLE -1. ''Ashta Vidha Aahara Vidhi Visheshayatana'' ====+ Line 553:
Line 546: − ==== TABLE -2. ''Ahara Vidhi Vidhaana'' ====+ Line 583:
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Line 602: − === Glossary === − − Vglu Ahasan During meal one should not indulge in laugh, it may lead to passage of food in to wrong tract. − vtYiu~ Ajalpan During meal one should indulge in talking which may lead to passage of food in to wrong tract. − vth.kZ AjirÆa Indigestion − Voj Avara Inferior − ckg~yhd BahlÍka Bahleeka is the name of a country existed during period of scripting of Caraka Samhita − Cy Bala Energy required to perform daily activities is Strength. – Individual strength has been classified in 3 types. Sahaja – Hereditary, Yuktija Strength achieved from exercise, food etc. Kalaja – natural strength received during Visarga kala. As long as the patient has good strength he can resist all sorts of the diseases easily. If this strength or immunity is decreased minor diseases can create serious symptoms. − Hkktuk BhÁjanÁ Vessel used for various purposes − Hkkouk BhÁvanÁ One of the process applied in purification/refining of the material − Hksnu Bhedana Breaking pain − Hks"kt BheÒaja medicine − Hkw;lk BhÚyasÁ Concept of nomenclature of substances on the basis of the predominant Mahabhuta within it. − ns’k DeÐa it implies to body or body part or geographical area − Æqr Druta Fast − xkSjo Gaurava Heavy feeling, Heaviness − Xykfu GlÁni Fatigue of mind or body, or loss of enthusiasm. − xq# Guru 1. Heavy / heaviness; one among 20 guravdi guna. caused due to activated Prithvi & Jala Mahabhuta; denotes physiological & pharmacological heaviness; manifested by causing heaviness in the living system, difficult to digest, diminishes the Agni (digestive & metabolic enzymes), increases all body tissues, pacifies Vata, increases Kapha; excessive use can cause fatigue,obesity. 2. Synonym of Kapikachhu (Mucuna pruriens Linn.) 3. A spiritual parent or preceptor − 'kjhj ÏarÍra Synonym of body. The one which keeps undergoing wear and tear phenomenon constantly. − 'kkSp Ïauca Cleanliness; Cleaning in the context of food, cleaning Dravyas before preparation alters the basic qualities of raw food and even takes out the contaminants from the food. − Tjk JarÁ A stage of life indicating the old age − Dky KÁla Time in general /the point or period when something occurs / Proper time or occasion/ time of the death/ the duration of illness/ seasonal. − − Dky − KÁla − Kala is of two types Nityaga and Avasthika Kala. Eternally moving time is Nityaga and conditional moving time is Avasthika. − − dj.k − Karana The means or instrument by which an action is effected , the idea expressed by the instrumental cause, instrumentality − [kkfyR; KhÁlitya Baldness − f{kiz KÒipra Spontaneous, Sudden, quick − e/; Madhya Moderate, mediocre − eUFku Manthana The Process of churning − Eksg Moha Disorientation, Because of the sharpness property of poison, it overwhelms the mind (produces disorientations) and tends to disintegrate the Marmas (vital points). − Altered conscious state, altered sensorium. − Fuxe Nigama Deduction or conclusive statement ; step of inference for re-establishment of truth − Fuxzg Nigraha Retention, Stiffness, Restriction − fuR;x Nityaga Continuously going on process − Ipu PÁcana Digestion; The process of digestive / metabolic transformation occurring mainly because of the action of Agni. − ikfyR; PÁlitya Graying of hairs − izkP; PrÁcya Eastern countries − izk/kkU; PrÁdhÁnya Predominance − Izoj Pravara One who are able to endure severe pain, who are not associate with fear, grief, greed, confusion. − izÑfr Prkéti 1. The nature of an individual or a substance. 2. The physical and psychological features specific to an individual that are produced to the dominant Doṣha prevailing at the time of conception. Prakrti may be classified as Deha Prakrti (physical) and Manasa Prakrti (psychological). Deha Prakrti may be produced due to the dominance of a single Dosha, two Doshas or due to a combination of all the three Doshas. − iwoZ:i PÚrvarÚpa Prodromal symptoms of a disease − jkf’k RaÐÍ A unit of Measurement; Synonym of one droNa =12.288kg/l of metric units − jkS{; RaukÒya Dryness − :i RÚpa Form, figure, appearance of any visible object or a thing. − la[;k SaÉkhyÁ Number − la;ksx SaÉyoga Combination; one of the 10 Paradi gunas; Combination of two or more substances together is saṁyoga. This kind of process exhibits peculiarities which are not seen in case of individual substances. Such as combination of honey &fish, fish & milk. − lSU/ko Saindhava rock salt − 'kSfFkY; Ïaithilya Looseness of body parts and tissues − 'kSR; Ïaitya Coldness − lfUud"kZ SannikarÒa a process sequential involvement of object, sense organ, Manas, and soul to obtain the direct perception − lalxZ Sansarga Combination, − Lkj SÁra Instableness/ mobileness; one among 20 Gurvadi guna; caused due activated Jala; denotes physiological & pharmacological instability & mobility; causes mobilization; helps in reduction of body tissues. − loZxzg Sarvagrha Accounting of the quantity of the entire food in totality. Considering all the food articles together in meal plate, which may include cooked cereals, pulses, condiments, drinkables etc. it refers to the whole caloric value of all food articles of meal plate. It is contrast to Parigraha. − lkRE; SÁtmya Agreeable to natural constitution, wholesome, suitableness, habituation − lÙo Satva Means Mental tolerance or Stamina. This is a quality of the mind, Satva has been classified in three types. Prava, avara and Madyama satva. Person having the Pravara Satva (Strong will power) are basically health oriented and they follow rules and regulation of Swasthavritta and hence remains health. Their pain bearing capacity is excellent usually they do not become ill, whenever they are sick it is easy to cure them. − L=ksrl Srotasa 1. Structural or Functional Channels meant for the transportation of Dhatus undergoing transformation. 2. Appearance of a Srotas is similar to the Dhatu that it transports. 2. They are of two types: Sthūla (macro) and Aṇu (micro). − miDysfn Upakladi wet / moistening; an action attributed to Jala mahabhuta − mi;ksxlaLFkk UpayogasaÉsthÁ Rules of food intake − Oklu VÁsana Infusing − o; Vaya Age- it is defined as the state of body correspondence to length of time, broadly divided in 3 stages, childhood, adulthood and old age. − fof/k Vidhi A mandatory injunction prescribed in Text − oh#) VÍduha ?? − fodYi Vikalpa Proportional variation, varieties in the preparations. − Fodkj VikÁra It signifies 1. Derivatives, 2. ailments − foÑfr Vikéti Disorders − Foozr Vivrta expanded or opened − ;ksxokgh YogavÁhi Catalyst; The one that accelerates the properties of others. An attribute of Vata. Drug vehicles; substances that when administered with/after the drug work in harmony with the drug to facilitate the purported action of the drug; e.g. Honey, Warm water, etc. − +
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== Introduction ==
The chapter [[Rasa Vimana]] deals with ''rasa'' and ''dosha'', since ''rasa'' is the primary trigger for the action of drugs on ''doshas''. Three ''rasas'' act as either enhancers or suppressors for each ''dosha''. Once the action of a particular ''rasa'' on a ''dosha'' is known, the effect of ''dravya'' can be predicted in the same manner and after knowing the action of ''dosha'' one can understand the disease process. Prolonged usage of certain food articles is known to vitiate ''doshas''. For example, if a person is consuming ''kshaara'' (alkali) and ''lavana'' (salt) for a long time, he is advised to decrease the quantity gradually to prevent the effect on ''doshas''. Typically, it is advised to take meals that have all the six ''rasas'', since that helps neutralize the effect of any particular ''rasa'' on a ''dosha''.
The chapter [[Rasa Vimana]] deals with ''rasa'' and ''dosha'', since ''rasa'' is the primary trigger for the action of drugs on ''doshas''. Three ''rasas'' act as either enhancers or suppressors for each ''dosha''. Once the action of a particular ''rasa'' on a ''dosha'' is known, the effect of ''dravya'' can be predicted in the same manner and after knowing the action of ''dosha'' one can understand the disease process. Prolonged usage of certain food articles is known to vitiate ''doshas''. For example, if a person is consuming ''kshaara'' (alkali) and ''lavana'' (salt) for a long time, he is advised to decrease the quantity gradually to prevent the effect on ''doshas''. Typically, it is advised to take meals that have all the six ''rasas'', since that helps neutralize the effect of any particular ''rasa'' on a ''dosha''.
This rule is, however, not applicable for all afflictions or agents because when a ''dravya'' is combined with another ''dravya'' in different quantity and/or of varying purity, then the outcome could be quite different than that of a basic ''dravya''. Such outcomes are known as ''vikrati visham samavaya''. ''Rasa, dravya, dosha'' and ''vikara prabhava'' are based upon these two principles. The three ''dravyas'' mentioned earlier (''taila, ghrita'' and ''madhu'') are largely used in formulations of other drugs, as diet, or as ''anupana'' (concomitant drug). These three do not have any side effects. On the other hand, ''pippali'' (piper longum), alkaline and saline substances invariably vitiate ''dosha'' on frequent use and are advised for limited use.
This rule is, however, not applicable for all afflictions or agents because when a ''dravya'' is combined with another ''dravya'' in different quantity and/or of varying purity, then the outcome could be quite different than that of a basic ''dravya''. Such outcomes are known as ''vikrati visham samavaya''. ''Rasa, dravya, dosha'' and ''vikara prabhava'' are based upon these two principles. The three ''dravyas'' mentioned earlier (''taila, ghrita'' and ''madhu'') are largely used in formulations of other drugs, as diet, or as ''anupana'' (concomitant drug). These three do not have any side effects. On the other hand, ''pippali'' (piper longum), alkaline and saline substances invariably vitiate ''dosha'' on frequent use and are advised for limited use.
==Sanskrit Text, Transliteration and English Translation==
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अथातो रसविमानं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
अथातो रसविमानं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
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athÁto RasavimÁnam vyÁkhyÁsyÁm½ ||1||
athÁto RasavimÁnam vyÁkhyÁsyÁm½ ||1||
iti ha smÁha BhagvÁnÁtreyÁ½ ||2||
iti ha smÁha BhagvÁnÁtreyÁ½ ||2||
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Thus said Lord Atreya. [2]
Now we shall expound the chapter "Rasa Vimana"(Taste-based factors for the measurement of diseases and drugs). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
=== Importance and objective of vimana sthana ===
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After comprehending the features of a disease in terms of its etiology, prodromal features, signs and symptoms, suitability, number, predominance of morbid factor, classification, proportional variation, intensity and duration, the physician should assess carefully the features of the drugs, agents, and the constitution of the patient (''doshas'', drugs, place, time, strength, body, constitutional dominance of one or the other ''dhatu'', diet, suitability, psyche, constitution and age) because the therapeutic interventions depend on the knowledge of the features of ''doshas'', etc. A physician having no knowledge of the features of ''doshas'' is incapable of controlling the disease. Hence O Agnivesha! For the knowledge of the features of ''doshas'', etc., we shall describe this section on ''vimana'' (specific features) [3]
After comprehending the features of a disease in terms of its etiology, prodromal features, signs and symptoms, suitability, number, predominance of morbid factor, classification, proportional variation, intensity and duration, the physician should assess carefully the features of the drugs, agents, and the constitution of the patient (''doshas'', drugs, place, time, strength, body, constitutional dominance of one or the other ''dhatu'', diet, suitability, psyche, constitution and age) because the therapeutic interventions depend on the knowledge of the features of ''doshas'', etc. A physician having no knowledge of the features of ''doshas'' is incapable of controlling the disease. Hence O Agnivesha! For the knowledge of the features of ''doshas'', etc., we shall describe this section on ''vimana'' (specific features) [3]
=== Effect of ''Rasa'' ===
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To start with, we shall talk about the effects of ''rasa, dravya'' (substance), ''dosha'' and ''vikara'' (disorder). ''Rasas'', as we know, are six – sweet, sour, saline, pungent, bitter and astringent. These maintain the body in harmony if used appropriately otherwise vitiate the ''doshas''. [4]
To start with, we shall talk about the effects of ''rasa, dravya'' (substance), ''dosha'' and ''vikara'' (disorder). ''Rasas'', as we know, are six – sweet, sour, saline, pungent, bitter and astringent. These maintain the body in harmony if used appropriately otherwise vitiate the ''doshas''. [4]
=== Effect of ''rasa'' on ''dosha'' ===
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Hence we shall describe the concept according to the effect of ''rasa'' (individual) and ''dravya'' (total) on one side and ''dosha'' (individual) and disease (total) on the other. [12]
Hence we shall describe the concept according to the effect of ''rasa'' (individual) and ''dravya'' (total) on one side and ''dosha'' (individual) and disease (total) on the other. [12]
===''Dravya prabhava'' (effect of ''dravya'') ===
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Oil possesses the properties of unctuousness, hotness and heaviness and as such pacifies ''vata'' when used regularly. ''Vata'' possesses roughness, coldness and lightness and is thus pacified by the habitual use of oil. In the same way, ghee’s sweetness, coldness and dullness overcomes ''pitta''’s non-sweet, hot and sharp properties. Finally, honey’s roughness, sharpness and astringency neutralizes the effects of ''kapha''’s unctuous, dull and sweet properties. Any other substance which is antagonistic in properties to ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' will similarly help in pacifying them when used regularly. [14]
Oil possesses the properties of unctuousness, hotness and heaviness and as such pacifies ''vata'' when used regularly. ''Vata'' possesses roughness, coldness and lightness and is thus pacified by the habitual use of oil. In the same way, ghee’s sweetness, coldness and dullness overcomes ''pitta''’s non-sweet, hot and sharp properties. Finally, honey’s roughness, sharpness and astringency neutralizes the effects of ''kapha''’s unctuous, dull and sweet properties. Any other substance which is antagonistic in properties to ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' will similarly help in pacifying them when used regularly. [14]
=== Three substances contra-indicated for long term consumption and their effects ob body ===
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Hence it is beneficial for them to wean themselves away gradually from the habit of using these substances. The habituated things, if given up gradually, cause no or little harm. [19]
Hence it is beneficial for them to wean themselves away gradually from the habit of using these substances. The habituated things, if given up gradually, cause no or little harm. [19]
===''Satmya'' (adaptation/habituation)===
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''Satmya'' (habituation) means that which suits the self. ''Satmya'' and ''upashaya'' have the same meaning. Based on one’s habitual usage of ''rasas, satmya'' could be categorized into three types- superior, inferior and medium/average. The use of all the ''rasas'' collectively is considered superior, those that use only one ''rasa'' are considered inferior, while all scenarios that lie between these two are considered medium. Effort should be made to gradually move up from the inferior and the medium types of ''satmya'' to the superior type. Even if one has achieved the superior ''satmya,'' or is habituated of using all the ''rasas'' collectively, the individual should strive to abide by the factors of dietetics and nutrition as mentioned in the following verse. [20]
''Satmya'' (habituation) means that which suits the self. ''Satmya'' and ''upashaya'' have the same meaning. Based on one’s habitual usage of ''rasas, satmya'' could be categorized into three types- superior, inferior and medium/average. The use of all the ''rasas'' collectively is considered superior, those that use only one ''rasa'' are considered inferior, while all scenarios that lie between these two are considered medium. Effort should be made to gradually move up from the inferior and the medium types of ''satmya'' to the superior type. Even if one has achieved the superior ''satmya,'' or is habituated of using all the ''rasas'' collectively, the individual should strive to abide by the factors of dietetics and nutrition as mentioned in the following verse. [20]
=== ''Ashta vidha ahara visheshayatana'' ( eight specific factors for diet) ===
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The characteristics of the eight factors mentioned in the above verses are inter-dependent (for example, a substance of optimum quantity taken in the right season and in the right place). Any regimen prescribed should be done after gaining a thorough understanding of the food articles from these eight aspects for them to be wholesome. Food or any other ''dravya'' that is liked but is unwholesome and likely to result in unpleasant consequences should not be used by ignorance or carelessness. [23]
The characteristics of the eight factors mentioned in the above verses are inter-dependent (for example, a substance of optimum quantity taken in the right season and in the right place). Any regimen prescribed should be done after gaining a thorough understanding of the food articles from these eight aspects for them to be wholesome. Food or any other ''dravya'' that is liked but is unwholesome and likely to result in unpleasant consequences should not be used by ignorance or carelessness. [23]
===''Ahara vidhi vidhana'' (principles for taking meals) ===
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One should eat with due consideration to self, i.e., knowing one’s own constitution and tastes. He/she should take food that is suitable to him/her. [25]
One should eat with due consideration to self, i.e., knowing one’s own constitution and tastes. He/she should take food that is suitable to him/her. [25]
===Summary===
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Thus ends the first chapter on [[Rasa Vimana]] in [[Vimana Sthana]] in the treatise composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak.
Thus ends the first chapter on [[Rasa Vimana]] in [[Vimana Sthana]] in the treatise composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak.
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
*''Rasa'' (taste) is one of the attributes present in ''dravyas'' (substances), which can be perceived by the tongue.
*''Rasa'' (taste) is one of the attributes present in ''dravyas'' (substances), which can be perceived by the tongue.
[[File:rasadosha.png|center|500px]]
[[File:rasadosha.png|center|500px]]
=== TABLE -1. ''Ashta Vidha Aahara Vidhi Visheshayatana'' ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|}
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=== TABLE -2. ''Ahara Vidhi Vidhaana'' ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
|}
|}
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
*The effect of ''rasas'' is subdued by ''vipaka,'' which is based on them. ''Vipaka'' is of three kinds i.e., ''madhura, amla'' and ''katu''. According to Agnivesha, it is often noted that the ''dravyas'' having ''katu, tikta'' and ''kashaya rasa'' have ''katu vipaka,'' while ''amla rasa dravyas'' have ''amla vipaka'' and ''dravyas'' with ''madhura'' and ''lavana rasa'' have ''madhura vipaka.''
*The effect of ''rasas'' is subdued by ''vipaka,'' which is based on them. ''Vipaka'' is of three kinds i.e., ''madhura, amla'' and ''katu''. According to Agnivesha, it is often noted that the ''dravyas'' having ''katu, tikta'' and ''kashaya rasa'' have ''katu vipaka,'' while ''amla rasa dravyas'' have ''amla vipaka'' and ''dravyas'' with ''madhura'' and ''lavana rasa'' have ''madhura vipaka.''
However it is noteworthy that the alkali consumed orally may not induce the acute effects of metabolic alkalosis. There seems a vivid variation in the features of acute alkalosis and the effects of long term alkali consumption as explained in [[Charak Samhita]].
However it is noteworthy that the alkali consumed orally may not induce the acute effects of metabolic alkalosis. There seems a vivid variation in the features of acute alkalosis and the effects of long term alkali consumption as explained in [[Charak Samhita]].
=== References ===
== Further reading ==
1. Anderson, Bengt (1977). Regulation of body fluids, Annual review of physiology 39:185-200.<br />
1. Anderson, Bengt (1977). Regulation of body fluids, Annual review of physiology 39:185-200.<br />