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== Etymology and derivation ==

== Etymology and derivation ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The word ‘Pitta’ is derived from Sanskrit root “tap”.<ref name="ref2">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by JadavajiTrikamjiAacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/5] The root word ‘tap’ has three meaning: 1) tap dahe means to burn, 2) tap santape means heat generator and 3) tap aishwarye means able to procure eight types of attainments of a yogi (animadi aishwarye).<ref name="ref3">Amarkosa. Amarsimha, Edited by Pt. Haragovinda sastri. Reprint Ed. Varanasi:Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 2020.</ref> Dahana denotes transformation or conversion (paka) in the living [[Sharira|body]]. This explains the function of pitta is the transformation or modification of one substance to other. </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>The word ‘Pitta’ is derived from Sanskrit root “tap”.[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/5]<ref name="ref2">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> The root word ‘tap’ has three meaning: 1) tap dahe means to burn, 2) tap santape means heat generator and 3) tap aishwarye means able to procure eight types of attainments of a yogi (animadi aishwarye).<ref name="ref3">Amarkosha. Amarsimha, Edited by Pt. Haragovinda sastri. Reprint Ed. Varanasi:Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 2020.</ref> Dahana denotes transformation or conversion (paka) in the living [[Sharira|body]]. This explains the function of pitta is the transformation or modification of one substance to other. </div>

== Synonyms<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4">Monier-Williams. Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press;1899.</ref> ==

== Synonyms ==

Mayu, teja, ushma,  agni,  anala,  bile, to inflame, to nourish, a type of kala in the body.<ref name="ref3"/><ref name="ref4">Monier-Williams. Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press;1899.</ref>

== Bhautika composition ==

== Bhautika composition ==

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Pitta dosha has dominance of [[Agni mahabhuta|teja mahabhuta]]. [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/1]<ref name="ref5">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref> Pitta dosha is originated from [[Agni mahabhuta|agni or teja mahabhuta]].<ref name="ref2"/>[Chakrapani on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8][Figure 01] </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>

Pitta dosha has dominance of [[Agni mahabhuta|teja mahabhuta]]. [A.S. Sutra Sthana 20/1]<ref name="ref5">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Samgraha. Edited by Shivprasadsharma. 3rd Ed., Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office; 2012.</ref> Pitta dosha is originated from [[Agni mahabhuta|agni or teja mahabhuta]].[Chakrapani on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/8]<ref name="ref2"/>[Figure 01] </div>

=== Pitta dosha and [[triguna]] ===

=== Pitta dosha and [[triguna]] ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>All the living & nonliving things originate from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] which originate from trigunatmaka [[Prakriti|prakriti]] as described in evolution process (utpatti krama). [[Dosha|Dosha]] are evolved from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahbhuta]], so these [[Dosha|dosha]] bear [[Triguna|triguna]] property. Pitta is evolved from [[Agni|agni]] that has [[Sattva|sattva]] and [[Rajas|raja]] predominance.<ref name="ref2"/> [Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/20] Sharangdhara and Bhavaprakasha opines that pitta has sattva predominance. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khanda 5]<ref name="ref6">Sharangdhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan ;2013.</ref> [Bh. P. Purva Khand 3/103]<ref name="ref7">Bhava mishra. Bhavaprakasha, Edited by Brahmasankara Mishra, Rupalalaji Vaisya. 5th ed. Hindi Commentary Vidyotini; Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 1969.</ref><br/>[Figure 01]

<div style='text-align:justify;'>

All the living & nonliving things originate from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahabhuta]] which originate from trigunatmaka [[Prakriti|prakriti]] as described in evolution process (utpatti krama). [[Dosha|Dosha]] are evolved from [[Pancha mahabhuta|panchamahbhuta]], so these [[Dosha|dosha]] bear [[Triguna|triguna]] property. Pitta is evolved from [[Agni|agni]] that has [[Sattva|sattva]] and [[Rajas|raja]] predominance.<ref name="ref2"/>[Su. Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/20] Sharangadhara and Bhavaprakasha opines that pitta has [[sattva]] predominance. [Sha.Sa.Pratham Khanda 5]<ref name="ref6">Sharangdhara. Sharangadhara Samhita. Edited by Parashuram Shastri Vidyasagar. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashan ;2013.</ref> [Bh. P. Purva Khand 3/103]<ref name="ref7">Bhava mishra. Bhavaprakasha, Edited by Brahmasankara Mishra, Rupalalaji Vaisya. 5th ed. Hindi Commentary Vidyotini; Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, 1969.</ref><br/>[Figure 01]

[[File:Figure1.jpg|center|Figure 01: Relation between triguna, mahabhauta and pitta dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 01: Relation between [[triguna]], [[mahabhuta]] and pitta dosha.'''</center></div>

[[File:Figure1.jpg|center|Figure 01: Relation between triguna, mahabhauta and pitta dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 01: Relation between [[triguna]], [[mahabhuta]] and pitta dosha.'''</center></div>

=== Sites of pitta ===

=== Sites of pitta ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>[[Dosha|Dosha]] are present in every part of the [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] General location of pitta dosha is the middle part of the [[Sharira|body]], marked between the heart([[Hridaya|hridaya]]) and umbilicus([[nabhi]]).[A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4] Pitta is predominately present in [[Sharira|body]] parts between the large intestine(pakvashaya) and stomach([[Amashaya|amashaya]]). [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="ref2"/> <br/>The specific seats of pitta are (Figure 02):  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>

[[Dosha|Dosha]] are present in every part of the [[Sharira|body]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/9] General location of pitta dosha is the middle part of the [[Sharira|body]], marked between the heart([[Hridaya|hridaya]]) and umbilicus([[nabhi]]).[A.S. Sutra Sthana 1/4]<ref name="ref5"/> Pitta is predominately present in [[Sharira|body]] parts between the large intestine(pakvashaya) and stomach([[Amashaya|amashaya]]). [Su. Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/6]<ref name="ref2"/> <br/>The specific seats of pitta are (Figure 02):  

<ul><li>[[Sweda|Sweat(sweda)]]  </li>

<ul><li>[[Sweda|Sweat(sweda)]]  </li>

<li>Nutrient body fluid or plasma ([[Rasa|rasa]]) </li>

<li>Nutrient body fluid or plasma ([[Rasa|rasa]]) </li>

<li>Umbilicus ([[nabhi]]) </li>

<li>Umbilicus ([[nabhi]]) </li>

<li>Eyes (drika) </li>

<li>Eyes (drika) </li>

<li>Skin (twacha)                        [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8], [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/2],<ref name="ref8">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000.</ref> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita </ref></li></ul>

<li>Skin (twacha)                        [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8], [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/2],<ref name="ref8">Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by HarishastriParadkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy; 2000.</ref> [K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref></li></ul>

Among all these sites, duodenum ([[Amashaya|amashaya]]) and umbilicus (nabhi) are the prime sites of pitta.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8][K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> [[Amashaya]] (stomach) is located in between the breast (stana) and umbilicus([[nabhi]]). In [[Amashaya|amashaya]], the digestion of all types of food takes place. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/17] Duodenum is the area of the digestive tract where maximum digestive process occurs. Acharya Chakrapani clears that the location of pitta is lower part of [[Amashaya|amashaya]]( i.e. duodenum). [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8]  

Among all these sites, duodenum ([[Amashaya|amashaya]]) and umbilicus (nabhi) are the prime sites of pitta.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8][K.S. Sutra Sthana 27/11]<ref name="ref9"/> [[Amashaya]] (stomach) is located in between the breast (stana) and umbilicus([[nabhi]]). In [[Amashaya|amashaya]], the digestion of all types of food takes place. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/17] Duodenum is the area of the digestive tract where maximum digestive process occurs. Acharya Chakrapani clears that the location of pitta is lower part of [[Amashaya|amashaya]]( i.e. duodenum). [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/8]  

[[File:Fig2.jpg|center|Figure 02. General (A)and specific sites(B) of Pitta dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 02. General (A)and specific sites(B) of Pitta dosha.'''</center></div>

[[File:Fig2.jpg|center|Figure 02. General (A)and specific sites(B) of Pitta dosha.]]<center>'''Figure 02. General (A)and specific sites(B) of Pitta dosha.'''</center></div>

<li>Self esteem (abhimana)</li>  

<li>Self esteem (abhimana)</li>  

<li>Enthusiasm (utsaha)</li>

<li>Enthusiasm (utsaha)</li>

<li>Perception of word ([[Shabda|shabda]]), touch ([[Sparsha|sparsha]]) and odor ([[Gandha|gandha]])[Bh.Sa.4/8]<ref name="ref10">Kashyapa. Kashyapa Samhita. Edited by P. V. Tewari. Reprint. Varanasi: Chaukhambha vishvabharati;2008.</ref></li></ul>

<li>Perception of word ([[Shabda|shabda]]), touch ([[Sparsha|sparsha]]) and odor ([[Gandha|gandha]])[Bhe.Sa.4/8]<ref name="ref10"Bhel. Bhel Samhita. Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Visvabharti;2008.</ref></li></ul>

|-

|-

| 04.  

| 04.  

| <ul><li>Absorption of various formulation applied through massage ([[Abhyanga|abhyanga]]), showering ([[Parisheka|parisheka]]), tub bath (avgahana) and local application (avlepana) </li>

| <ul><li>Absorption of various formulation applied through massage ([[Abhyanga|abhyanga]]), showering ([[Parisheka|parisheka]]), tub bath (avgahana) and local application (avlepana) </li>

<li>Radiates the glow of skin (chayanam cha prakashaka) </li>

<li>Radiates the glow of skin (chayanam cha prakashaka) </li>

<li>Gives lustre to skin (kantikaritvam) [Bh. P. Purva Khand 3/125]<ref name="ref7"/></li>

<li>Gives lustre to skin (kantikaritvam) [Bha. P. Purva Khand 3/125]<ref name="ref7"/></li>

<li>Maintenance of normal body temperature [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/11]</li></ul>

<li>Maintenance of normal body temperature [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/11]</li></ul>

|-

|-

=== Factors responsible for abnormal states of pitta ===

=== Factors responsible for abnormal states of pitta ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Certain factors cause excess or decline of pitta in the human [[Sharira|body]]. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable. </div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Certain factors cause excess or decline of pitta in the human [[Sharira|body]]. These factors are natural or unavoidable and artificial or avoidable. </div>

==== Natural factors: ====

==== Natural factors ====

<div style='text-align:justify;'>These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name="ref2"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana12/20-21]<ref name="ref8"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana1/16]<ref name="ref8"/>(Figure 05)  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>These factors are the essential component of biological rhythm occurring in the external as well as internal environment of the [[Sharira|body]]. This natural increase is physiological. These factors are as follows:[Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/20]<ref name="ref2"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana1/8]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana12/20-21]<ref name="ref8"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana1/16]<ref name="ref8"/>(Figure 05)  

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">[[Ritu|Season (ritu)]]: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta undergoes natural accumulation in rainy season([[Varsha|varsha]]), gets vitiated during [[Sharad|autumn(sharada)]] and subsides to normal during [[Hemanta|winter(hemant)]].</span></li>

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">[[Ritu|Season (ritu)]]: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta undergoes natural accumulation in rainy season([[Varsha|varsha]]), gets vitiated during [[Sharad|autumn(sharada)]] and subsides to normal during [[Hemanta|winter(hemant)]].</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Various stages of digestion of food: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta gets vitiated during the meal digestion (jiryteanne).</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Various stages of digestion of food: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta gets vitiated during the meal digestion (jiryteanne).</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Biological rhythm of day and night: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta gets vitiated in the middle of the day(madhyanhe) and night(ardharatre).</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Biological rhythm of day and night: <span style="font-weight:normal">Pitta gets vitiated in the middle of the day(madhyanhe) and night (ardharatre).</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Age ([[vaya]]): <span style="font-weight:normal">In middle age, pitta is in excess as compared to other [[Dosha|doshas]].</span></li></ul>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Age ([[vaya]]): <span style="font-weight:normal">In middle age, pitta is in excess as compared to other [[Dosha|doshas]].</span></li></ul>

[[File:Fig5.jpg|center|Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.]]<center>'''Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.'''</center></div>

[[File:Fig5.jpg|center|Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.]]<center>'''Figure 05: Natural factors responsible for increase in pitta.'''</center></div>

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors cause vitiation of pitta dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice through the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana21/22]<ref name="ref2"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1 /16]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>Acquired factors cause vitiation of pitta dosha other than natural factors. These are avoidable and used in clinical practice through the concept of [[Samanya Vishesha Theory|samanya vishesha siddhanta]]. These factors are as follows: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana21/22]<ref name="ref2"/> [A.Hr. Nidana Sthana 1 /16]<ref name="ref8"/>  

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">Diet([[Dravya|dravya]]) and a particular property of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with the dominance of  [[Katu|pungent (katu)]], [[Amla|sour (amla)]], and [[Lavana|salty (lavana)]] taste, hot potency cause aggravation of pitta dosha. Intake of insufficient quantity at the improper time leads to vitiation of pitta dosha.</span></li>

<ul><li style="font-weight: bold;">Diet([[Dravya|dravya]]) and a particular property of diet: <span style="font-weight:normal">Food with the dominance of  [[Katu|pungent (katu)]], [[Amla|sour (amla)]], and [[Lavana|salty (lavana)]] taste, hot potency cause aggravation of pitta dosha. Intake of insufficient quantity at the improper time leads to vitiation of pitta dosha.</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Fasting ([[Upavasa|upavasa]]), overstrain (ayasa) and excessive sexual indulgence (maithuna upgamana)</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Lifestyle and other activities: <span style="font-weight:normal">Fasting ([[Upavasa|upavasa]]), overstrain (ayasa) and excessive sexual indulgence (maithuna upagamana)</span></li>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Emotional and behavior factors: <span style="font-weight:normal">Anger(krodha), sorrow(shoka), and fear(bhaya). </span></li></ul></div>

<li style="font-weight: bold;">Emotional and behavior factors: <span style="font-weight:normal">Anger(krodha), sorrow(shoka), and fear(bhaya). </span></li></ul></div>

<li>Giddiness(murchha) </li>

<li>Giddiness(murchha) </li>

<li>Excessive anger(krodhi)</li>

<li>Excessive anger(krodhi)</li>

<li>Less strength(balahani)</li></ul></div>

<li>Less strength(bala hani)</li></ul></div>

=== Hypofunctioning of pitta (kshaya lakshana): ===

=== Hypo functioning of pitta (kshaya lakshana): ===

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When pitta levels decline, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/8]<ref name="ref5"/>  

<div style='text-align:justify;'>When pitta levels decline, the [[Sharira|body]] exhibits various signs and symptoms as below: [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana15/7]<ref name="ref3"/>, [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana11/16]<ref name="ref8"/>, [A.S. Sutra Sthana19/8]<ref name="ref5"/>  

<ul><li>Poor digestive capacity and decreased digestive functions (manda anala) </li>

<ul><li>Poor digestive capacity and decreased digestive functions (manda anala) </li>