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Padartha means an object or meaning derived through an aphorism (sutra) or a term (pada). It is described as an entity that reflects the meaning of one, two, or many words. [[Ayurveda]] follows Vaisheshika's philosophy while describing padartha for disease prevention and treatment. It does not include non-existence (abhava). Sankhya and Vaisheshika state that any object denoted by a word ‘(pada)’ is termed as ‘padartha’. Therefore, all the substances, qualities, actions, specialities, mutual relations, and negations fall under ‘Padartha’.[K.V.L Narasimhacharyulu, Padartha Vijnana p.29]<ref name=narasimha>K.V.L Narasimhacharyulu, Padartha Vijnana, Chapter 1, Padartha Lakshana, Sixth edition, 2015, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi.</ref> It is thus the group of alphabets that has the power to denote the meaning of any object.<ref>Basic principles of Ayurveda Padartha Vijnana, Yogesh Chandra Mishra, fore worded and edited by Jyotirmitra Acharya, Chapter 3, Pada and Padartha, Reprinted 2011, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Page no-57</ref> The padartha vijnana is a particular branch incorporated by [[Ayurveda]] and philosophical sciences to obtain specialized knowledge of all knowable objects. Padartha are described as entities that exist (astitvam), are knowable (jneyatvam), and are denoted with a name (abhidheyatva). [SAT A.115] Padartha translates as substance or matter in the perspective of contemporary science. However, the substance is a material that possesses physical properties. It is the matter or material entity having definite characteristics.<ref>Substance.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substance. Accessed 9 May. 2022.</ref> However, [[Ayurveda]] explores the entity of padartha as a broad term. It refers to every entity with a specific derived and applied meaning in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This article describes the concept of padartha according to [[Ayurveda]] and its utilities.  

Padartha means an object or meaning derived through an aphorism (sutra) or a term (pada). It is described as an entity that reflects the meaning of one, two, or many words. [[Ayurveda]] follows Vaisheshika's philosophy while describing padartha for disease prevention and treatment. It does not include non-existence (abhava). Sankhya and Vaisheshika state that any object denoted by a word ‘(pada)’ is termed as ‘padartha’. Therefore, all the substances, qualities, actions, specialities, mutual relations, and negations fall under ‘Padartha’.[K.V.L Narasimhacharyulu, Padartha Vijnana p.29]<ref name=narasimha>K.V.L Narasimhacharyulu, Padartha Vijnana, Chapter 1, Padartha Lakshana, Sixth edition, 2015, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, p.29</ref> It is thus the group of alphabets that has the power to denote the meaning of any object.<ref>Basic principles of Ayurveda Padartha Vijnana, Yogesh Chandra Mishra, fore worded and edited by Jyotirmitra Acharya, Chapter 3, Pada and Padartha, Reprinted 2011, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, Page no-57</ref> The padartha vijnana is a particular branch incorporated by [[Ayurveda]] and philosophical sciences to obtain specialized knowledge of all knowable objects. Padartha are described as entities that exist (astitvam), are knowable (jneyatvam), and are denoted with a name (abhidheyatva). [SAT A.115] Padartha translates as substance or matter in the perspective of contemporary science. However, the substance is a material that possesses physical properties. It is the matter or material entity having definite characteristics.<ref>Substance.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/substance. Accessed 9 May. 2022.</ref> However, [[Ayurveda]] explores the entity of padartha as a broad term. It refers to every entity with a specific derived and applied meaning in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This article describes the concept of padartha according to [[Ayurveda]] and its utilities.  

 

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==Derivation and meaning==

==Derivation and meaning==

The term ‘padartha’ comprises two terms namely ‘Pada’ and ‘Artha’. Pada refers to any object, a word or an inflected word or the stem of a noun in the middle cases, and before some taddhitas (derivative noun or an affix forming nouns from other nouns)[Monnier Williams dictionary]<ref name=MWD>Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 7]. Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/indexcaller.php</ref>, a portion of a verse, quarter, or line of a stanza, pretext or part or portion of subject.<ref name=MWD/>

The term ‘padartha’ comprises two terms namely ‘Pada’ and ‘Artha’. Pada refers to any object, a word or an inflected word or the stem of a noun in the middle cases, and before some taddhitas (derivative noun or an affix forming nouns from other nouns)[Monnier Williams dictionary]<ref name=MWD>Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic [Internet]. [cited 2022 May 7]. Available from: https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/indexcaller.php</ref>, a portion of a verse, quarter, or line of a stanza, pretext or part or portion of subject.<ref name=MWD/>

The meaning of one word, two words, and more than two words is collectively called as ’padartha’. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 65/10]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It denotes the word's exact meaning that is understood after relating it with previous or subsequent words in the context or sentence. For instance, when the word ‘vedotpatti’ is mentioned in the first chapter of 'Sutra Sthana of Sushruta Samhita, the term ‘[[Veda]]’ is understood as [[Ayurveda]] and not Rigveda or Atharvaveda as context of the word is related to [[Ayurveda]].

The meaning of one word, two words, and more than two words is collectively called as ’padartha’. [Su.Sa.Uttara Sthana 65/10]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> It denotes the word's exact meaning that is understood after relating it with previous or subsequent words in the context or sentence. For instance, when the word ‘vedotpatti’ is mentioned in the first chapter of 'Sutra Sthana of Sushruta Samhita, the term ‘[[Veda]]’ is understood as [[Ayurveda]] and not Rigveda or Atharvaveda as context of the word is related to [[Ayurveda]].

According to Saptapadarthi, all the knowable things are termed as padartha. <ref name=narasimha/>

According to Saptapadarthi, all the knowable things are termed as padartha. [K.V.L Narasimhacharyulu, Padartha Vijnana p.29]<ref name=narasimha/>

==Characteristics of padartha==

==Characteristics of padartha==

==Classification of padartha==

==Classification of padartha==

All padartha in the universe are classified as existent (bhava) or non-existent (abhava) termed as sat and asat, respectively. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11] However, Charaka has not elaborated in detail regarding the abhava padartha in comparison to Vaisheshika philosophy. Hence it is not included among the six karana mentioned in the first chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]].

All padartha in the universe are classified as existent (bhava) or non-existent ([[abhava]]) termed as sat and asat, respectively. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11] However, Charaka has not elaborated in detail regarding the abhava padartha in comparison to Vaisheshika philosophy. Hence it is not included among the six karana mentioned in the first chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]].

The six padartha are divided into two categories as below [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1]

The six padartha are divided into two categories as below [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1]

| | || Bhavaprakasha<ref>Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasha, with commentary by Bulusu Sitaram, Prathama Khanda, Misra Prakarana, 6/169, Volume 1, reprinted 2015, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Page No. 117</ref> ||Dravyagata 5 Padartha- [[Dravya]], [[Rasa]], [[Guna]], [[Vipaka]], Shakti   

| | || Bhavaprakasha<ref>Bhavamisra, Bhavaprakasha, with commentary by Bulusu Sitaram, Prathama Khanda, Misra Prakarana, 6/169, Volume 1, reprinted 2015, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, Page No. 117</ref> ||Dravyagata 5 Padartha- [[Dravya]], [[Rasa]], [[Guna]], [[Vipaka]], Shakti   

|-

|-

| | || Vedanta<ref>?</ref>  || [[Atma]], Anatma

| | || Vedanta [K.V.L Narasimhacharyulu, Padartha Vijnana p.13, 34]<ref name=narasimha/>  || [[Atma]], Anatma

|-

|-

| | 3|| Ramanuja Nimbakacharya<ref name=Harilal>Harilal R Shivahare, Padartha Vignyana, Adhyaya 1, edited 2017, Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Page No.20 </ref> || Chitta, Achitta, Ishwar  

| | 3|| Ramanuja Nimbakacharya<ref name=Harilal>Harilal R Shivahare, Padartha Vignyana, Adhyaya 1, edited 2017, Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Page No.20 </ref> || Chitta, Achitta, Ishwar  

|-

|-

| | 5|| Kumaril Bhatt<ref name=Harilal/> || [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], Abhava

| | 5|| Kumaril Bhatt<ref name=Harilal/> || [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], [[Abhava]]

|-

|-

| | || Murari Mishra<ref name=Harilal/> || Bramha, Dharmivishesha, Dharmavishesha, Aadharvishesha, Pradeshavishesha

| | || Murari Mishra<ref name=Harilal/> || Bramha, Dharmivishesha, Dharmavishesha, Aadharvishesha, Pradeshavishesha

| |7 || Jain Darshana<ref name=Ravi/>  || Ashrava, Bandha, Sanvara, Nirjara, Moksha, Jeeva, Ajeeva

| |7 || Jain Darshana<ref name=Ravi/>  || Ashrava, Bandha, Sanvara, Nirjara, Moksha, Jeeva, Ajeeva

|-

|-

| | || Navya Nyaya Darshana<ref>Annambhatta, Tarkasangraha, edited by Satkarisarma vangiya, Pratyaksha Paricheda, Shloka No. 2 , reprinted 2011, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sanstan, Varanasi, Page No.3</ref>, Saptapadarthi || [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], [[Vishesha]], [[Samvaya]], Abhava

| | || Navya Nyaya Darshana<ref>Annambhatta, Tarkasangraha, edited by Satkarisarma vangiya, Pratyaksha Paricheda, Shloka No. 2 , reprinted 2011, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sanstan, Varanasi, Page No.3</ref>, Saptapadarthi || [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], [[Vishesha]], [[Samvaya]], [[Abhava]]

|-

|-

| | 8||Prabhakar Mimans  ||[[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], [[Vishesha]], [[Samavaya]], Shakti, Sadrishya, Sankhya  

| | 8||Prabhakar Mimans  ||[[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], [[Vishesha]], [[Samavaya]], Shakti, Sadrishya, Sankhya  

|-

|-

| |10 || Madhavacharya || [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], [[Vishesha]], Vishita, Anshi, Shadrisha, Shakti, Abhava

| |10 || Madhavacharya [K.V.L Narasimhacharyulu, Padartha Vijnana p.13, 34]<ref name=narasimha/>  || [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Samanya]], [[Vishesha]], Vishita, Anshi, Shadrisha, Shakti, [[Abhava]]

|-

|-

| |16 || Nyaya <ref>Nyaya, Nyaya Darshana, edited by Ram Sharma Acharya, Shloka Number 1, edited 1963, Sanskrit Sansthan Barailey Page No. 25</ref> || [[Pramana]], Prameya, Sanshaya, Prayojana, Drishtant, Siddhanta, Avayava, Tarka, Nirnaya, Vaada, Jalpa, Vitanda, Hetvabhasa, Jaati, Chala, Nigrahasthana

| |16 || Nyaya <ref>Nyaya, Nyaya Darshana, edited by Ram Sharma Acharya, Shloka Number 1, edited 1963, Sanskrit Sansthan Barailey Page No. 25</ref> || [[Pramana]], Prameya, Sanshaya, Prayojana, Drishtant, Siddhanta, Avayava, Tarka, Nirnaya, Vaada, Jalpa, Vitanda, Hetvabhasa, Jaati, Chala, Nigrahasthana

|-

|-

| | 25|| Sankhya <ref>Ishwar Krishna, Sankhyakarika with Gaudapadabhashya, Shloka No.3, Edited 2019, Chaukahamba Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Page No. 11-12</ref> || Basic realms or components of the evolution of the universe, namely the Avyakta, [[Purusha]], Mahat, Ahankara, Tanmatra, Ekadasha Indriya, [[Panchamahabhuta]]

| | 25|| Sankhya <ref>Ishwar Krishna, Sankhyakarika with Gaudapadabhashya, Shloka No.3, Edited 2019, Chaukahamba Surbharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Page No. 11-12</ref> || Basic realms or components of the evolution of the universe, namely the [[Avyakta|Avyakta]], [[Purusha]], Mahat, Ahankara, Tanmatra, Ekadasha Indriya, [[Panchamahabhuta]]

|-

|-

| |26 || Yoga <ref>Yogacharya Krushnaji Keshav, Kolhatkar, Bharatiya Manasshastra, Sarth and Saviviran, Patanjal, Yogadarshan. P. 383</ref> || 25 components put forth by sankhya along with Ishwar component

| |26 || Yoga <ref>Yogacharya Krushnaji Keshav, Kolhatkar, Bharatiya Manasshastra, Sarth and Saviviran, Patanjal, Yogadarshan. P. 383</ref> || 25 components put forth by sankhya along with Ishwar component

==Related Chapters==

==Related Chapters==

[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], [[Uttar Basti Siddhi]]

[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], [[Uttar Basti Siddhi]], [[Ayurveda]], [[Kaarya Kaarana Siddhanta]], [[Samanya Vishesha Siddhanta]], [[Dravya]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Disha]],[[Samavaya]],[[Abhava]]

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