Changes

|keywords=Quantity of diet, Dinacharya, Abhyanga, Nasya, Kavala / Gandusha, Anu taila, Anjana, karnapurana, personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.  

|keywords=Quantity of diet, Dinacharya, Abhyanga, Nasya, Kavala / Gandusha, Anu taila, Anjana, karnapurana, personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.  

|description=Swastha chatushka, the tetrad of chapters on health, deals with the preservation of health and prevention of diseases. The first chapter of this tetrad, entitled Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, covers two topics viz. various aspects of the proper quantity and quality of diet and various daily regimens that should be followed by a person for healthy living

|description=Swastha chatushka, the tetrad of chapters on health, deals with the preservation of health and prevention of diseases. The first chapter of this tetrad, entitled Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, covers two topics viz. various aspects of the proper quantity and quality of diet and various daily regimens that should be followed by a person for healthy living

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=carak samhita

|image_alt=carak samhita

|type=article

|type=article

|label6 = Translator and commentator

|label6 = Translator and commentator

|data6 = Nair S.S.R., Deole Y. S.

|data6 = Nair S.S.R., Deole Y. S.

|label7 = Reviewer  

|label7 = Author of Vidhi Vimarsha

|data7 = Reddy P.S.

|label8 = Editors  

|label8 = Reviewer  

|data8 = Reddy P.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

|data8 = Reddy P.S.

|label9 = Year of publication  

|label9 = Editors  

|data9 =  2020

|data9 = Reddy P.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

|label10 = Publisher  

|label10 = Year of publication  

|data10 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|data10 =  2020

|label11 = DOI  

|label11 = Publisher  

|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007]

|data11 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|label12 = DOI  

|data12 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007]

}}

}}

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

A wholesome diet is essential for good health and prevention of disease. Considering the importance of quantity of diet, this tetrad dealing with health commences with this chapter. Two topics are explained here: - the concept of proper quantity of diet and the details of daily regimen. Charak dedicated an entire tetrad (''Annapana chatushkam'') for explaining qualities and effects of dietetics later in this section of [[Sutra Sthana]]. Important aspects of food have also been dealt with in the first and the second chapters of [[Vimana Sthana]]. Diet is the only factor which is responsible for normal health as well as disease. How and what food should be taken is assessed by eight factors. These factors are collectively designated as [[Rasa Vimana # Ashta vidha ahara visheshayatana ( eight specific factors for diet) | ahara visheshayatana ]].  

A wholesome diet is essential for good health and prevention of disease. Considering the importance of quantity of diet, this tetrad dealing with health commences with this chapter. Two topics are explained here: - the concept of proper quantity of diet and the details of daily regimen. Charak dedicated an entire tetrad (''Annapana chatushkam'') for explaining qualities and effects of dietetics later in this section of [[Sutra Sthana]]. Important aspects of food have also been dealt with in the first and the second chapters of [[Vimana Sthana]]. Diet is the only factor which is responsible for normal health as well as disease. How and what food should be taken is assessed by eight factors. These factors are collectively designated as [[Rasa Vimana # Ashta vidha ahara visheshayatana ( eight specific factors for diet) | ahara visheshayatana ]].  

In relation to food, the present chapter explains the ideal quantity of food articles and determination of measurement of food articles with reference to their heaviness and lightness. Such food articles whose habitual use is recommended and/or prohibited include eye-salves, herbal cigar smoking, and three varieties of medicated cigars. The chapter also enumerates the advantages of herbal smoking, frequency and time of smoking, dosage, proper method, details about preparation of smoking pipe, complications, its remedies and contra-indications. The benefits of ''nasya'' (nasal drug administration), their procedures, types, time of administration, and methods are explained.  The details of tooth-cleaning, the list of mouthwash liquids and their benefits, and advantages of oil gargling are mentioned for oral health. The benefits of applying oil on the head, applying oil into the ears, anointing the feet, body-massage, bath, wearing clean clothes, perfumes and jewel-ornaments, ablutions, clipping and trimming of hair, wearing footwear, and to carry umbrella and staff are described in this chapter.

In relation to food, the present chapter explains the ideal quantity of food articles and determination of measurement of food articles with reference to their heaviness and lightness. Such food articles whose habitual use is recommended and/or prohibited include eye-salves, herbal cigar smoking, and three varieties of medicated cigars. The chapter also enumerates the advantages of herbal smoking, frequency and time of smoking, dosage, proper method, details about preparation of smoking pipe, complications, its remedies and contra-indications. The benefits of ''[[nasya]]'' (nasal drug administration), their procedures, types, time of administration, and methods are explained.  The details of tooth-cleaning, the list of mouthwash liquids and their benefits, and advantages of oil gargling are mentioned for oral health. The benefits of applying oil on the head, applying oil into the ears, anointing the feet, body-massage, bath, wearing clean clothes, perfumes and jewel-ornaments, ablutions, clipping and trimming of hair, wearing footwear, and to carry umbrella and staff are described in this chapter.

</div>

</div>

</div></div>

</div></div>

One should daily apply the collyrium of sauviranjana (antimony sulphide), which is beneficial to the eyes.; one should use rasanjana (aqueous extract of Berberis aristata) once in every fifth or eighth night for cleansing drainage of the eyes. [15]

One should daily apply the collyrium of sauviranjana (a type of collyrium), which is beneficial to the eyes.; one should use rasanjana (aqueous extract of Berberis aristata) once in every fifth or eighth night for cleansing drainage of the eyes. [15]

==== Direction of use ====

==== Direction of use ====

dr̥ṣṭirnirākulā bhāti nirmalē nabhasīnduvat|20|  

dr̥ṣṭirnirākulā bhāti nirmalē nabhasīnduvat|20|  

yathA hi kanakAdInAM malinAM<ref> Caraka Samhita pp.129 </ref> vividhAtmanAm||18||  

yathA hi kanakAdInAM malinAMvividhAtmanAm||18||  

dhautAnAM nirmalA shuddhistailacelakacAdibhiH|  

dhautAnAM nirmalA shuddhistailacelakacAdibhiH|  

<ref>Achyuta G Atara, R Manjusha, Vinay J Shukla, Dharmendra B Vaghela, Brijesh Rooparalia. Clinical evaluation of Krimidanta Pratishedha (anti-caries) activity of Triphaladi Gandusha in high risk dental caries patients. Ayu. 2014 Jan; 35(1):42-5</ref>  

<ref>Achyuta G Atara, R Manjusha, Vinay J Shukla, Dharmendra B Vaghela, Brijesh Rooparalia. Clinical evaluation of Krimidanta Pratishedha (anti-caries) activity of Triphaladi Gandusha in high risk dental caries patients. Ayu. 2014 Jan; 35(1):42-5</ref>  

==== Pratimarsha [[nasya]] (daily nasal errhine) ====

=== Pratimarsha [[nasya]] (daily nasal errhine) ===

Daily nasal administration (Pratimarsha nasya) of Anu taila, Yogic practices and Diet as daily regimen are effective in prevention of frequent attacks of Pratishyaya. <ref>Dr. Mangalagowri V Rao, Prof. Rajesh Kumar, Prof. S K Tiwari. Role of Pratimarsha Nasya, Yogic Practices and Diet in Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis), European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2015, 2 (6), 267-275</ref>

Daily nasal administration (Pratimarsha nasya) of Anu taila, Yogic practices and Diet as daily regimen are effective in prevention of frequent attacks of Pratishyaya. <ref>Dr. Mangalagowri V Rao, Prof. Rajesh Kumar, Prof. S K Tiwari. Role of Pratimarsha Nasya, Yogic Practices and Diet in Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis), European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2015, 2 (6), 267-275</ref>

===[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) ===

====[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) ====

[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) provides reduction of pain, increased sense of relaxation, emotional well-being, and better sleep. A study was conducted on use of massage therapy on pain levels of patients admitted in medical, surgical, and obstetrics units at an acute care setting. Massage therapy sessions averaging 30 minutes improved pain scores and reduced the dose of pain medication and increased relaxation, emotional well-being, ability to sleep among patients.<ref>Adams R, White B, Beckett C. The effects of massage therapy on pain management in the acute care setting. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2010;3(1):4-11.</ref> Massage therapy also provides benefits in depression, pains, asthma, multiple sclerosis, dementia. A review study on effect of massage therapy showed beneficial effects in variety of conditions like prenatal depression, autism, skin diseases, painful conditions like arthritis and fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders like asthma and multiple sclerosis, along with diseases like AIDS, HIV and breast cancer and age related issues like Parkinson's disease and dementia.<ref>Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;24:19-31.</ref>  

[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) provides reduction of pain, increased sense of relaxation, emotional well-being, and better sleep. A study was conducted on use of massage therapy on pain levels of patients admitted in medical, surgical, and obstetrics units at an acute care setting. Massage therapy sessions averaging 30 minutes improved pain scores and reduced the dose of pain medication and increased relaxation, emotional well-being, ability to sleep among patients.<ref>Adams R, White B, Beckett C. The effects of massage therapy on pain management in the acute care setting. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2010;3(1):4-11.</ref> Massage therapy also provides benefits in depression, pains, asthma, multiple sclerosis, dementia. A review study on effect of massage therapy showed beneficial effects in variety of conditions like prenatal depression, autism, skin diseases, painful conditions like arthritis and fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders like asthma and multiple sclerosis, along with diseases like AIDS, HIV and breast cancer and age related issues like Parkinson's disease and dementia.<ref>Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;24:19-31.</ref>  

===== Head massage =====

==== Head massage ====

Head massage increases scalp hair thickness. In a study standardized scalp massage for 24 weeks, increased hair thickness (0.085 ± 0.003 mm vs 0.092 ± 0.001 mm). Increased expression of hair cycle–related genes such as NOGGIN, BMP4, SMAD4, and IL6ST and decrease in hair loss–related genes such as IL6 was observed in RTPCR (Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Stretching forces result in changes in gene expression in human dermal papilla cells. Standardized scalp massage produces mechanical stress to human dermal papilla cells present in subcutaneous tissue. Hence, increase in Hair thickness was observed when subjected to standardized scalp massage. <ref>Koyama T, Kobayashi K, Hama T, Murakami K, Ogawa R. Standardized Scalp Massage Results in Increased Hair Thickness by Inducing Stretching Forces to Dermal Papilla Cells in the Subcutaneous Tissue. Eplasty. 2016;16: e8.</ref>  

Head massage increases scalp hair thickness. In a study, standardized scalp massage for 24 weeks increased hair thickness (0.085 ± 0.003 mm vs 0.092 ± 0.001 mm). Increased expression of hair cycle–related genes such as NOGGIN, BMP4, SMAD4, and IL6ST and decrease in hair loss–related genes such as IL6 was observed in real-time RTPCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Stretching forces result in changes in gene expression in human dermal papilla cells. Standardized scalp massage produces mechanical stress to human dermal papilla cells present in subcutaneous tissue. Hence, increase in hair thickness was observed when subjected to standardized scalp massage. <ref>Koyama T, Kobayashi K, Hama T, Murakami K, Ogawa R. Standardized Scalp Massage Results in Increased Hair Thickness by Inducing Stretching Forces to Dermal Papilla Cells in the Subcutaneous Tissue. Eplasty. 2016;16: e8.</ref>  

Head massage treatment activates parasympathetic nerve activity. This leads to feeling of freshness and relief from anxiety. The results show that head massage treatment has a relaxing and refreshing effect. It  can be used to provide comfort in patients. <ref>Murota M, Iwawaki Y, Uebaba K, et al. Physical and Psychological Effects of Head Treatment in the Supine Position Using Specialized Ayurveda-Based Techniques. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(7):526-532.</ref>  

Head massage treatment activates parasympathetic nerve activity. This leads to feeling of freshness and relief from anxiety. The results show that head massage treatment has a relaxing and refreshing effect. It  can be used to provide comfort in patients. <ref>Murota M, Iwawaki Y, Uebaba K, et al. Physical and Psychological Effects of Head Treatment in the Supine Position Using Specialized Ayurveda-Based Techniques. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(7):526-532.</ref>  

The head massage also promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss. Self-Assessments of standardized scalp massages was done among subjects suffering from Androgenic Alopecia. The results showed that the massages by actions of pressing, pinching and stretching with the help of hands resulted in hair loss stabilization or regrowth among the subjects. But the improvements were less in condition of diffuse versus frontal/temporal or vertex thinning.<ref>Robert S English Jr,  James M Barazesh . Self-Assessments of Standardized Scalp Massages for Androgenic Alopecia: Survey Results. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 9, 167–178 (2019).</ref>

The head massage also promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss. Self-Assessments of standardized scalp massages was done among subjects suffering from androgenic alopecia. The results showed that the massages by actions of pressing, pinching and stretching with the help of hands resulted in hair loss stabilization or regrowth among the subjects. But the improvements were less in condition of diffuse versus frontal/temporal or vertex thinning.<ref>Robert S English Jr,  James M Barazesh . Self-Assessments of Standardized Scalp Massages for Androgenic Alopecia: Survey Results. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 9, 167–178 (2019).</ref>

===== Foot massage =====

==== Foot massage ====

Foot massage provides improvement in fatigue, sleep and pain and quality of life. The improvement in quality of life scale and psychiatric symptoms were observed (with p<0.05) among subjects after foot bath and massage. <ref>Kazuko Kito , Keiko Suzuki. Research on the Effect of the Foot Bath and Foot Massage on Residual Schizophrenia Patients, Arch Psychiatr Nurs . 2016 Jun;30(3):375-81.</ref> A meta-analysis based review study indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain. <ref>Jeongsoon Lee, Misook Han, Younghae Chung, Jinsun Kim, Jungsook Choi. Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011 Dec;41(6):821-33.</ref> Using foot massage, by both nurses and family members can reduce the pain of patients in intensive care unit. This intervention may improve the nursing care quality with the least cost and complications.<ref>Momeni M, Arab M, Dehghan M, Ahmadinejad M. The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain of the Intensive Care Patients: A Parallel Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:3450853. Published 2020 Jun 13.</ref> Foot and hand massage proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling postoperative pain.<ref>Nuriye Degirmen PhD, Nebahat Ozerdogan PhD, Deniz Sayiner PhD,  Nedime Kosgeroglu PhD, Unal Ayranci MD. Effectiveness of foot and hand massage in post-cesarean pain control in a group of Turkish pregnant women Applied Nursing Research.23(3);2010:153-158.</ref>  

Foot massage provides improvement in fatigue, sleep and pain and quality of life. The improvement in quality of life scale and psychiatric symptoms were observed (with p<0.05) among subjects after foot bath and massage. <ref>Kazuko Kito , Keiko Suzuki. Research on the Effect of the Foot Bath and Foot Massage on Residual Schizophrenia Patients, Arch Psychiatr Nurs . 2016 Jun;30(3):375-81.</ref> A meta-analysis based review study indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain. <ref>Jeongsoon Lee, Misook Han, Younghae Chung, Jinsun Kim, Jungsook Choi. Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011 Dec;41(6):821-33.</ref> Using foot massage, by both nurses and family members can reduce the pain of patients in intensive care unit. This intervention may improve the nursing care quality with the least cost and complications.<ref>Momeni M, Arab M, Dehghan M, Ahmadinejad M. The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain of the Intensive Care Patients: A Parallel Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:3450853. Published 2020 Jun 13.</ref> Foot and hand massage proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling postoperative pain.<ref>Nuriye Degirmen PhD, Nebahat Ozerdogan PhD, Deniz Sayiner PhD,  Nedime Kosgeroglu PhD, Unal Ayranci MD. Effectiveness of foot and hand massage in post-cesarean pain control in a group of Turkish pregnant women Applied Nursing Research.23(3);2010:153-158.</ref>  

===== Powder massage (Udvartana) =====

==== Powder massage (Udvartana) ====

A comparative study between usage of tummy trimmer and Kolakulatthadi churna Udvartana for 30 days, showed better result in Udvartana group.<ref> Manjunath Akki, Suresh Hakkandi, Abid Hussaine. A comparative clinical study on the effect of Udvartana and tummy trimmer in Udara Lambanatva with special reference to central obesity. International Journal f Ayurveda and Pharma research, 7 (1) January 2019, Page 32-38</ref>

A comparative study between usage of tummy trimmer and Kolakulatthadi churna Udvartana for 30 days, showed better result in Udvartana group.<ref> Manjunath Akki, Suresh Hakkandi, Abid Hussaine. A comparative clinical study on the effect of Udvartana and tummy trimmer in Udara Lambanatva with special reference to central obesity. International Journal f Ayurveda and Pharma research, 7 (1) January 2019, Page 32-38</ref>

A case study showed intake of  gruel preparation made from buttermilk (Takra-Siddha Yavagu ) and powder massage (Udvartana) is effective in the management of dyslipidemia for normalization of blood lipids. The effect is observed due to drying (shoshana) and  alleviation of vitiated [[Kapha]] and [[Meda dhatu]]  properties. <ref>Patel B, Kamble SB, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Chinthala R. Hypolipidemic effect of Rukshana Upakrama in the management of dyslipidemia – A case study. AYU 2018;39: Page: 72-75</ref>

A case study showed intake of  gruel preparation made from buttermilk (Takra-Siddha Yavagu ) and powder massage (Udvartana) is effective in the management of dyslipidemia for normalization of blood lipids. The effect is observed due to drying (shoshana) and  alleviation of vitiated [[Kapha]] and [[Meda dhatu]]  properties. <ref>Patel B, Kamble SB, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Chinthala R. Hypolipidemic effect of Rukshana Upakrama in the management of dyslipidemia – A case study. AYU 2018;39: Page: 72-75</ref>

===== Bath ([[snana]]) =====

=== Bath ([[snana]]) ===

Bath provides cleanliness of body and mind, relief from fatigue. In a study, significant improvement in SCORAD score, itching, and insomnia was observed (with p < 0.001) in children using weakly acidic syndets for daily bath during the summer season. <ref>Kim H, Ban J, Park MR, et al. Effect of bathing on atopic dermatitis during the summer season. Asia Pac Allergy. 2012;2(4):269-274.</ref> Mist sauna bathing in morning results in improvement of work efficiency when compared to other bathing methods. <ref>Lee S, Fujimura H, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Verification of impact of morning showering and mist sauna bathing on human physiological functions and work efficiency during the day. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59(9):1207-1212. doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0932-3</ref>

Bath provides cleanliness of body and mind, relief from fatigue. In a study, significant improvement in SCORAD score, itching, and insomnia was observed (with p < 0.001) in children using weakly acidic syndets for daily bath during the summer season. <ref>Kim H, Ban J, Park MR, et al. Effect of bathing on atopic dermatitis during the summer season. Asia Pac Allergy. 2012;2(4):269-274.</ref> Mist sauna bathing in morning results in improvement of work efficiency when compared to other bathing methods. <ref>Lee S, Fujimura H, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Verification of impact of morning showering and mist sauna bathing on human physiological functions and work efficiency during the day. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59(9):1207-1212. doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0932-3</ref>

==== Important Cross references about diet and daily regimen (Dinacharya) ====

=== Important Cross references about diet and daily regimen ([[Dinacharya]]) ===

*Regarding quantity of food: The classification of amount of food in bolus irrespective of food article (Sarvagraha) and amount of each food item like rice, soup, meat soup etc. (Parigraha) is mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/21 (4)]  

*Regarding quantity of food: The classification of amount of food in bolus irrespective of food article (Sarvagraha) and amount of each food item like rice, soup, meat soup etc. (Parigraha) is mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/21 (4)]  

[[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]], [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], [[Rasa Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Trividhakukshiya Vimana Adhyaya]]

[[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]], [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], [[Rasa Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Trividhakukshiya Vimana Adhyaya]]

==References==

==References==