Changes

The word pramana is derived from Sanskrit verb ‘ma’ with prefix ‘pra’.<ref name=s>. RĀDHĀKĀNTADEVA, VASU, V., & VASU, H. (1886) , Śabdakalpadrumah , 3-284 Available from  https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=SKD&page=3-284</ref>  where ‘ma’ dhatu means “to measure” or ” to mete out”

The word pramana is derived from Sanskrit verb ‘ma’ with prefix ‘pra’.<ref name=s>. RĀDHĀKĀNTADEVA, VASU, V., & VASU, H. (1886) , Śabdakalpadrumah , 3-284 Available from  https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=SKD&page=3-284</ref>  where ‘ma’ dhatu means “to measure” or ” to mete out”

===Definitions===  

===Definitions===  

The source or tool to obtain knowledge is Pramana.<ref name=s/>  

The source or tool to obtain knowledge is Pramana.<ref name=s/><ref>Vacaspati Misra, Nyayavartika Tatparyaya Tika, edited by Rajeswara Shashtri David, 2nd Edition, Kashi Sanskrit Series, Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, 1989.</ref>  

Prama is correct or appropriate knowledge, the tool to obtain it is termed as pramana (Udayanacharya).  The process of establishing or understanding the facts based on pramana is termed as Pariksha. (Vatsyayana bhashya).  

Prama is correct or appropriate knowledge, the tool to obtain it is termed as pramana (Udayanacharya)<ref>Kiranavali by Udayanacharya &, Hindi Translation by Gaurinathsastri Varanasi, Sampurnanda Samskrta Vidyalaya, 1980</ref>.  The process of establishing or understanding the facts based on pramana is termed as Pariksha. (Vatsyayana bhashya)<ref>Gautam, Nyaya-Darshana with Vatsyayana Bhashya, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi</ref>.  

It can be two-fold (dwividha), three-fold (trividha) or four- fold (chaturvidha) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17] .  

It can be two-fold (dwividha), three-fold (trividha) or four- fold (chaturvidha) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/17].<ref>Chakrapani commentary on Charak Samhita Sutrasthana, Taistraishaniya Adhyaya, 11/17, reprinted 2020, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, page no 70.</ref>

The most authentic and applicable definition of pramana that can be understood is given below:

The most authentic and applicable definition of pramana that can be understood is given below:

==Synonyms==

==Synonyms==

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Thus the synonyms of Pramana can be understood as given below:  

Thus the synonyms of Pramana can be understood as given below:<ref>Gangadhar Commentary on Charak Samhita Sutrasthana, Taistraishaniya Adhyaya, 11/17, reprinted 2020, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, page no 70.</ref>

1. Examination or assessment tools (pariksha)

1. Examination or assessment tools (pariksha)

==Contemporary approach:==

==Contemporary approach:==

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In view of contemporary medical methods, the concept of pramana is most similar or closely related to epistemology. Epistemology is the science of correct Knowledge. It is the process or method or science to obtain the knowledge.  It basically gives information regarding the sources of knowledge. It is an important part of research methodology forming the backbone of the same. It answers basic questions pertaining to knowledge process like how, when, what, and why. It is the basis of knowledge, understanding and formation. According to James Fredrick Farrier, it is means of production of knowledge and it is scepticism about different knowledge claims. Epistemology involves the process of obtaining knowledge either through inductive or deductive process. The inductive process aims at formation of new theory while the deductive approach tests the knowledge and known theory. Thus the process of the inductive approach is from narrow to broad while deductive approach goes from broader knowledge to precise more specific knowledge.   

In view of contemporary medical methods, the concept of pramana is most similar or closely related to epistemology. Epistemology is the science of correct Knowledge. It is the process or method or science to obtain the knowledge.<ref>“Epistemology.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/epistemology. Accessed 25 Oct. 2021.</ref> It basically gives information regarding the sources of knowledge. It is an important part of research methodology forming the backbone of the same. It answers basic questions pertaining to knowledge process like how, when, what, and why. It is the basis of knowledge, understanding and formation. According to James Fredrick Farrier, it is means of production of knowledge and it is scepticism about different knowledge claims. Epistemology involves the process of obtaining knowledge either through inductive or deductive process. The inductive process aims at formation of new theory while the deductive approach tests the knowledge and known theory. Thus the process of the inductive approach is from narrow to broad while deductive approach goes from broader knowledge to precise more specific knowledge.<ref>Barbara K. Hofer, Paul R. PintrichThe Development of Epistemologieal Theories:Beliefs About Knowledge and Knowing and Their Relation to Learning, Review of Educational Research, Spring 1997, Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 88-140</ref>  

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==Current researches:==

==Current researches:==

Summary of articles is given below.

Summary of articles is given below.

1) Pooja T. et al worked on a review article entitled “anumana pramana and its Scope as a diagnostic and research tool”. This study focused on significance of Anumana pramana in interpreting subtle phenomenon like the functioning of tri[[dosha]] in health and disease, role of unseen karmic effects on disease-occurrence and palliation, concept of rebirth etc.  

1) Pooja T. et al worked on a review article entitled “anumana pramana and its Scope as a diagnostic and research tool”. This study focused on significance of Anumana pramana in interpreting subtle phenomenon like the functioning of tri[[dosha]] in health and disease, role of unseen karmic effects on disease-occurrence and palliation, concept of rebirth etc.<ref>Pooja T, Prarthana T, Sahana C. Anumana pramana and its scope as a diagnostic and research tool. Int J Health Sci Res. 2020; 10(10):264-278.</ref>

2) Sharayu Phuke et.al. worked on “Application of Upamana Pramana (Analogy) to Interpret Concept of Prakriti and Dhatu Sarata: A Review”. This study underlined utility of upamana pramana in understanding the concepts of prakriti and dhatu sarata.  

2) Sharayu Phuke et.al. worked on “Application of Upamana Pramana (Analogy) to Interpret Concept of Prakriti and Dhatu Sarata: A Review”. This study underlined utility of upamana pramana in understanding the concepts of prakriti and dhatu sarata.<ref>Sharayu P. Phule et al. Application of Upamana Pramana(analogy) to interpret concept of Prakriti and Dhatu Sarata: A Review. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda Pharm. 2020;11(5):165-170 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.110516</ref>

3) Supriya Bhalerao et.al described how aptly the pramana can help in understanding the Teaching, Learning and Research Methodology in a letter to editor entitled “Bloom's taxonomy reiterates Pramana”.  

3) Supriya Bhalerao et.al described how aptly the pramana can help in understanding the Teaching, Learning and Research Methodology in a letter to editor entitled “Bloom's taxonomy reiterates Pramana”.<ref>Bhalerao S, Ranade A, Vaidya ADB. Bloom’s taxonomy reiterates Pramana. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2017 Jan 1;8(1):56–7.</ref>

4) Rajendra Pai et al. discussed the scope of pramana in prakriti and vikriti pariksha for proper clinical practice in review article entitled “Importance of Pramana Pareeksha in Clinical Practice”.  

4) Rajendra Pai et al. discussed the scope of pramana in prakriti and vikriti pariksha for proper clinical practice in review article entitled “Importance of Pramana Pareeksha in Clinical Practice”.<ref>Rajendra Pai. N, U. Govindaraju. Importance of Pramana Pareeksha in Clinical Practice. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci 2017;3:169-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.v2i3.8226</ref>

5) Sinimol T P et. al wrote a paper that analyses the logic behind application of yukti pramana.  

5) Sinimol T P et. al wrote a paper that analyses the logic behind application of yukti pramana.<ref>Sinimol T P, Meghna P.P, Soumya M.C. A Critical Review on the Application of Yukti Pramana for the Logical Inclusion or Rejection of a Drug Mentioned in Oushadha Yoga (Medicinal Formulations) According to Clinical Condition. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2018;6(9):37-42.</ref>

6) Ajit Patil, and Mrunali Patil wrote an article that focuses on the scope of anumana pramana as a tool to elaborate the ideologies of research.  

6) Ajit Patil, and Mrunali Patil wrote an article that focuses on the scope of anumana pramana as a tool to elaborate the ideologies of research.<ref>Dr. Ajit Patil, Dr. Mrunali Patil, The Scope of Anumana Pramanaas a Research tool, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, August 2021, Volume 8, Issue 8, Pg. No. 46-48</ref>

7) Sunny Chandrashekhar Patil, Arjunsingh Baghel, Rambabu R Dwivedi discussed methods of examination and investigation in Ayurveda: A review in reference to Pramana Vijnana (Epistemology).  

7) Sunny Chandrashekhar Patil, Arjunsingh Baghel, Rambabu R Dwivedi discussed methods of examination and investigation in Ayurveda: A review in reference to Pramana Vijnana (Epistemology).<ref>Sunny Chandrashekhar Patil, Arjunsingh Baghel, Rambabu R Dwivedi. Methods of Examination and Investigation in Ayurveda: A review in reference to Pramana Vijnana (Epistemology). AAM. (0), [cited August 08, 2021]; 42-47</ref>

8) Vinay A. Pawar in his article, “Pramana Vidnyana - An ancient method of research  

8) Vinay A. Pawar in his article, “Pramana Vidnyana - An ancient method of research  

with special reference to Charak Samhita” throws light upon the various aspects of pramana in the field of research.  

with special reference to Charak Samhita” throws light upon the various aspects of pramana in the field of research.<ref>Pawar VVA. Pramana Vidnyana - An ancient method of research w. S. R. T. Charaka samhita. 2014;2(4):12.</ref>

9) C. Bhuvaneswari, Meenakshi Malik, M. Sreevani, K. Venkat Shivudu in their article, significance of using upamana pramana in Ayurveda evaluated the upamana pramana in three aspects i.e. physiological, diagnostic, and philosophical aspects.  

9) C. Bhuvaneswari, Meenakshi Malik, M. Sreevani, K. Venkat Shivudu in their article, significance of using upamana pramana in Ayurveda evaluated the upamana pramana in three aspects i.e. physiological, diagnostic, and philosophical aspects.<ref>C. Bhuvaneswari, Meenakshi Malik, M.Sreevani, K.Venkat Shivudu. Significance of Using Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research. 2016;4(6):61-65</ref>

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==References:==

==References:==