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==[[Indriya Sthana]] Chapter 2, Chapter on fatal signs in tactile and olfactory signs ==

==[[Indriya Sthana]] Chapter 2, Chapter on tactile and olfactory fatal signs ==

=== Abstract ===

=== Abstract ===

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This chapter sums up the variations in the taste of the body and smell  of the individual which indicate imminent death of the person (''Arishta Lakshanas''). Variations in the smell of body  and the altered taste sense by a person may reveal the  disease processes in the patient.

This chapter sums up the variations in the sense of taste of the body and smell  of the individual which indicate imminent death of the person (''Arishta Lakshanas''). Variations in the smell of body  and the altered taste sense of a person may reveal the  disease processes in that patient.

'''Keywords''': fatal signs, ''pushpita'', body odour, taste.

'''Keywords''': fatal signs, ''pushpita'', body odour, sense of taste.

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===Introduction/ ''Vishayanupravesha'' ===

===Introduction/ ''Vishayanupravesha'' ===

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While describing the qualities of an ideal ''bhishaja'' (physician) it has been stated that he should be friendly, and compassionate to the patients, should have devotion and love for treating the curable diseases and should not treat the untreatable ones [Cha. Su. 9/26].  During the Samhita period, many diseases were incurable because of lack of currently available advanced treatments. Now, large number of diseases can be controlled giving longer productive life to patients by providing emergency and intensive  care. That is why during that time it was important to determine the prognosis in terms of curability or incurability of diseases. Physicians did not treat incurable patients especially terminally ill patients. A set of symptoms and signs of terminally ill patients was identified called ''Arishta lakshanas''. With the rising high cost of healthcare especially the end of life care, knowledge and recognition of these signs and symptoms have become more relevant during the current times.  

While describing the qualities of an ideal ''bhishaja'' (physician) it has been stated that he should be friendly, and compassionate to the patients, should have devotion and love for treating the curable diseases and should not treat the untreatable ones [Cha. Su. 9/26].  During the Samhita period, many diseases were incurable because of lack of treatments available at that time. Now, large number of diseases can be controlled and gives longer productive life to patients by providing emergency and intensive  care treatments. That is why during that time it was important to determine the prognosis in terms of curability or incurability of diseases. Physicians did not treat incurable patients especially terminally ill patients. A set of symptoms and signs of terminally ill patients was identified called ''Arishta lakshanas''. With the rising high cost of healthcare especially the end of life care, knowledge and recognition of these signs and symptoms have become more relevant during the current times.  

After describing fatal signs regarding complexion and voice diagnosed by visual and auditory senses respectively, the present chapter describes signs to be examined by gustatory and olfactory senses.

After describing fatal signs regarding complexion and voice, diagnosed by visual and auditory senses respectively, the present chapter describes signs to be examined by gustatory and olfactory senses.

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

maraNaM cApi tannAsti yannAriShTapuraHsaram||5||  

maraNaM cApi tannAsti yannAriShTapuraHsaram||5||  

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The flower may sometimes be devoid of fruits and sometimes even the fruits may be produced without being preceded by flowers. But once an ''arishta'' manifests, it doesn’t  depart without ensuing in death. Conversely, there cannot be any death without earlier manifestation of ''arishta''. [4-5]

The flower may sometimes be devoid of fruits and sometimes even the fruits may be produced without being preceded by flowers. But once an ''arishta'' manifests, it doesn’t  depart without ensuing in death. Conversely, death can not occur without earlier manifestation of ''arishta''. [4-5]

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मिथ्यादृष्टमरिष्टाभमनरिष्टमजानता|  

मिथ्यादृष्टमरिष्टाभमनरिष्टमजानता|  

etAvadgandhavij~jAnaM,...|17|  

etAvadgandhavij~jAnaM,...|17|  

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One who emits the fragrance of several flowers or that of woods with various kinds of creepers and bushes - all blooming with flowers, from his body day and night is called ''pushpita'', and is indicative of forth coming death. Such a person is sure to die within a year.

One who emits the fragrance of several flowers or that of wood from various kinds of creepers and bushes - all blooming with flowers, from his body day and night is called ''pushpita'', and is indicative of forth coming death. Such a person is sure to die within a year.

    

    

A person who emits various repulsive odors collectively and simultaneously is also called ''pushpita''. A person who stinks when his body is covered with perfumed liniment or ointment and gives off a fragrant smell without any such liniment application and without any appreciable cause is also called ''pushpita''. The smell of ''Chandana'' (Santalum album Linn.), ''Kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa G. B. Clarke), ''Tagara'' (Valeriana wallichi DC.), ''Aguru'' (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), honey, garland, urine, feces, dead bodies and any other such smells emitted by persons are considered as premonitory symptoms by inference.

A person who emits various repulsive odors collectively and simultaneously is also called ''pushpita''. A person who stinks when his body is covered with perfumed liniment or ointment and gives off a fragrant smell without any such liniment application and without any appreciable cause is also called ''pushpita''. The smell of ''Chandana'' (Santalum album Linn.), ''Kushtha'' (Saussurea lappa G. B. Clarke), ''Tagara'' (Valeriana wallichi DC.), ''Aguru'' (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), honey, garland, urine, feces, dead body and any other such smell emitted by person is considered premonitory symptom by inference.

We shall further discuss the premonitory symptoms based on various odors in order to facilitate the physician’s knowledge by which he can predict death. The individual whose body emits pleasant or unpleasant smell continuously without any appreciable cause cannot survive for more than a year. This is all about premonitory symptoms based on the smells emitted by the body of the individual.[8-16]

We shall further discuss the premonitory symptoms based on various odors in order to facilitate the physician’s knowledge by which he can predict death. The individual whose body emits pleasant or unpleasant smell continuously without any appreciable cause cannot survive for more than a year. This is all about premonitory symptoms based on the smell emitted by the body of the individual.[8-16]

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==== Fatal signs related with taste ====

==== Fatal signs related to sense of taste ====

...रसज्ञानमतः परम्|  

...रसज्ञानमतः परम्|  

*Death doesn’t occur without showing ''Arishta'' (fatal signs). One shall always be free from ''Prajnaparadha'' (intellectual errors) to identify and diagnose these signs correctly. [5-6]

*Death doesn’t occur without showing ''Arishta'' (fatal signs). One shall always be free from ''Prajnaparadha'' (intellectual errors) to identify and diagnose these signs correctly. [5-6]

*''Arishta'' related to ''Gandha - Pitta'' is primarily responsible factor for all odors as it has ''visra gandha''. When ''pitta'' reaches the ''twak'' or skin and exerts its ''visra gandha'' by ''bhrajaka pitta'', it’s  odor is of sweat and sebum. In this way we can derive the cause and effect. All these verses describe how the various smells (both good as well as bad odors) emitted by the body of an individual without any appreciable causes denote the impending death of the person within a year.  

*''Arishta'' related to ''Gandha - Pitta'' is primarily responsible factor for all odors as it has ''visra gandha''. When ''pitta'' reaches the ''twak'' or skin and exerts its ''visra gandha'' by ''bhrajaka pitta'', it’s  odor is of sweat and sebum ???. In this way we can derive the cause and effect. All these verses describe how the various smells (both good as well as bad odors) emitted by the body of an individual without any appreciable causes denote the impending death of the person within a year.  

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

*''Arishta'' related to various odors (''Gandha''):  These smells coming from the body of individuals represent manifestations of major metabolic disorder which is altering the normal smell of the body. For example, fruity odor in diabetes (ketoacidosis), odor of Ammonia in renal failure and fecal smell in high intestinal obstruction etc. [Verse 8-16]

*''Arishta'' related to various odors (''Gandha''):  These smells coming from the body of individuals represent manifestations of major metabolic disorder which is altering the normal smell of the body. For example, fruity odor in diabetes (ketoacidosis), odor of Ammonia in renal ? hepatic failure and fecal smell in high intestinal obstruction etc. [Verse 8-16]

*''Arishta'' related to tastes of the body (''Rasa'')and their examination: ''Gandha'' and other parameters can be examined by ''pratyaksha pramana'', but ''rasa'' is always examined by ''anumana pramana'' or by inference because of lack of laboratory investigations. For example, If flies and ants are attracted towards the body – then it is inferred that the taste of the body has become sweet and if the lice, mosquitoes etc. started leaving the patient’s body, it is inferred that the patient’s body has developed excessive distaste. This information can be helpful in certain rural areas of the world. [Verse 17-22]

*''Arishta'' related to taste of the body (''Rasa'')and their examination: ''Gandha'' and other parameters can be examined by ''pratyaksha pramana'', but ''rasa'' is always examined by ''anumana pramana'' or by inference because of lack of laboratory investigations. For example, If flies and ants are attracted towards the body – then it is inferred that the taste of the body has become sweet and if the lice, mosquitoes etc. started leaving the patient’s body, it is inferred that the patient’s body has developed excessive distaste. This information can be helpful in certain rural areas of the world. [Verse 17-22]

=== Glossary ===

=== Glossary ===