Administrators, Editors, Bots, Bureaucrats, Charaksamhita, Moderators (CommentStreams), Interface administrators, Administrators
10,113
edits
Changes
Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya (view source)
Revision as of 10:55, 25 October 2019
, 10:55, 25 October 2019no edit summary
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 7.Non-suppressible and suppressible natural urges and other factors for health'''</big>
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 7. Non-suppressible and suppressible natural urges and other factors for health'''</big>
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes preventive measures for endogenous and exogenous diseases. The auto-regulated system of body cleanses out metabolic waste products through various channels and maintains equilibrium in the body. This systematic natural mechanism is termed as ‘Vega’ (Natural urges). Non-suppression of these natural urges is utmost important to keep body clean and preserve health. This chapter includes thirteen types of natural urges, disorders due to their long term suppression and their treatment. It also emphasizes on observation of proper dietary regimen and timely exercise as per the individual’s unique body constitution. Means for maintaining psychological and social well-being for prevention of psycho-spiritual disorders are described in detail. The methods of prevention of diseases by improving strength, by knowing one’s own body constitution, maintaining psycho-spiritual balance and following an ideal dietary and lifestyle regimen suited to one’s unique constitution have been provided here. </div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes preventive measures for endogenous and exogenous diseases. The auto-regulated system of body cleanses out metabolic waste products through various channels and maintains equilibrium in the body. This systematic natural mechanism is termed as [[Vega]] (Natural urges). These natural urges shall not be suppressed to keep body clean and preserve equilibrium in body i.e. health. This chapter includes thirteen types of natural urges, disorders due to their long term suppression and their treatment. It also emphasizes on observation of proper dietary regimen and timely exercise as per the individual’s unique body constitution. Means for maintaining psychological and social well-being for prevention of psycho-spiritual disorders are described in detail. The methods of prevention of diseases by improving strength, by knowing one’s own body constitution, maintaining psycho-spiritual balance and following an ideal dietary and lifestyle regimen suited to one’s unique constitution have been provided here. </div>
'''Keywords''': ''Vega''(Natural urge), cleansing, ''Prakriti''(Body constitution), ''Pragyaparadha''(intellectual defects), ''Agantu roga'' (exogenous diseases), psychological diseases.
'''Keywords''': [[Vega]](Natural urge), cleansing, [[Prakriti]](Body constitution), [[Vyayama]] (exercise), [[Pragyaparadha]](intellectual defects), [[Agantu roga]] (exogenous diseases), psychological diseases, seasonal body purification, prevention of exogenous diseases, curd.
</div>
</div>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya
|title = Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya (66)
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 7
|data1 = [[Sutra Sthana]] Chapter 7
=== Introduction ===
=== Introduction ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
This third chapter within the ''Swastha Chatushka'' (health tetrad) describes ways of promotion of health and prevention of diseases. After describing daily and seasonal regimen in the preceding chapters, the evolution of natural urges to excrete toxins and maintain internal homeostasis have been described here. Body excretes metabolic waste through external orifices by various regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms are grossly described as ''vegas'' (movements to excrete toxins i.e. urges). These urges are of thirteen types and can be voluntarily controlled up to certain extent. When these urges are voluntarily suppressed for prolonged period, various diseases can originate due to accumulation of toxins and local obstructed pathologies. A description of such urges (to suppress excretion), the consequences of suppression, and its management have been detailed here.
This third chapter within the [[Swastha Chatushka]] (group of four chapters on health) describes guidelines of promotion of health and prevention of diseases. After describing daily and seasonal regimen in the preceding chapters, the natural urges to excrete toxins and maintain internal homeostasis have been described here. Body excretes metabolic waste through external orifices by various regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms are termed as [[Vega]] (natural urges or processes to excrete toxins i.e. urges). There are thirteen types of physical urges that can be voluntarily controlled up to certain extent. When these urges are voluntarily suppressed for prolonged period, metabolic toxins are accumulated in the body systems leading to various diseases and local obstructed pathologies. A description of such urges (to suppress excretion), the consequences of suppression, and its management have been detailed here.
Further explanations have been provided to enumerate the basic principles of prevention of disorders and promotion of physical and psychological wellbeing, by emphasizing upon optimum physical exercises (''vyayama'') and control of emotions respectively. The correct diet, according to body constitution, lifestyle, behavior therapy in the form of code of conduct, mental factors, characters of good companions and bad companions have been listed. Comprehensive information about the prevention and management of ''nija'' (endogenous) and ''aagantu'' (exogenous) diseases is provided.
Further explanations have been provided to enumerate the basic principles of prevention of disorders and promotion of physical and psychological wellbeing, by emphasizing upon optimum physical exercises ( [[vyayama]]) and control of emotions respectively. The correct diet, according to body constitution, lifestyle, behavior therapy in the form of code of conduct, mental factors, characters of good companions and bad companions have been listed. Comprehensive information about the prevention and management of [[nija]] (endogenous) and [[aagantu]] (exogenous) diseases is provided.
</div>
</div>
===Sanskrit text, transliteration and english translation===
===Sanskrit text, transliteration and English translation===
अथातो नवेगान्धारणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
अथातो नवेगान्धारणीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
Now we shall explain the chapter on the non-suppressible natural urges. Thus said Lord Atreya
Now we shall explain the chapter on the non-suppressible natural urges. Thus said Lord Atreya.
[1-2]
[1-2]
=== ''Adharaniya vega'' (Non-suppressible urges), consequences of suppression and their management ===
=== [[Adharaniya]] [[vega]] (Non-suppressible urges), consequences of suppression and their management ===
न वेगान् धारयेद्धीमाञ्जातान् मूत्रपुरीषयोः|
न वेगान् धारयेद्धीमाञ्जातान् मूत्रपुरीषयोः|
na bAShpasya na nidrAyA niHshvAsasya shrameNa ca||4||
na bAShpasya na nidrAyA niHshvAsasya shrameNa ca||4||
The intelligent person should not suppress the natural urges initiated by sensations of urine, defecation, sexual desires (release of semen), flatus, vomiting, sneezing, belching (eructation), yawning, hunger, thirst, tears, sleep and exertion induced dyspnea.[3-4]
एतान् धारयतो जातान् वेगान् रोगा भवन्ति ये|
एतान् धारयतो जातान् वेगान् रोगा भवन्ति ये|
Separate treatment for diseases arising due to suppression of these natural urges is told henceforth. [5]
Separate treatment for diseases arising due to suppression of these natural urges is told henceforth. [5]
==== 1. Diseases due to suppression of urge of micturition and its treatment ====
बस्तिमेहनयोः शूलं मूत्रकृच्छ्रं शिरोरुजा |
बस्तिमेहनयोः शूलं मूत्रकृच्छ्रं शिरोरुजा |
Suppression of the urge to pass urine causes pain in the bladder and phallus, dysuria, headache, bending of the body and distension of the lower abdomen. [6]
Suppression of the urge to pass urine causes pain in the bladder and phallus, dysuria, headache, bending of the body and distension of the lower abdomen. [6]
In this case, the treatment includes fomentation, sitz bath, massage, ''avapeedaka ghee'' (consumption of ''ghee'' in large doses before and after meals) and all the three types of ''basti'' (medicated enema with oil, decoction and medicine through urinary orifice) is prescribed. [7]
In this case, the treatment includes fomentation, sitz bath, massage, [[avapeedaka]] [[ghee]] (consumption of [[ghee]] in large doses before and after meals) and all the three types of [[basti]] (therapeutic enema with oil, decoction and medicine through urinary orifice) is prescribed. [7]
</div>
</div>
==== 2. Diseases due to suppression of urge to defecate and its treatment ====
पक्वाशयशिरःशूलं वातवर्चोऽप्रवर्तनम् |
पक्वाशयशिरःशूलं वातवर्चोऽप्रवर्तनम् |
Suppression of the urge to defecate causes colic pain, headache, retention of fecal matter and flatus, cramps in the calf muscles and distension of abdomen.[8]
Suppression of the urge to defecate causes colic pain, headache, retention of fecal matter and flatus, cramps in the calf muscles and distension of abdomen.[8]
In such cases, fomentation, massage, sitz bath, per rectal suppositories, and enema are prescribed and one should take food and drinks that facilitate bowel evacuation to remove obstruction. [9]
In such cases, fomentation, massage, sitz bath, per rectal suppositories, and [[basti]] (therapeutic enema) are prescribed and one should take food and drinks that facilitate bowel evacuation to remove obstruction. [9]
==== 3. Diseases due to suppression of urge of ejaculation and its treatment ====
मेढ्रे वृषणयोः शूलमङ्गमर्दो हृदि व्यथा|
मेढ्रे वृषणयोः शूलमङ्गमर्दो हृदि व्यथा|
Retention of feces, urine and flatus, distension of abdomen, pain, fatigue and other abdominal diseases are caused due to suppression of urge to pass flatus. [12]
Retention of feces, urine and flatus, distension of abdomen, pain, fatigue and other abdominal diseases are caused due to suppression of urge to pass flatus. [12]
In such case, external and internal administration of unctuous substance, fomentation, per rectal suppositories, intake of foods and drinks having carminative action and enema are prescribed. [13]
In such case, external and internal administration of unctuous substance, fomentation, per rectal suppositories, intake of foods and drinks having carminative action and therapeutic enema are prescribed. [13]
==== 5. Diseases due to suppression of urge of vomiting and its treatment ====
कण्डूकोठारुचिव्यङ्गशोथपाण्ड्वामयज्वराः|
कण्डूकोठारुचिव्यङ्गशोथपाण्ड्वामयज्वराः|
rUkShAnnapAnaM vyAyAmo virekashcAtra shasyate||15||
rUkShAnnapAnaM vyAyAmo virekashcAtra shasyate||15||
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Pruritus, urticaria, aversion (to food), ''vyanga'' (discoloration of face), ''shotha'' (edema), ''pandu'' (pallor/anaemia), ''jwara'' (fever), ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), nausea and ''visarpa'' (erysipelas) are caused by the suppression of the urges of vomiting. [14]
Pruritus, urticaria, aversion (to food), [[vyanga]] (discoloration of face), [[shotha]] (edema), [[pandu]] (pallor/anaemia), [[jwara]] (fever), [[kushtha]] (skin diseases), nausea and [[visarpa]] (erysipelas) are caused by the suppression of the urges of vomiting. [14]
In such cases, therapeutic induction of vomiting, medicated smoking, therapeutic fasting, bloodletting, foods that are dry in nature, drinks, physical exercise and therapeutic purgation are prescribed. [15]
In such cases, [[Prachchardana]](therapeutic induction of vomiting), [[dhumapana]] (therapeutic inhalation of smoke) , [[langhana]] (therapeutic fasting), [[rakta mokshana]] (bloodletting), foods that are dry in properties, drinks, [[vyayama]] (physical exercise) and [[virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) are prescribed. [15]
</div>
</div>
==== 6. Diseases due to suppression of urge of sneezing and its treatment ====
मन्यास्तम्भः शिरःशूलमर्दितार्धावभेदकौ|
मन्यास्तम्भः शिरःशूलमर्दितार्धावभेदकौ|
hitaM vAtaghnamAdyaM ca ghRutaM cauttarabhaktikam||17||
hitaM vAtaghnamAdyaM ca ghRutaM cauttarabhaktikam||17||
Neck stiffness, headache, facial paralysis, pain in half side of face and head, and weakness of the sense organs and locomotor organs are caused by the suppression of the urge to sneeze. [16]
Neck stiffness, headache, facial paralysis, pain in half side of face and head, weakness of sense organs and locomotor organs are caused by the suppression of the urge to sneeze. [16]
In such cases, the treatment includes massage and fomentation in the supra-clavicular region, use of medicated smoking along with administering nasal drops, foods prescribed for alleviation of ''vata'' and consumption of ghee after meals. [17]
In such cases, the treatment includes [[abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) and [[swedana]] (fomentation) on the supra-clavicular region, [[dhooma]] (use of medicated smoke) along with administering [[navana]] (nasal drops), foods prescribed for alleviation of [[vata]] and consumption of ghee after meals. [17]
==== 7. Diseases due to suppression of urge of belching and its treatment ====
हिक्का श्वासोऽरुचिः कम्पो विबन्धो हृदयोरसोः|
हिक्का श्वासोऽरुचिः कम्पो विबन्धो हृदयोरसोः|
udgAranigrahAttatra hikkAyAstulyamauShadham||18||
udgAranigrahAttatra hikkAyAstulyamauShadham||18||
Hiccups, dyspnea, aversion (to food), tremors, and feeling of congestion in the cardiac and chest region are caused due to suppression of belching or eructation. It should be treated as hiccups. [18]
Hiccups, dyspnea, aversion (to food), tremors, and feeling of congestion in the cardiac and chest region are caused due to suppression of belching or eructation. It should be treated on similar lines of [[hikka]] (hiccups). [18]
===== 8. Diseases due to suppression of urge of yawning and its treatment =====
===== 8. Diseases due to suppression of urge of yawning and its treatment =====
jRumbhAyA nigrahAttatra sarvaM vAtaghnamauShadham||19||
jRumbhAyA nigrahAttatra sarvaM vAtaghnamauShadham||19||
Crookedness of body, convulsions, contractions (of muscles), numbness, tremors and trembling are caused by the suppression of yawning. Treatment for this includes all ''vata'' pacifying measures. [19]
Crookedness of body, convulsions, contractions (of muscles), numbness, tremors and trembling are caused by the suppression of yawning. Treatment for this includes all [[vata]] pacifying measures. [19]
==== 9. Diseases due to suppression of urge of hunger and its treatment ====
कार्श्यदौर्बल्यवैवर्ण्यमङ्गमर्दोऽरुचिर्भ्रमः|
कार्श्यदौर्बल्यवैवर्ण्यमङ्गमर्दोऽरुचिर्भ्रमः|
Emaciation, weakness, change in body complexion, generalized body ache, aversion (to food) and dizziness are caused by suppressing hunger. In such cases, unctuous, hot and light (easily digestible) food is advised. [20]
Emaciation, weakness, change in body complexion, generalized body ache, aversion (to food) and dizziness are caused by suppressing hunger. In such cases, unctuous, hot and light (easily digestible) food is advised. [20]
==== 10. Diseases due to suppression of urge of thirst and its treatment ====
कण्ठास्यशोषो बाधिर्यं श्रमः सादो हृदि व्यथा|
कण्ठास्यशोषो बाधिर्यं श्रमः सादो हृदि व्यथा|
Dryness of throat and mouth, deafness, feeling of exhaustion, weakness and cardiac pain are caused by the suppression of thirst (or the urge to drink). In that case, cold refreshing and satiating drinks are advised. [21]
Dryness of throat and mouth, deafness, feeling of exhaustion, weakness and cardiac pain are caused by the suppression of thirst (or the urge to drink). In that case, cold refreshing and satiating drinks are advised. [21]
==== 11. Diseases due to suppression of urge of tears and its treatment ====
प्रतिश्यायोऽक्षिरोगश्च हृद्रोगश्चारुचिर्भ्रमः|
प्रतिश्यायोऽक्षिरोगश्च हृद्रोगश्चारुचिर्भ्रमः|
bAShpanigrahaNAttatra svapno madyaM priyAH kathAH||22||
bAShpanigrahaNAttatra svapno madyaM priyAH kathAH||22||
Rhinitis, eye diseases, heart diseases, aversion (to food) and dizziness are caused by suppressing urge to cry (due to grief). The treatment includes sleep (rest), intake of wine and pleasing stories or positive conversations. [22]
Rhinitis, eye diseases, cardiac diseases, aversion (to food) and dizziness are caused by suppressing urge to cry (due to grief). The treatment includes sleep (rest), intake of wine and pleasing stories or positive conversations. [22]
==== 12. Diseases due to suppression of urge of sleep and its treatment ====
जृम्भाऽङ्गमर्दस्तन्द्रा च शिरोरोगोऽक्षिगौरवम्|
जृम्भाऽङ्गमर्दस्तन्द्रा च शिरोरोगोऽक्षिगौरवम्|
nidrAvidhAraNAttatra svapnaH saMvAhanAni ca||23||
nidrAvidhAraNAttatra svapnaH saMvAhanAni ca||23||
Yawning, body ache, drowsiness, diseases of head and heaviness in the eyes are caused by suppression of the urge to sleep. Resorting to sound sleep and thumping massage of the body is advised in such cases. [23]
Yawning, body ache, drowsiness, diseases of head and heaviness in the eyes are caused by suppression of the urge to sleep. Resorting to sound sleep and [[samvahana]] (gentle massage) is advised in such cases. [23]
==== 13. Diseases due to suppression of urge of exertion induced dyspnea and its treatment ====
गुल्महृद्रोगसम्मोहाः श्रमनिःश्वासधारणात्|
गुल्महृद्रोगसम्मोहाः श्रमनिःश्वासधारणात्|
jAyante tatra vishrAmo vAtaghnyashca kriyA hitAH||24||
jAyante tatra vishrAmo vAtaghnyashca kriyA hitAH||24||
[[Gulma]] (lump in abdomen), cardiac diseases and confused state of mind are caused by suppression of dyspnea (due to exertion). In that case, proper rest and regimen for the alleviation of [[vata]] are advised. [24]
वेगनिग्रहजा रोगा य एते परिकीर्तिताः|
वेगनिग्रहजा रोगा य एते परिकीर्तिताः|
Diseases caused by the suppression of various natural urges have been described in this chapter. The person desirous of preventing these diseases should not suppress any of these natural urges. [25]
Diseases caused by the suppression of various natural urges have been described in this chapter. The person desirous of preventing these diseases should not suppress any of these natural urges. [25]
=== ''Dharaniya [[vega]]'' -Control over psychological urges (suppressible urges) ===
इमांस्तु धारयेद्वेगान् हितार्थी प्रेत्य चेह च|
इमांस्तु धारयेद्वेगान् हितार्थी प्रेत्य चेह च|
A person willing for his own well-being, in this life and after (death), should suppress the urges to engage in adventures, and extreme activities of psyche, speech and body. [26]
A person willing for his own well-being, in this life and after (death), should suppress the urges to engage in adventures, and extreme activities of psyche, speech and body. [26]
==== ''Manasika vega'' -Improper psychic activities ====
==== [[Manasika]] [[vega]] (Psychological urges) ====
लोभशोकभयक्रोधमानवेगान् विधारयेत्|
लोभशोकभयक्रोधमानवेगान् विधारयेत्|
An intelligent person should control greed, grief, fear, anger, egoism, shamelessness (impudence), jealousy, excessive affliction (in anything), and desire to acquire someone else’s wealth. [27]
An intelligent person should control greed, grief, fear, anger, egoism, shamelessness (impudence), jealousy, excessive affliction (in anything), and desire to acquire someone else’s wealth. [27]
==== ''Vachika vega''- Improper expression of words ====
====[[Vachika]] [[vega]] (Verbal urges) ====
परुषस्यातिमात्रस्य सूचकस्यानृतस्य च|
परुषस्यातिमात्रस्य सूचकस्यानृतस्य च|
Harsh talks, excessive talking, that which intends to harm others or backbiting, lying and untimely speech (improper words at improper time) are to be restrained during speaking. [28]
Harsh talks, excessive talking, that which intends to harm others or backbiting, lying and untimely speech (improper words at improper time) are to be restrained during speaking. [28]
==== ''Kayika vega'' -Improper physical activities ====
==== [[Kayika]] [[vega]] (Physical urges) ====
देहप्रवृत्तिर्या काचिद्विद्यते परपीडया|
देहप्रवृत्तिर्या काचिद्विद्यते परपीडया|
strIbhogasteyahiMsAdyA tasyAvegAnvidhArayet||29||
strIbhogasteyahiMsAdyA tasyAvegAnvidhArayet||29||
Physical actions intended to trouble others; excessive indulgence in sex, stealing, violence (persecution), etc. should be restrained. [29]
Physical actions intended to trouble others, excessive indulgence in sex, stealing, violence (persecution), etc. should be restrained. [29]
==== Importance of this restraint ====
==== Importance of this restraint ====
dharmArthakAmAn puruShaH sukhI bhu~gkte cinoti ca||30||
dharmArthakAmAn puruShaH sukhI bhu~gkte cinoti ca||30||
The virtuous one, who is free from all evil deeds of mind, speech and body, is indeed happy and enjoys the fruits of virtue (''dharma''), wealth (''artha''), and desires (''kama'').[30]
The virtuous one, who is free from all evil deeds of mind, speech and body, is indeed happy and enjoys the fruits of [[dharma]] (virtue), [[artha]](wealth), and [[kama]] (desires).[30]
==== Importance, benefits of ''Vyayama''(exercise) and harmful effects of excess exercise ====
=== [[Vyayama]] (exercise) ===
==== Definition ====
शरीरचेष्टा या चेष्टा स्थैर्यार्था बलवर्धिनी|
शरीरचेष्टा या चेष्टा स्थैर्यार्था बलवर्धिनी|
dehavyAyAmasa~gkhyAtA mAtrayA tAM samAcaret||31||
dehavyAyAmasa~gkhyAtA mAtrayA tAM samAcaret||31||
Such suitable physical movement intended towards bringing stability (in body) and increase in strength is known as ''vyayama'' (physical exercise). This has to be practiced in moderation (with apt control and for proper duration). [31]
Such suitable physical movement intended towards bringing stability (in body) and increase in strength is known as [[vyayama]] (physical exercise). This has to be practiced in moderation (with apt control and for proper duration). [31]
==== Benefits of [[vyayama]] (exercise) and harmful effects of excess exercise ====
लाघवं कर्मसामर्थ्यं स्थैर्यं दुःखसहिष्णुता |
लाघवं कर्मसामर्थ्यं स्थैर्यं दुःखसहिष्णुता |
श्रमः क्लमः क्षयस्तृष्णा रक्तपित्तं प्रतामकः|
श्रमः क्लमः क्षयस्तृष्णा रक्तपित्तं प्रतामकः|
अतिव्यायामतः कासो ज्वरश्छर्दिश्च जायते||३३||
अतिव्यायामतः कासो ज्वरश्छर्दिश्च जायते||३३||
Lāghavaṁ karmasāmarthyaṁ sthairyaṁ duḥkhasahiṣṇutā |
Lāghavaṁ karmasāmarthyaṁ sthairyaṁ duḥkhasahiṣṇutā |
śramaḥ klamaḥ kṣayastr̥ṣṇā raktapittaṁ pratāmakaḥ|
śramaḥ klamaḥ kṣayastr̥ṣṇā raktapittaṁ pratāmakaḥ|
ativyāyāmataḥ kāsō jvaraśchardiśca jāyatē||33||
ativyāyāmataḥ kāsō jvaraśchardiśca jāyatē||33||
lAghavaM karmasAmarthyaM sthairyaM duHkhasahiShNutA |
lAghavaM karmasAmarthyaM sthairyaM duHkhasahiShNutA |
doShakShayo~agnivRuddhishca vyAyAmAdupajAyate||32||
doShakShayo~agnivRuddhishca vyAyAmAdupajAyate||32||
shramaH klamaH kShayastRuShNA raktapittaM pratAmakaH|
shramaH klamaH kShayastRuShNA raktapittaM pratAmakaH|
ativyAyAmataH kAso jvarashchardishca jAyate||33||
ativyAyAmataH kAso jvarashchardishca jAyate||33||
Lightness, strength to work, stability, endurance towards distress and mitigation of [[dosha]] (especially [[kapha]]), and stimulation of [[agni]] (digestive power) is engendered by physical exercise. [32]
Exhaustion, fatigue, wasting (of body tissues), thirst, bleeding from different parts of the body ([[raktapitta]]), [[pratamaka]] (dyspnea with fainting), cough, fever and vomiting are caused by excessive physical exercise. [33]
==== Indications to stop [[vyayama]] (exercise) ====
(स्वेदागमः श्वासवृद्धिर्गात्राणां लाघवं तथा|
हृदयाद्युपरोधश्च इति व्यायामलक्षणम्||१||)
(svēdāgamaḥ śvāsavr̥ddhirgātrāṇāṁ lāghavaṁ tathā|
hr̥dayādyuparōdhaśca iti vyāyāmalakṣaṇam||1||)
(svedAgamaH shvAsavRuddhirgAtrANAM lAghavaM tathA|
(svedAgamaH shvAsavRuddhirgAtrANAM lAghavaM tathA|
hRudayAdyuparodhashca iti vyAyAmalakShaNam||1||)
hRudayAdyuparodhashca iti vyAyAmalakShaNam||1||)
Perspiration, increase in respiratory rate, feeling of lightness of body, and congestion in cardiac (heart) region and such other organs of the body are signs of reaching threshold of exercise and one should stop the exercise.(1) (Note: This verse seems to be added later and was not a part of original text.)
==== Activities to be done in appropriate measures only ====
व्यायामहास्यभाष्याध्वग्राम्यधर्मप्रजागरान्|
व्यायामहास्यभाष्याध्वग्राम्यधर्मप्रजागरान्|
Exercise, laughing, speaking, walking, sexual activities and staying awake at night should not be practiced in excess by an intelligent person even if they are accustomed (or habituated) to doing such activities. [34]
Exercise, laughing, speaking, walking, sexual activities and staying awake at night should not be practiced in excess by an intelligent person even if they are accustomed (or habituated) to doing such activities. [34]
==== Contra-indications to stop [[vyayama]] (exercise) ====
एतानेवंविधांश्चान्यान् योऽतिमात्रं निषेवते|
एतानेवंविधांश्चान्यान् योऽतिमात्रं निषेवते|
One who indulges in these and such other activities in excess, suddenly perishes like a lion trying to drag an (huge) elephant. [35]
One who indulges in these and such other activities in excess, suddenly perishes like a lion trying to drag an (huge) elephant. [35]
(The person emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, weight bearing, walking, those afflicted by anger, grief, fear, exertion; those who are children, elderly, prone to ''vata,'' who need to talk loudly and excessively, and those who are hungry and thirsty shall avoid physical exercise).
(The person emaciated due to excess sexual intercourse, weight bearing, walking, those afflicted by anger, grief, fear, exertion; those who are children, elderly, prone to [[vata]], who need to talk loudly and excessively, and those who are hungry and thirsty shall avoid physical exercise). (Note: This verse seems to be added later and was not a part of original text.)
==== Sequence to adopt good habits and discard bad habits ====
=== [[Padamshika krama]] (Sequence to adopt good habits and discard bad habits) ====
उचितादहिताद्धीमान् क्रमशो विरमेन्नरः|
उचितादहिताद्धीमान् क्रमशो विरमेन्नरः|
By slowly and gradually giving up unwholesome practices and by increasing the wholesome practices in proper sequence, the unwholesome practices do not reoccur and the wholesome practices are fully adopted. [38]
By slowly and gradually giving up unwholesome practices and by increasing the wholesome practices in proper sequence, the unwholesome practices do not reoccur and the wholesome practices are fully adopted. [38]
=== Details of [[doshanushayi]] [[deha]] [[prakriti]] ([[dosha]] dominant body constitution) ===
समपित्तानिलकफाः केचिद्गर्भादि मानवाः|
समपित्तानिलकफाः केचिद्गर्भादि मानवाः|
doShAnushayitA hyeShAM dehaprakRutirucyate||40||
doShAnushayitA hyeShAM dehaprakRutirucyate||40||
Some individuals have the same ''pitta-kapha-vata prakriti'' (equilibrium state of all ''doshas'') at the time of conception, while some are dominated by ''vata'', some by ''pitta'' and some by ''kapha.'' [39]
Some individuals have the equal proportions of [[pitta]]-[[kapha]]-[[vata]] [[prakriti]] (equilibrium state of all [[dosha]]) at the time of conception, while some are dominated by [[vata]], some by [[pitta]] and some by [[kapha]]. [39]
Those of the first category (balanced ''dosha'') do not suffer from diseases. Others (dominated by single ''dosha''), are always likely to suffer. These are ''doshanushayi'' (depending upon dominancy of ''dosha'') called ''deha prakriti'' (body constitution). [40]
Those of the first category (balanced [[dosha]]) do not suffer from diseases. Others (dominated by single [[dosha]]), are always likely to suffer. These are called as [[doshanushayi]] (depending upon dominancy of ''[[dosha]]'') [[deha]] [[prakriti]]'' (body constitution). [40]
==== Preservation of health and equilibrium ====
==== Preservation of health and equilibrium ====
samasarvarasaM sAtmyaM samadhAtoH prashasyate||41||
samasarvarasaM sAtmyaM samadhAtoH prashasyate||41||
Diet and exercise regimen with opposite/neutralizing ''dosha'' properties are prescribed for maintaining health. Habitual intake of balanced diet with all ''rasas'' in proportionate quantity is recommended for equilibrium state of ''doshas''. [41]
Diet and exercise regimen with opposite/neutralizing [[dosha]] properties are prescribed for maintaining health. Habitual intake of balanced diet with all [[rasa]] in proportionate quantity is recommended for equilibrium state of [[dosha]]. [41]
==== ''Malayana'' (channels of excretion) ====
=== Malayana (channels of excretion) ===
द्वे अधः सप्त शिरसि खानि स्वेदमुखानि च|
द्वे अधः सप्त शिरसि खानि स्वेदमुखानि च|
malAyanAnAM budhyeta sa~ggotsargAdatIva ca||43||
malAyanAnAM budhyeta sa~ggotsargAdatIva ca||43||
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Two external orifices in the lower part of the body (viz. the anus and urethra), seven orifices in head region (viz., two eyes, two ears, two nostrils and mouth) and numerous openings of sweat glands are channels meant for excretion (of waste products). These are affected by vitiated ''doshas'' and increased waste products. [42]
Two external orifices in the lower part of the body (viz. the anus and urethra), seven orifices in head region (viz., two eyes, two ears, two nostrils and mouth) and numerous openings of sweat glands are channels meant for excretion (of waste products). These are affected by vitiated [[dosha]] and increased waste products. [42]
If there is heaviness in these excretory orifices, it is indicative of increase in waste products due to excess accumulation (inside body). If there is lightness in the excretory orifices, it indicates decrease in quantity of waste products due to excess excretion (from body). [43]
If there is heaviness in these excretory orifices, it is indicative of increase in waste products due to excess accumulation (inside body). If there is lightness in the excretory orifices, it indicates decrease in quantity of waste products due to excess excretion (from body). [43]
vyAdhihetupratidvandvairmAtrAkAlau vicArayan||44||
vyAdhihetupratidvandvairmAtrAkAlau vicArayan||44||
By ascertaining signs and symptoms of ''doshas'' indicated above, one shall treat curable diseases by (therapies having) qualities opposite to disease and causative factors with due regards to the dose and time. [44]
By ascertaining signs and symptoms of [[dosha]] indicated above, one shall treat curable diseases by (therapies having) qualities opposite to disease and causative factors after proper consideration of the dose and time of administration. [44]
==== ''Anutpattikar chikitsa'' [means for prevention of diseases] ====
=== Importance of [[ Swasthavritta]] (Regimen for prevention of diseases)===
विषमस्वस्थवृत्तानामेते रोगास्तथाऽपरे |
विषमस्वस्थवृत्तानामेते रोगास्तथाऽपरे |
jAyante~anAturastasmAt svasthavRuttaparo bhavet||45||
jAyante~anAturastasmAt svasthavRuttaparo bhavet||45||
Lifestyle contrary to that mentioned in Swasthavritta leads to above-mentioned and similar diseases. Therefore, the course of life conducive to the maintenance of good health should be followed. [45]
Lifestyle contrary to that mentioned in [[Swasthavritta]] leads to above-mentioned and similar diseases. Therefore, the course of life conducive to the maintenance of good health should be followed. [45]
=== [[Anutpattikar chikitsa]] [Preventive measures] ===
==== Suitable time and benefits of body purification treatments ====
==== Suitable month for [[panchakarma]] treatments and benefits ====
माधवप्रथमे मासि नभस्यप्रथमे पुनः|
माधवप्रथमे मासि नभस्यप्रथमे पुनः|
nijAnAmitareShAM tu pRuthagevopadekShyate||50||
nijAnAmitareShAM tu pRuthagevopadekShyate||50||
In the months of ''Chaitra'' (the month of ''Madhava'', approximately during March-April), ''Shravana'' (the month of ''Nabha'', corresponding to the period around July-August) and ''Margashirsha'' (the month of ''Saha'', approximately during October-November), the accumulated ''doshas'' should be eliminated (through purification therapies). [46]
In the months of [[Chaitra]] (the month coming before [[Madhava]]/[[Vaishakha]] i.e. approximately during Mid March- Mid April), [[Shravana]] (the month coming before [[Nabhasya]]/[[Bhadrapada]], i.e. approximately during Mid July- Mid August) and [[Margashirsha]] (the month coming before [[Sahasya]]/[[Pausha]], approximately during Mid October- Mid November), the accumulated [[dosha]] should be eliminated (by means of purification therapies). [46]
After the oleation and fomentation therapies, emetics (for elimination of ''doshas'' from upper part of body) and purgatives (for elimination of ''doshas'' from lower part of body) should be administered. Subsequently, the intelligent person should be treated with medicated enema and nasal instillation/errhines therapies regularly. [47]
After the oleation and fomentation therapies, emetics (for elimination of [[dosha]] from upper part of body) and purgatives (for elimination of [[dosha]] from lower part of body) should be administered. Subsequently, the intelligent person should be treated with medicated enema and nasal instillation/errhines therapies regularly. [47]
The above mentioned treatments shall be followed in proper sequence and appropriately. And thereafter, medicines processed with rejuvenation and aphrodisiac preparations should be prescribed. [48]
The above mentioned treatments shall be followed in proper sequence and appropriately. And thereafter, medicines processed with rejuvenation and aphrodisiac preparations should be prescribed. [48]
(By administering the above treatments, as applicable) In a state of equilibrium of ''dhatus'', diseases are prevented, tissue elements develop properly and ageing process slows down. [49]
(By administering the above treatments, as applicable) In a state of equilibrium of [[dhatu]], diseases are prevented, tissue elements develop properly and ageing process slows down. [49]
The procedures for preventing endogenous diseases have been described above. Those for preventing exogenous ones have been described in the next verse. [50]
The procedures for preventing endogenous diseases have been described above. Those for preventing exogenous ones have been described in the next verse. [50]
=== Causes and management of [[Agantu roga]] (exogenous diseases)===
====[[Pragnyaparadha]] (intellectual defect) and its sequelae ====
ये भूतविषवाय्वग्निसम्प्रहारादिसम्भवाः|
ये भूतविषवाय्वग्निसम्प्रहारादिसम्भवाः|
Exogenous diseases are produced by evil spirits, toxins, air, fire, assault on human beings. Intellect is affected in such diseases. [51]
Exogenous diseases are produced by evil spirits, toxins, air, fire, assault on human beings. Intellect is affected in such diseases. [51]
====[[Mano vikara]] (Psychological disorders) ====
ईर्ष्याशोकभयक्रोधमानद्वेषादयश्च ये|
ईर्ष्याशोकभयक्रोधमानद्वेषादयश्च ये|
मनोविकारास्तेऽप्युक्ताः सर्वे प्रज्ञापराधजाः||५२||
मनोविकारास्तेऽप्युक्ताः सर्वे प्रज्ञापराधजाः||५२||
Jealousy, grief, fear, anger, egoism and hatred, etc. and all other mentioned mental disorders result from defects in one’s intellect. [52]
Jealousy, grief, fear, anger, egoism and hatred, etc. and all other mentioned mental disorders result from defects in one’s intellect. [52]
==== ''Agantu roga parihara'' (Prevention and management of exogenous diseases) ====
==== Management of [[Agantu roga]] (Prevention and management of exogenous diseases) ====
त्यागः प्रज्ञापराधानामिन्द्रियोपशमः स्मृतिः|
त्यागः प्रज्ञापराधानामिन्द्रियोपशमः स्मृतिः|
Avoidance of such emotions, control over sense and motor organs, memorizing (regimens), specific knowledge (orientation) of place, time and one’s own self, and following regimen of good conduct are some of the ways to prevent exogenous diseases. Therefore, an intelligent person desirous of his own well-being shall follow these suitable measures well in advance. [53-54]
Avoidance of such emotions, control over sense and motor organs, memorizing (regimens), specific knowledge (orientation) of place, time and one’s own self, and following regimen of good conduct are some of the ways to prevent exogenous diseases. Therefore, an intelligent person desirous of his own well-being shall follow these suitable measures well in advance. [53-54]
</div>
</div>
====Importance of [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative statements) and [[pratipatti]] (timely decision) ====
आप्तोपदेशप्रज्ञानं प्रतिपत्तिश्च कारणम्|
आप्तोपदेशप्रज्ञानं प्रतिपत्तिश्च कारणम्|
विकाराणामनुत्पत्तावुत्पन्नानां च शान्तये||५५||
विकाराणामनुत्पत्तावुत्पन्नानां च शान्तये||५५||
Knowledge of the prescription of authoritative sages and taking proper decisions at the right time and need are (recommended) for prevention of impending diseases and treatment of existing diseases. [55]
Knowledge of the prescription of authoritative sages and taking proper decisions at the right time and need are (recommended) for prevention of impending diseases and treatment of existing diseases. [55]
==== ''Varjya purusha'' (Characters of bad companions to be avoided) ====
==== [[Varjya purusha]] (Characters of bad companions to be avoided) ====
पापवृत्तवचःसत्त्वाः सूचकाः कलहप्रियाः|
पापवृत्तवचःसत्त्वाः सूचकाः कलहप्रियाः|
Intelligent person desirous of well-being in the present world (birth) and the world after death should strive his level best to follow the correct regimen of diet, code of conduct and deeds (prescribed in above verses). [60]
Intelligent person desirous of well-being in the present world (birth) and the world after death should strive his level best to follow the correct regimen of diet, code of conduct and deeds (prescribed in above verses). [60]
=== Guidelines for consumption of [[dadhi]] (curd) and hazards of improper consumption===
न नक्तं दधि भुञ्जीत न चाप्यघृतशर्करम्|
न नक्तं दधि भुञ्जीत न चाप्यघृतशर्करम्|
prApnuyAtkAmalAM cogrAM vidhiM hitvA dadhipriyaH||62||
prApnuyAtkAmalAM cogrAM vidhiM hitvA dadhipriyaH||62||
Curd should not be consumed at night. Otherwise, if curd is to be taken, it should be mixed with ghee, sugar, green gram soup, honey or ''amalaka'' (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). It should not be heated also. [61]
Curd should not be consumed at night. Otherwise, if curd is to be taken, it should be mixed with ghee, sugar, green gram soup, honey or [[amalaka]] (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.). It should not be heated also. [61]
[[Jwara]] (fever), [[Raktapitta]] (bleeding from different parts of the body), [[visarpa]] (erysipelas), [[kushtha]] (obstinate skin diseases), [[pandu]] (anemia like disorders), [[bhrama]] (giddiness, vertigo) and severe [[kamala]] (jaundice and other hepato-biliary disorders) occur if the prescribed rules for consumption of curd are not followed by one who is fond of curd. [62]
=== Summary with points discussed in chapter ===
तत्र श्लोकाः-
तत्र श्लोकाः-
</div>
</div>
=== Tattva Vimarsha / Fundamental Principles ===
=== [[Tattva Vimarsha]] (Fundamental Principles) ===
# The human body produces natural urges at regular intervals to cleanse the body systems and remove metabolic toxins. Thus, the normal mechanism of natural urge is important for preservation of health.
# Natural urges should not be suppressed in order to preserve overall health.
# Natural urges should not be suppressed in order to preserve overall health.
# Negative physical, vocal, and psychic activities should be restrained.
# Negative physical, verbal and psychic activities should be restrained.
# The persons with equal proportion of [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] in their [[prakriti]] (basic body constitution) i.e. equilibrium of [[dosha]] are always healthy. The persons with dis-equilibrium of [[dosha]] always suffer from diseases.
# Body purification therapies, rejuvenation and aphrodisiac therapies should be followed at proper time to prevent diseases and ageing.
# Body purification therapies, rejuvenation and aphrodisiac therapies should be followed at proper time to prevent diseases and ageing.
# Optimum amount of physical exercise is important for maintenance of physical strength.
# Optimum amount of physical exercise is important for maintenance of physical strength.
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences ===
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
This is an important chapter described for prevention of all disorders through maintenance of internal somatic hygiene and promotion of somato-psychological strength. As explained earlier in introductory part, it enlisted various aspects for building up the internal strength through physical exercise, restraint of negative psyche, follow up of proper dietary regimen as per body constitution, a course for prevention of impending disorders, and management principles of psychological disorders. The chapter covers a comprehensive knowledge about ways to positive physical-psychological and spiritual health in holistic manner, which is the true essence of [[Ayurveda]].
This is an important chapter described for prevention of all disorders through maintenance of internal somatic hygiene and promotion of somato-psychological strength. As explained earlier in introductory part, it enlisted various aspects for building up the internal strength through physical exercise, restraint of negative psyche, follow up of proper dietary regimen as per body constitution, a course for prevention of impending disorders, and management principles of psychological disorders. The chapter covers a comprehensive knowledge about ways to positive physical-psychological and spiritual health in holistic manner emphasizing the true essence of [[Ayurveda]].
=== Natural somatic urges, disorders due to their suppression and their management ===
Thirteen natural urges have been categorized according to their functions. The first seven urges, micturition, defecation, ejaculation of semen, passing flatus, vomiting, sneezing, belching (eructation) are intended to expel the waste products outside body from external orifices. Next six urges, yawning, hunger, thirst, tears, sleep and exertion induced dyspnea are to maintain homeostasis.
Thirteen natural urges are categorized according to their functions. The first seven urges, micturition, defecation, ejaculation of semen, passing flatus, vomiting, sneezing, belching (eructation) are intended to expel the waste products outside body from external orifices. Next six urges, yawning, hunger, thirst, tears, sleep and exertion induced dyspnea are based upon physiological requirements of body to maintain homeostasis.
Normally physical and mental faculties of an individual function through the interaction of ''doshas'' with ''dhatus'' and in this process, ''malas'' are formed and excreted out of the body. Health is a delicate balance between ''dosha, dhatu'' and ''mala''. The imbalance between these three results in diseases. ''Mala'' is the end product of digestion and metabolism and must be excreted out at regular intervals through specific orifices. The elimination process is controlled by voluntary reflex mechanisms. These are known as ''vega'' in [[Ayurveda]]. The word ''vega'' is defined by Chakrapani as ''pravritti'' meaning action and ''unmukhatvam'' meaning those which are intended to get expelled out. The word ''vega'' itself suggests tendency to move. These can be voluntarily controlled up to certain extent. However, when there is long term voluntary suppression, specific waste products get accumulated leading to specific diseases. All urges are initiated predominantly by ''vata'' and the treatments include alleviation of ''vata''.
Normally physical and mental faculties of an individual function through the interaction of [[dosha]] with [[dhatu]] and in this process, [[mala]] are formed and excreted out of the body. [[Health]] is a delicate balance between these three factors. The imbalance results in diseases. [[Mala]] is the end product of digestion and metabolism and must be excreted out at regular intervals through specific orifices. The elimination process is controlled by voluntary reflex mechanisms. These are known as [[vega]] in [[Ayurveda]]. The word [[vega]] is defined by Chakrapani as ''pravritti'' meaning action and ''unmukhatvam'' meaning those which are intended to get expelled out. The word [[vega]] itself suggests tendency to move. These can be voluntarily controlled up to certain extent. However, when there is long term voluntary suppression, specific waste products get accumulated leading to specific diseases. All urges are initiated predominantly by [[vata]] and the treatments include alleviation of [[vata]].
=== Restraint of negative psychological factors for psycho-spiritual well-being ===
The rules to be followed in execution of mental actions, speech and physical activities have been prescribed. The character of an individual is assessed by his psyche, speech, activities and his overall behavior. The negative activities, which are harmful for one’s own character as well as social well-being, are explained in these verses. Regulations for maintaining psycho-spiritual balance have been enumerated. The basic emotions that express positive attitude need to be maintained, while those with negative origin are to be controlled and given up. These prescribed activities help towards a better development of one’s personality in this life as well as in the afterlife. The objective of this course is to achieve complete health in aspects of physical, mental and spiritual wellbeing in order to attain four [[purushartha]] viz. [[dharma]] (eternal virtuous duties), [[artha]] (wealth), [[kama]] (passion) and [[moksha]] (salvation). This also prescribes principles to be followed for the individual’s well-being during this life and after death. This is for the management of the individual’s psycho-spiritual ([[adhyatmika]]) diseases.
==== Benefits of physical exercise and harms of excess exercise ====
==== Benefits of physical exercise and harmful effects of excessive exercise ====
There are benefits of physical exercise in proper amount as well as harmful effects of excessive exercise. Stopping signals and subjective feelings of physical exercise are perspiration, increase in respiratory rate, feeling of lightness of body, and congestion in cardiac (heart) region and such other organs of the body are signs of reaching threshold of exercise. Emphasis has been given on proper amount of exercise to be followed. This is again a subjective prescription and not a one-size-fits-all situation, which is the uniqueness of [[Ayurveda]]. It first describes the harmful effects of excess exercise and prohibits other routine activities like excessive laughing, speaking, walking, sexual intercourse, and staying awake late at night.
There are benefits of physical exercise in proper amount as well as harmful effects of excessive exercise. The measure of exercise always depends upon physiological mechanisms of body, seasonal variation and time of performing exercise. Stopping signals and subjective feelings of physical exercise are perspiration, increase in respiratory rate, feeling of lightness of body, and congestion in cardiac (heart) region and such other organs of the body are signs of reaching threshold of exercise. Emphasis has been given on proper amount of exercise to be followed. This is again a subjective prescription and not a one-size-fits-all situation, which is the uniqueness of [[Ayurveda]]. It first describes the harmful effects of excess exercise and prohibits other routine activities like excessive laughing, speaking, walking, sexual intercourse, and staying awake late at night.
==== Sequence to develop good habits and stop bad habits ====
==== Sequence to develop good habits and stop bad habits ====
It is important to know the good things and bad things to be followed by one for longevity. It is advised to gradually give up addictions and adopt wholesome habits increasingly. The protocol advised is, on the first day one should give up a quarter of the unwholesome practice (still maintaining three-fourths of it,) and correspondingly adopt a quarter of wholesome. On the second day, half of the unwholesome practice should be given up and half of the wholesome one should be adopted; this is to be continued for the third day also. On the fourth day, three-fourths of the unwholesome practice should be given up and three-fourths of the wholesome one should be adopted. This process should be continued on the fifth and sixth day also. The process of giving up of the unwholesome practice and adoption of the wholesome practice is completed fully on the seventh day.
It is important to know the good things and bad things to be followed by one for longevity. It is advised to gradually give up addictions and adopt wholesome habits increasingly. The protocol advised is, on the first day one should give up a quarter of the unwholesome practice (still maintaining three-fourths of it,) and correspondingly adopt a quarter of wholesome. On the second day, half of the unwholesome practice should be given up and half of the wholesome one should be adopted; this is to be continued for the third day also. On the fourth day, three-fourths of the unwholesome practice should be given up and three-fourths of the wholesome one should be adopted. This process should be continued on the fifth and sixth day also. The process of giving up of the unwholesome practice and adoption of the wholesome practice is completed fully on the seventh day.
==== ''Dosha''-dominant ''prakriti'', susceptibility to disease and specific diet for prevention of diseases ====
==== [[Dosha]] dominant [[prakriti]], susceptibility to disease and specific diet for prevention of diseases ====
=====Importance=====
The crux of prevention of diseases is maintaining a balance of ''doshas'' right from conception. If the ''doshas'' are in equilibrium within the body of an individual, the person does not suffer from diseases. The imbalance including predominance of a single ''dosha'' in ''prakriti'' makes him/her susceptible to diseases. The balance of ''doshas'' can be maintained through habitual intake of diet of all rasas and following those regimens with opposite properties of dominant ''dosha'' in ''prakriti''. Therefore, to know the predominant ''dosha'' in one’s constitution is very important for having a suitable diet and lifestyle regimen in prevention of diseases. The suitable dietary regimen for each ''dosha prakriti'' is described in detail in the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].
The crux of prevention of diseases is maintaining a balance of [[dosha]] from time of conception. If the [[dosha]] are in equilibrium within the body of an individual, the person does not suffer from diseases. The imbalance including predominance of a single [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]] makes him/her susceptible to diseases. The balance of [[dosha]] can be maintained through habitual intake of diet of all rasas and following those regimens with opposite properties of dominant [[dosha]] in [[prakriti]]. Therefore, to know the predominant [[dosha]] in one’s constitution is very important for prescribing suitable diet and lifestyle regimen in prevention and management of diseases. The suitable dietary regimen for each [[dosha]] [[prakriti]] is described in detail in the eighth chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].
=====Phenotypic co-relation of [[prakriti]]=====
Every individual is different from another and hence should be considered as a separate entity.<ref> Valiathan, M. S., The Legacy of Caraka, Orient Longman, Chennai, 2003.</ref> The three broad classes of ‘prakriti’ are based on certain physical, physiological and psychological characters.<ref> Swoboda, R. E., Prakruti: Ayurvedic Con- stitution, Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Varanasi, 1996.</ref> The scientists suggest phenotypic classification of India’s traditional medicine has a genetic basis; and its Prakriti-based practice in vogue for many centuries resonates with personalized medicine. <ref> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>. Thus [[prakriti]] concept is independent of racial, ethnic or geographical considerations and may provide appropriate means of classifying phenotypes to be considered collectively for genotyping. In a study, the researchers postulated that human phenome based on prakriti, namely [[kapha]], [[pitta]] and [[vata]] have genetic connotation that could help classifying human population based on broad phenotype clusters. Accordingly HLA DR alleles among various [[prakriti]] classes and demonstrated significant associations were analysed. <ref>Patwardhan, B., Joshi, K. and Chopra, A., J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2005, 11, 349– 353. </ref> The concept of constitutional uniqueness of human individuals and personalized prescription of diet and drugs is special feature of [[Ayurveda]]. This has similarities with the pharmacogenomics and customized medicine.<ref>Patwardhan, B., Indian Drugs, 2000, 37, 213–227.</ref>
In a study on genome-wide SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) analysis of 262 well-classified male individuals (after screening 3416 subjects) belonging to three Prakriti ([[Vata]], [[Pitta]], [[Kapha]]), it is observed that PGM1 correlates with phenotype of Pitta as described in the ancient text of Caraka Samhita.<ref> Govindaraj P, Nizamuddin S, Sharath A, et al. Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti. Nat Publ Gr.:1-12. doi:10.1038/srep15786</ref>
==== Signs of derangement of internal metabolism and excretion ====
==== Signs of derangement of internal metabolism and excretion ====
==== Principles of seasonal body purification for prevention of impending diseases and longevity ====
==== Principles of seasonal body purification for prevention of impending diseases and longevity ====
[[Ayurveda]] advises to follow the course prescribed for promotion of positive health in order to avoid diseases. Oleation and fomentation therapies are administered first to be followed by, emetics (for elimination of [[dosha]] from upper part of body) and purgatives (for elimination of [[dosha]] from lower part of body). Subsequently, the person should get medicated enema and nasal instillation/errhines therapies administered regularly. The time of purification to detoxify body from accumulated toxins is prescribed viz. [[vamana]] in the months of [[Chaitra]] (approximately during March-April), [[basti]] in [[Shravana]] (approximately during July-August) and [[virechana]] in [[Margashirsha]] (approximately during November-December). It is important to follow [[rasayana]] (rejuvenation) and [[vrishya]] (aphrodisiac) medications after this course to prevent all endogenous diseases. This also maintains proper growth and development of body tissues and delays the ageing process.
==== Causes and management of exogenous diseases ====
==== Causes and management of exogenous diseases ====
Unknown etiologies for psycho-spiritual disorders, toxins, polluted air, excessive heat, assault trauma, bacterial and viral infections etc. are external etio-pathological factors for exogenous diseases. The negative psychological factors and also other mental disorders are caused by defect in the intellect. Intellect discriminates between right and wrong things to be followed. When this faculty is impaired, the person is not able to take proper decisions and this leads to consumption of improper things in diet and lifestyle which are causative factors of disease. Therefore, ''pragyaparadha'' (defect in the intellect) is the important cause for diseases.
Unknown etiologies for psycho-spiritual disorders, toxins, polluted air, excessive heat, assault trauma, bacterial and viral infections etc. are external etio-pathological factors for exogenous diseases. The negative psychological factors and also other mental disorders are caused by defect in the intellect. Intellect discriminates between right and wrong things to be followed. When this faculty is impaired, the person is not able to take proper decisions and this leads to consumption of improper things in diet and lifestyle which are causative factors of disease. Therefore, [[Pragyaparadha]] ( intellectual error/defect) is the important cause for diseases.
The management approach includes maintaining proper restraint over sense and locomotor organs through correcting intellectual defect, memorizing proper dietary and lifestyle regimens, proper orientation of place, time and self-consciousness about modulating as per prescribed regimens. In present era, this is important to prevent infectious diseases, their spread, and management of existing infections and their recurrence.
The management approach includes maintaining proper restraint over sense and locomotor organs through correcting intellectual defect, memorizing proper dietary and lifestyle regimens, proper orientation of place, time and self-consciousness about modulating as per prescribed regimens. In present era, this is important to prevent infectious diseases, their spread, and management of existing infections and their recurrence.
The possible reasons behind incorporating curd in this chapter might be excess consumption of curd as specific dietary factor. The properties of curd are enlisted further in 27th chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] ([[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]]) [verses 225-228].
The possible reasons behind incorporating curd in this chapter might be excess consumption of curd as specific dietary factor. The properties of curd are enlisted further in 27th chapter of [[Sutra Sthana]] ([[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]]) [verses 225-228].
The curd should not be taken at night. Curd is ''abhishyandi'' (increasing secretions and causing obstruction). At night, there is obstruction of channels in body and digestion is weak. Ghee, sugar, green gram soup, and honey and Embelica officinalis should be added to curd in order to prevent its untoward effects. Curd should not be heated as it makes it incompatible to the body. If, the above instructions are not followed by a “curd foodie”, the person will suffer from fever, bleeding disorder, skin diseases anemia, jaundice and vertigo.
The curd should not be taken at night. Curd is [[abhishyandi]] (increasing secretions and causing obstruction). At night, there is obstruction of channels in body and digestion is weak. Ghee, sugar, green gram soup, and honey and Embelica officinalis should be added to curd in order to prevent its untoward effects. Curd should not be heated as it makes it incompatible to the body. If, the above instructions are not followed by a “curd foodie”, the person will suffer from fever, bleeding disorder, skin diseases anemia, jaundice and vertigo.
To conclude, Chakrapani further reinforces which foods should be used and which should not be used, regimen of physical exercise etc. Treatment of diseases, which have not yet manifested is by elimination of ''doshas'' at appropriate time. Treatments of manifested diseases are purificatory and rejuvenation therapies, and use of aphrodisiacs. (63-66)
To conclude, Chakrapani further reinforces which foods should be used and which should not be used, regimen of physical exercise etc. Treatment of diseases, which have not yet manifested is by elimination of [[dosha]] at appropriate time. Treatments of manifested diseases are purificatory and rejuvenation therapies, and use of aphrodisiacs. (63-66)
</div>
</div>
=== List of Research works done ===
=== List of Research works done ===
IPGT & RA, Jamnagar:
Place: IPGT & RA, Jamnagar:
#Shah BB: 1992: A study of the concept of Vegavarodha with particular reference to its impact on gastrointestinal tract and assessment of management principles [L-1925]
#Shah BB: 1992: A study of the concept of Vegavarodha with particular reference to its impact on gastrointestinal tract and assessment of management principles [L-1925]
Akola:
Place: Akola:
#Aaware Milind B. :2000: Adharaneeya Kshudha vegache Arogyavishayak Mahatma va tyache vartamana kalin mahatmya.
#Aaware Milind B. :2000: Adharaneeya Kshudha vegache Arogyavishayak Mahatma va tyache vartamana kalin mahatmya.
Shri [[Ayurveda]] college, Nagpur:
Place: Shri [[Ayurveda]] college, Nagpur:
#Patil K.B.: 1995: Ayurvedeeya Samhita Grantha madhye varnita adharaneeya vegancha shareera swasthyavara honara prabhava – ek adhyayana
#Patil K.B.: 1995: Ayurvedeeya Samhita Grantha madhye varnita adharaneeya vegancha shareera swasthyavara honara prabhava – ek adhyayana
#Malgudkar SM : 2002: Effect of dharaneeya vegas of samhita and their clinical evaluation in modern era –A study w.s.r. to krodha
#Malgudkar SM : 2002: Effect of dharaneeya vegas of samhita and their clinical evaluation in modern era –A study w.s.r. to krodha
Bijapur:
Place: Bijapur:
#Awaradi C.M. : 2004: ''Dharaneeya vegas'' on the effect of psychosomatic disorders
#Awaradi C.M. : 2004: ''Dharaneeya vegas'' on the effect of psychosomatic disorders
Ashtanga [[Ayurveda]] college, Pune:
Place: Ashtanga [[Ayurveda]] college, Pune:
#Rupali Purkar : 2003: To study ''dharaneeya manasika vegas'' and its role in etio-pathology of ''Hridroga''
#Rupali Purkar : 2003: To study ''dharaneeya manasika vegas'' and its role in etio-pathology of ''Hridroga''
Tilak [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Pune:
Place: Tilak [[Ayurveda]] Mahavidyalaya, Pune:
#Ambekar Leena G.: Effect of Sukha saraka churna in Malavarodha
#Ambekar Leena G.: Effect of Sukha saraka churna in Malavarodha
Trivandrum:
Place: Trivandrum:
#Jayshree M.N.: 1999: A conceptual analysis of sharirika vega in the content of Ayurvedic system of medicine
#Jayshree M.N.: 1999: A conceptual analysis of sharirika vega in the content of Ayurvedic system of medicine
Pune University:
Place: Pune University:
#Sathye B.V. [1986] PhD thesis: Vihara chikitsa through Yoga procedures
#Sathye B.V. [1986] PhD thesis: Vihara chikitsa through Yoga procedures
Tibbiya college, Delhi :
Place: Tibbiya college, Delhi :
#Tejinder : 2006: A clinical study on the effect of vyayama in medo vriddhi persons of deha prakriti
#Tejinder : 2006: A clinical study on the effect of [[vyayama]] in medo vriddhi persons of deha prakriti
SDM College of [[Ayurveda]], Hassan:
Place: SDM College of [[Ayurveda]], Hassan:
#Vijayalakshmi GH: A comparative study on vyayama and yoga in the management of sthoola madhumeha
#Vijayalakshmi GH: A comparative study on vyayama and yoga in the management of sthoola madhumeha
Sri [[Ayurveda]] college, Nagpur:
Place: Sri [[Ayurveda]] college, Nagpur:
#Andhare RV:2003: Vibhinna deha prakriti ke vyaktiyon mein Dehoshma [body temperature] par kala tatha vayanusar vyayama [exercise] ka prabhava : Ek adhyayana
#Andhare RV:2003: Vibhinna deha prakriti ke vyaktiyon mein Dehoshma [body temperature] par kala tatha vayanusar vyayama [exercise] ka prabhava : Ek adhyayana
===References===
=== Glossary ===
=== Glossary ===