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|title=Matrashiteeya Adhyaya

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|keywords=Quantity of diet, Dinacharya, Abhyanga, Nasya, Kavala / Gandusha, Anu taila, Anjana, karnapurana, personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs

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|keywords=Quantity of diet, Dinacharya, Abhyanga, Nasya, Kavala / Gandusha, Anu taila, Anjana, karnapurana, personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Swastha chatushka, the tetrad of chapters on health, deals with the preservation of health and prevention of diseases. The first chapter of this tetrad, entitled Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, covers two topics viz. various aspects of the proper quantity and quality of diet and various daily regimens that should be followed by a person for healthy living

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|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

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|image_alt=carak samhita

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|type=article

}}

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 5. The proper quantity of food and daily regimen for preserving health '''</big>

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~~<big>'''Abstract'''</big>~~

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<div style="text-align:justify;">Swastha chatushka, the tetrad of chapters on health, deals with the preservation of health and prevention of diseases. The first chapter of this tetrad, entitled Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, covers two topics viz. various aspects of the proper quantity and quality of diet and various daily regimens that should be followed by a person for healthy living. The tenets of personal hygiene, oral hygiene and hygiene of sense organs are described in this chapter. The routine procedures to preserve health like [[abhyanga]] (massage),[[dhumapana]] (inhalation of smoke/vapours), [[nasya]] (nasal errhines), [[kavala]] and [[gandusha]] ( methods of gargling), [[karnapurana]] (applying oil in ears), [[anjana]] (collyrium) etc. are described in this chapter with their methods of administration and positive health benefits. </div>

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'''Keywords''': Quantity of diet, [[Dinacharya]], [[Abhyanga]], [[Nasya]], [[Kavala]] / [[Gandusha]], [[Anu taila]], [[Anjana]], [[karnapurana]], personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs.

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{{Infobox

|title = Matrashiteeya Adhyaya

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|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

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|label6 = Translator and commentator

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|data6 = Nair S.S.R., Deole Y. S.

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|label7 = Author of Vidhi Vimarsha

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|data7 = Rao M.

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|label8 = Reviewer

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|data8 = Reddy P.S.

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|label9 = Editors

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|data9 = Reddy P.S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

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|label10 = Year of publication

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|data10 = 2020

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|label11 = Publisher

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|data11 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

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|label12 = DOI

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|data12 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.007]

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}}

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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

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}}

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<div style="text-align:justify;">Swastha chatushka, the tetrad of chapters on [[health]], deals with the preservation of [[health]] and prevention of [[disease]]. The first chapter of this tetrad, entitled Matrashiteeya Adhyaya, covers two topics viz. various aspects of the proper quantity and quality of diet and various daily regimens that should be followed by a person for healthy living. The tenets of personal hygiene, oral hygiene and hygiene of sense organs are described in this chapter. The routine procedures to preserve health like [[abhyanga]] (massage), [[dhumapana]] (inhalation of smoke/vapors), [[nasya]] (nasal errhines), [[kavala]] and [[gandusha]] ( methods of gargling), [[karnapurana]] (applying oil in ears), [[anjana]] (collyrium) etc. are described in this chapter with their methods of administration and positive health benefits. </div>

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'''Keywords''': Quantity of diet, [[Dinacharya]], [[Abhyanga]], [[Nasya]], [[Kavala]] , [[Gandusha]], [[Anu taila]], [[Anjana]], [[karnapurana]], personal hygiene, oral health, gargling, nasal errhines, massage, collyrium, mouth wash, health of sense organs.

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=== Introduction ===

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== Introduction ==

A wholesome diet is essential for good health and prevention of disease. Considering the importance of quantity of diet, this tetrad dealing with health commences with this chapter. Two topics are explained here: - the concept of proper quantity of diet and the details of daily regimen. Charak dedicated an entire tetrad (''Annapana chatushkam'') for explaining qualities and effects of dietetics later in this section of [[Sutra Sthana]]. Important aspects of food have also been dealt with in the first and the second chapters of [[Vimana Sthana]]. Diet is the only factor which is responsible for normal health as well as disease. How and what food should be taken is assessed by eight factors. These factors are collectively designated as [[Rasa Vimana # Ashta vidha ahara visheshayatana ( eight specific factors for diet) | ahara visheshayatana ]].

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In relation to food, the present chapter explains the ideal quantity of food articles and determination of measurement of food articles with reference to their heaviness and lightness. Such food articles whose habitual use is recommended and/or prohibited include eye-salves, herbal cigar smoking, and three varieties of medicated cigars. The chapter also enumerates the advantages of herbal smoking, frequency and time of smoking, dosage, proper method, details about preparation of smoking pipe, complications, its remedies and contra-indications. The benefits of ''nasya'' (nasal drug administration), their procedures, types, time of administration, and methods are explained. The details of tooth-cleaning ~~twig, properties and use of different twigs~~, the list of mouthwash liquids and their benefits, and advantages of oil gargling are mentioned for oral health. The benefits of applying oil on the head, applying oil into the ears, anointing the feet, body-massage, bath, wearing clean clothes, perfumes and jewel-ornaments, ablutions, clipping and trimming of hair, wearing footwear, and to carry umbrella and staff are described in this chapter.

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In relation to food, the present chapter explains the ideal quantity of food articles and determination of measurement of food articles with reference to their heaviness and lightness. Such food articles whose habitual use is recommended and/or prohibited include eye-salves, herbal cigar smoking, and three varieties of medicated cigars. The chapter also enumerates the advantages of herbal smoking, frequency and time of smoking, dosage, proper method, details about preparation of smoking pipe, complications, its remedies and contra-indications. The benefits of ''[[nasya]]'' (nasal drug administration), their procedures, types, time of administration, and methods are explained. The details of tooth-cleaning, the list of mouthwash liquids and their benefits, and advantages of oil gargling are mentioned for oral health. The benefits of applying oil on the head, applying oil into the ears, anointing the feet, body-massage, bath, wearing clean clothes, perfumes and jewel-ornaments, ablutions, clipping and trimming of hair, wearing footwear, and to carry umbrella and staff are described in this chapter.

</div>

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=== Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ===

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== Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation ==

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</div></div>

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Now we shall expound on the chapter ~~“The~~ quantity of ~~one’s diet”~~. Thus, said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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Now we shall expound the chapter “Matrashiteeya” (The proper quantity of food and daily regimen for preserving health). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

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====Diet for preservation of health and prevention of diseases ====

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===Diet for preservation of health and prevention of diseases ===

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===== Quantity of diet and criteria =====

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==== Quantity of diet and criteria ====

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That shall be known as the proper quantity of food which is digested in due time without disturbing the normalcy. [4]

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===== Inherently heavy and light to digest foods =====

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==== Inherently heavy and light to digest foods ====

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</div>

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===== Basic composition of food =====

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==== Basic composition of food ====

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</div>

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===== Proportion of heavy and light to digest food =====

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==== Proportion of heavy and light to digest food ====

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The right quantity always depends upon the substance itself. Based on the food-article itself, it is advised that heavy articles should be taken upto one third or one half of the saturation point (of capacity of stomach); even light ones should not be taken in surfeit in order to maintain the strength of [[agni]].[7]

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===== Benefits of proper quantity diet =====

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==== Benefits of proper quantity diet ====

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Accordingly, one should never eat such heavy to digest articles as preparations of flour, rice, flattened rice etc., on top of a meal. Even while hungry one should take them in right quantity. [9]

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===== Forbidden food articles for habitual consumption =====

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==== Forbidden food articles for habitual consumption ====

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One should not be habitual to take coagulated milk, cream-cheese, pork, meat of cow and buffalo, fish, curd, black-gram and wild-barley. [11]

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===== Food articles for regular consumption and preservation of health =====

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==== Food articles for regular consumption and preservation of health ====

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One should follow those in the daily regimen, which maintain health as well as prevent onset of diseases. [13]

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==== Daily procedures for preservation of health ====

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=== Daily procedures for preservation of health ===

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From here onwards we shall explain the body regimen like collyrium etc. with reference to their role of maintaining health. [14]

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==== [[Anjana]](Collyrium)====

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=== [[Anjana]](Collyrium)===

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===== Frequency of application and types of collyrium =====

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==== Frequency of application and types of collyrium ====

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</div></div>

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One should daily apply the collyrium of sauviranjana (~~antimony sulphide~~), which is beneficial to the eyes.; one should use rasanjana (aqueous extract of Berberis aristata) once in every fifth or eighth night for cleansing drainage of the eyes. [15]

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One should daily apply the collyrium of sauviranjana (a type of collyrium), which is beneficial to the eyes.; one should use rasanjana (aqueous extract of Berberis aristata) once in every fifth or eighth night for cleansing drainage of the eyes. [15]

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===== Direction of use =====

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==== Direction of use ====

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</div>

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===== Importance and benefits of collyrium application =====

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==== Importance and benefits of collyrium application ====

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dr̥ṣṭirnirākulā bhāti nirmalē nabhasīnduvat|20|

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yathA hi kanakAdInAM ~~malinAM<ref> Caraka Samhita pp.129 </ref> vividhAtmanAm~~||18||

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yathA hi kanakAdInAM malinAMvividhAtmanAm||18||

dhautAnAM nirmalA shuddhistailacelakacAdibhiH|

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</div></div>

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Just as various kinds of tarnished gold-ornaments get cleansed by washing with oil, cloth and ~~hairs.s~~ also, by the use of salves, aspersions in the eyes, the vision of a person shines brightly like moon in the clear sky. [18-19]

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Just as various kinds of tarnished gold-ornaments get cleansed by washing with oil, cloth and hair also, by the use of salves, aspersions in the eyes, the vision of a person shines brightly like moon in the clear sky. [18-19]

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==== [[Dhumapana]] (Inhalation of smoke/~~vapours~~), its types, directions of use and indications ====

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=== [[Dhumapana]] (Inhalation of smoke/vapors), its types, directions of use and indications ===

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===== 1. ''Prayogika [[dhumapana]]'' (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease) =====

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==== 1. ''Prayogika [[dhumapana]]'' (therapeutic inhalation for prevention of disease) ====

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</div>

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===== 2. Snaihika dhumapana (inhalation of smoke with unctuous substances for reducing dryness) =====

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==== 2. Snaihika dhumapana (inhalation of smoke with unctuous substances for reducing dryness) ====

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One should use a herbal cigar, prepared from animal fat, ghee and bee wax and should combine skillfully with the best of drugs belonging to the category of sweet taste, for unctuous smoke. [25-26]

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===== 3. Vairechanika dhumapana (inhalation of smoke with purgative substances for cleansing) =====

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==== 3. Vairechanika dhumapana (inhalation of smoke with purgative substances for cleansing) ====

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One should smoke a cigar made of Shweta (Clitoria ternatea Linn.-white mussel shell creeper), Jyotishmati (Celastrus

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One should smoke a cigar made of Shweta (Clitoria ternatea Linn.-white mussel shell creeper), Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd-staff plant), Haritala (orpiment-yellow arsenic), Manashila (realger) and other aromatic ones like Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala Ness & Eberum.-cinnamom-leaf) etc. for elimination of [[dosha]] from head region.[26-27]

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paniculatus Willd-staff plant), Haritala (orpiment-yellow arsenic), Manashila (realger) and other aromatic ones like Aguru (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.), Patra (Cinnamomum tamala Ness & Eberum.-cinnamom-leaf) etc. for elimination of [[dosha]] from head region.[26-27]

</div>

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===== Indications of [[dhumapana]] =====

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==== Indications of [[dhumapana]] ====

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It is indicated in complaints of heaviness in the head, headache, rhinitis, migraine, ear-ache, pain in eyes, cough, hiccup, ~~dyspnoea~~, obstruction of the throat, weakness of the teeth, discharge from the ear, nose and eyes due to morbid condition, nasal fetor, halitosis, odontalgia, anorexia, lock-jaw, ~~torticolis~~, pruritis, worms, pallor of the face, mucoid discharge from the mouth, impaired voice, ''galashundi'' (uvulitis), ''upajihvika'' (ranula), alopecia, graying of hair, and falling of hair.

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It is indicated in complaints of heaviness in the head, headache, rhinitis, migraine, ear-ache, pain in eyes, cough, hiccup, dyspnea, obstruction of the throat, weakness of the teeth, discharge from the ear, nose and eyes due to morbid condition, nasal fetor, halitosis, odontalgia, anorexia, lock-jaw, torticollis, pruritis, worms, pallor of the face, mucoid discharge from the mouth, impaired voice, ''galashundi'' (uvulitis), ''upajihvika'' (ranula), alopecia, graying of hair, and falling of hair.

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Medicated smoke inhalation alleviates ~~sternutation~~, excessive drowsiness, loss of consciousness and hypersomnia. It augments the strength of the scalp hair roots, the senses and voice. Moreover, those who resort to smoke inhalation by oral route are not afflicted by [[vata]] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] affecting the upper part of the body or head, howsoever strong the disease may be.[27-33]

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Medicated smoke inhalation alleviates sneezing, excessive drowsiness, loss of consciousness and hypersomnia. It augments the strength of the scalp hair roots, the senses and voice. Moreover, those who resort to smoke inhalation by oral route are not afflicted by [[vata]] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] affecting the upper part of the body or head, howsoever strong the disease may be.[27-33]

</div>

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===== Proper times of administration of [[~~Dhumapana~~]] ~~and=~~====

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==== Proper times of administration of [[dhumapana]] ====

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Considering the time of aggravation of [[Vata]] and [[Kapha]] [[dosha]] in body, eight specific times of administration of medicated smoke have been prescribed for daily use.The self controlled man should resort to inhalation of smoke after taking bath, after scraping the tongue, after sneezing, after brushing the teeth, after [[nasya]], after the use of eye-salve/collyrium and at the end of sleep. Thereby, [[vata]] and [[kapha]] borne diseases affecting the body parts above the clavicle do not afflict him.

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Considering the time of aggravation of [[Vata]] and [[Kapha]] [[dosha]] in body, eight specific times of administration of medicated smoke have been prescribed for daily use. The self controlled man should resort to inhalation of smoke after taking bath, after scraping the tongue, after sneezing, after brushing the teeth, after [[nasya]], after the use of eye-salve/collyrium and at the end of sleep. Thereby, [[vata]] and [[kapha]] borne diseases affecting the body parts above the clavicle do not afflict him.

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In these conditions, inhalation should be done thrice, in three puffs each time. A wise man should practice habitual smoking twice a day only, the unctuous smoking once a day and the purgative smoking ~~thrice~~ or four times a day. [33-36]

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In these conditions, inhalation should be done thrice, in three puffs each time. A wise man should practice habitual smoking twice a day only, the unctuous smoking once a day and the purgative smoking three or four times a day. [33-36]

</div>

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===== Signs of proper [[dhumapana]] =====

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==== Signs of proper [[dhumapana]] ====

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</div></div>

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Feeling of well-being and clarity in ''hridaya'' (cardiac region), throat and senses, lightness of the head and pacification of the vitiated [[dosha]] are the signs of proper [[dhumapana]]. [36-38]

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Feeling of well-being and clarity in [[hridaya]] (cardiac region), throat and senses, lightness of the head and pacification of the vitiated [[dosha]] are the signs of proper [[dhumapana]]. [36-38]

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===== Complications due to excess [[dhumapana]] and their management =====

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==== Complications due to excess [[dhumapana]] and their management ====

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</div>

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===== Contraindications of [[dhumapana]] =====

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==== Contraindications of [[dhumapana]] ====

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</div>

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===== Method of [[dhumapana]] (smoke inhalation) =====

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==== Method of [[dhumapana]] (smoke inhalation) ====

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</div>

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===== Dhuma netra (nozzle of smoking pipe) =====

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==== Dhuma netra (nozzle of smoking pipe) ====

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The smoke which comes from a distance, intercepted by the knots/bulges and attenuated by passing through the tapering pipe, taken with due consideration of dose and time does not impair the senses. [51-52]

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===== Effects of less, proper & excess [[~~Dhumapana~~]] (smoke inhalation) =====

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==== Effects of less, proper & excess [[dhumapana]] (smoke inhalation) ====

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</div>

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==== [[Nasya]] therapy (nasal errhines), indications and benefits ====

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=== [[Nasya]] therapy (nasal errhines), indications and benefits ===

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One should take a course of [[anu taila]] every year, during three seasons, of the pre-rainy season, the autumn and the spring, when the sky is free from clouds.

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One, who practices [[nasya]], per the prescribed method, at the proper time, will keep his sight, smell and hearing unimpaired. His hair and beard will never become white or grey; his hair will not fall off, rather will grow in abundance. ~~Torticolis~~, head-ache, facial paralysis, lock-jaw, rhinitis, ~~hemicranias~~ and tremors of the head will be alleviated thereby. The [[nasya]] will nourish the blood vessels, joints, ligaments and tendons of cranium, giving them greater strength. The face will become cheerful and plump, the voice will become mellow, firm and stentorian, and all the senses will become clearer and strengthened considerably. Diseases related to head and neck would not attack him all of a sudden even though he might be aging. The effects of senility would not affect the head. [56-63]

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One, who practices [[nasya]], per the prescribed method, at the proper time, will keep his sight, smell and hearing unimpaired. His hair and beard will never become white or grey; his hair will not fall off, rather will grow in abundance. Torticollis, head-ache, facial paralysis, lock-jaw, rhinitis, hemicrania and tremors of the head will be alleviated thereby. The [[nasya]] will nourish the blood vessels, joints, ligaments and tendons of cranium, giving them greater strength. The face will become cheerful and plump, the voice will become mellow, firm and stentorian, and all the senses will become clearer and strengthened considerably. Diseases related to head and neck would not attack him all of a sudden even though he might be aging. The effects of senility would not affect the head. [56-63]

</div>

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===== Anu taila (Preparation of Anu oil), its dose and method of administration =====

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==== Anu taila (Preparation of Anu oil), its dose and method of administration ====

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</div>

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==== Oral hygiene: Method of cleaning teeth, tongue and directions for tooth brush use ====

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=== Oral hygiene: Method of cleaning teeth, tongue and directions for tooth brush use ===

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One should clean the teeth with a green twig having a crushed end and of astringent, pungent or bitter taste, twice a day without injuring the gums. This removes halitosis, dysgeusia, induces taste for food by removing the impurities from the tongue, the mouth and the teeth, and cleans the teeth instantaneously. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata Pierre-Indian beech), karavira (Nerium indicum Mill-Indian oleander), arka (Calotropis gigantean Linn -madar), malati (Aganosma dichotoma Roth-Arabian jasmine), arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Roxb), asana (Terminalia tomentosa W&A-spinout kini-tree) and such other trees are recommended for use in teeth-cleansing.

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One should clean the teeth with a green twig having a crushed end and of astringent, pungent or bitter taste, twice a day without injuring the gums. This removes halitosis, dysgeusia, induces taste for food by removing the impurities from the tongue, the mouth and the teeth, and cleans the teeth instantaneously. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata Pierre-Indian beech), karavira (Nerium indicum Mill-Indian oleander), arka (Calotropis gigantean Linn -madar), malati (Aganosma dichotoma Roth-Arabian jasmine), arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Roxb), asana (Terminalia tomentosa W&A-spinout kini-tree) and such other trees are recommended for use in teeth-cleansing. Currently, for dental hygiene tooth brush, flossing and dental brushing is being used effectively.

The tongue-scraper should be curved without a sharp edge and be made of gold, silver, copper, tin or brass. The impurities, deposited at the root of the tongue obstruct inhalation, causing halitosis. The tongue, therefore, should be scraped properly. [71-76]

</div>

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===== Mouth fresheners =====

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==== Mouth fresheners ====

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</div>

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===== Directions of [[Gandusha]] (Oil gargling) and its benefits =====

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==== Directions of [[Gandusha]] (Oil gargling) and its benefits ====

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</div>

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==== [[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) ====

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=== [[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) ===

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===== Directions, indications and benefits of [[abhyanga]] (head massage and body massage) =====

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==== Directions, indications and benefits of [[abhyanga]] (head massage and body massage) ====

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Just as a pitcher by smearing with oil, a hide by soaking in oil or an axle by lubricating with oil become firm, so does the human body when oleated with oil. The skin becomes beautiful, [[vata]] disorders are relieved, and tolerance to hardship and physical strain is enhanced.

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[[vayu]] predominates in the tactile sense faculty and the tactile sense faculty resides in the skin. Massage is exceedingly beneficial to the skin. Therefore, a person should practice it regularly. A person’s body accustomed to oil massage is not liable to be afflicted with injury due to external trauma or strenuous physical exertion. A person, by applying daily oil massage, becomes smooth and plump, strong and good looking, while slowing his ~~ageing~~ process. [81-89]

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[[vayu]] predominates in the tactile sense faculty and the tactile sense faculty resides in the skin. Massage is exceedingly beneficial to the skin. Therefore, a person should practice it regularly. A person’s body accustomed to oil massage is not liable to be afflicted with injury due to external trauma or strenuous physical exertion. A person, by applying daily oil massage, becomes smooth and plump, strong and good looking, while slowing his aging process. [81-89]

</div>

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===== Directions and benefits of foot massage =====

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==== Directions and benefits of foot massage ====

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The roughness, stiffness, dryness, fatigue and numbness of feet are alleviated by massaging the legs. The legs attain gentleness, strength, firmness, the eyes attain brightness, and the [[vata]] is pacified. Foot massage also prevents [[grudhrasi]](sciatica), fissures in the feet, contraction of the muscles, and blood vessels of legs. [90-92]

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The roughness, stiffness, dryness, fatigue and numbness of feet are alleviated by massaging the legs. The legs attain gentleness, strength, firmness, the eyes attain brightness, and the [[vata]] is pacified. Foot massage also prevents [[grudhrasi]] (sciatica), fissures in the feet, contraction of the muscles, and blood vessels of legs. [90-92]

</div>

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==== [[Snana]] (bath) and its benefits ====

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=== [[Snana]] (bath) and its benefits ===

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Bathing is purifying, promotive of virility and longevity, remover of fatigue, sweat and dirt, brings about physical strength and enhances [[ojas]] to the highest degree. [93-94]

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==== Virtues of proper attire ====

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=== Virtues of proper attire ===

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The wearing of clean apparel enhances charm and personality of an individual, ~~is promotive of~~ longevity, ~~preventive of~~ bad-luck/inauspiciousness, brings about pleasure, is decorative, makes competent to participate in conferences and is commendable.

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The wearing of clean apparel enhances charm and personality of an individual, promotes longevity, prevents bad-luck/inauspiciousness, brings about pleasure, is decorative, makes competent to participate in conferences and is commendable.

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The use of fragrant articles and garlands enhances virility, promotes longevity, charm, plumpness and strength, is pleasing to the mind, and averts ~~penury~~.

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The use of fragrant articles and garlands enhances virility, promotes longevity, charm, plumpness and strength, is pleasing to the mind, and averts poverty.

The wearing of jewel-ornaments brings prosperity, is auspicious, promotes longevity, is decorative, is dispersive of worries, is exhilarative, is attractive and is enhancing of [[ojas]].

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The frequent ablution of feet and excretory orifices is promotive of intelligence, is purifying, promotes longevity, and dispels of misfortunes and sin.

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The frequent ablution of feet and excretory orifices is promotive of intelligence, is purifying, promotes longevity, and dispels misfortunes and sin.

The trimming and grooming of body hair and nails (manicure and pedicure) is promotive of plumpness, virility, longevity, cleanliness and beauty.

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The donning of footwear is pleasing to the eyes, conducive to the skin of the sole, mitigative of foot-discomfort, promotive of strength, facilitative of easy gait and promotive of virility.

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The carrying of umbrella is ~~avertive of~~ calamities, ~~is promotive of~~ strength, affords protection, cover and comfort, and serves as a shield against sun, wind, dust and rain.

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The carrying of umbrella is averts calamities, promotes strength, affords protection, cover and comfort, and serves as a shield against sun, wind, dust and rain.

The carrying of the staff serves as a prop against stumbling, is dispersive of enemies, serves as a support, promotes longevity, and dispels fear. [95-102]

<div>

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==== Importance of vigilance in self care ====

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=== Importance of vigilance in self care ===

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Like the lord of a city in the affairs of his city, and a charioteer in the management of his chariot, so should a wise man be ever vigilant in the caring of his own body. [103]

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==== Summary ====

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=== Summary ===

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Here are the verses:

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The ideal quantity of food, the articles of food, determination of quantity with reference to their heaviness and lightness; such of the food articles whose habitual use is recommended and is prohibited; eye-salves; cigars; the three varieties of cigar; the advantages of [[dhumapana]] (inhalation of smoke), its times,its dose, frequency; manifestation of complications, and its remedies; contraindications; the method of administration; the material for making the smoking pipe; its size and shape in different categories; the benefits of [[nasya]], their procedures, which type of [[nasya]] should be done, how and when; how the tooth-cleaning twig should be used; the different virtues of various kinds of twigs; which articles should be kept in the mouth and why; what are the advantages of oil-gargling; and what are the advantages of applying oil on the head, dropping oil into the ears, ~~annointing~~ the feet, body-massage, bath, wearing clean clothes, perfumes and jewel-ornaments; of ablutions, clipping and trimming of hair, wearing footwear, and to carrying umbrella and staff. All these are described in this chapter on [[Matrashiteeya]]. [105-111]

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The ideal quantity of food, the articles of food, determination of quantity with reference to their heaviness and lightness; such of the food articles whose habitual use is recommended and is prohibited; eye-salves; cigars; the three varieties of cigar; the advantages of [[dhumapana]] (inhalation of smoke), its times, its dose, frequency; manifestation of complications, and its remedies; contraindications; the method of administration; the material for making the smoking pipe; its size and shape in different categories; the benefits of [[nasya]], their procedures, which type of [[nasya]] should be done, how and when; how the tooth-cleaning twig should be used; the different virtues of various kinds of twigs; which articles should be kept in the mouth and why; what are the advantages of oil-gargling; and what are the advantages of applying oil on the head, dropping oil into the ears, anointing the feet, body-massage, bath, wearing clean clothes, perfumes and jewel-ornaments; of ablutions, clipping and trimming of hair, wearing footwear, and to carrying umbrella and staff. All these are described in this chapter on [[Matrashiteeya]]. [105-111]

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* One should eat proper quantity of food according to strength of [[agni]]. [verse 3]

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* The ideal quantity of food is which gets digested in due time without disturbing the normalcy.[verse 4]

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* The ideal quantity of food is which gets digested in due time without disturbing the normalcy. [verse 4]

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* The food items that are predominant in [[vayu]] and [[agni]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally light for digestion and can be taken regularly to maintain health. Those predominantly of [[prithvi]] and [[jala]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally heavy to digest and shall be taken in ~~small~~ quantity ~~always~~. If the heavy to digest items are taken, then strong physical exercise shall be followed to help [[agni]] to digest this heavy food. [Verse 6]

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* The food items that are predominant in [[vayu]] and [[agni]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally light for digestion and can be taken regularly to maintain health. Those predominantly of [[prithvi]] and [[jala]] [[mahabhuta]] are naturally heavy to digest and shall be taken in smaller quantity. If the heavy to digest items are taken, then strong physical exercise shall be followed to help [[agni]] to digest this heavy food. [Verse 6]

* There should be a right combination of light and heavy food articles in one’s diet regimen. The heavy-to-digest food articles can be one third or one half of total food consumed, while the remaining should be light-to-digest food. In every composition, the digestive capacity of [[agni]] is to be followed. [verse 7]

* If the food is taken in proper quantity, it provides strength, complexion, happiness and longevity to the person. [verse 8]

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* The [[nasya]] (nasal errhines) is advantageous to prevent above diseases as well as disease of head and neck region. [verse 56-70]

* The oral health should be preserved by following appropriate tooth twigs, using herbal mouth wash liquids, oil gargles. [verse 71-80]

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* Oil should be applied on head regularly to prevent diseases like graying of hairs, alopecia, headaches and improve strength of scalp and head region. It also improves quality of sleep.[verse 81-83]

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* Oil should be applied on head regularly to prevent diseases like graying of hairs, alopecia, headaches and improve strength of scalp and head region. It also improves quality of sleep. [verse 81-83]

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* Applying oil in ears regularly prevents ear diseases, stiffness of neck and jaw, improves hearing and prevents deafness [ verse 84]

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* Applying oil in ears regularly prevents ear diseases, stiffness of neck and jaw, improves hearing and prevents deafness. [verse 84]

* [[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) should be regularly followed to improve physical strength, prevents [[vata]] disorders and delays ageing process. It also improves skin texture and prevents indirect physical injuries due to exertion and strains.[verse 85-89]

* Padabhyanga (foot massage) should be regularly followed to prevent disease of lumbo-sacral region like sciatica, leg, foot, heel, plantar fascia, improve strength of legs and eyesight. [verse 90-92]

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==~~= ''~~Vidhi vimarsha'' (Applied Inferences) ===

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== Vidhi vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

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~~We need your contribution to improve the content of this part. Kindly connect carakasamhita@gmail.com.~~

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===Diet and its quantity ===

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~~====Diet~~ and ~~its quantity ====~~

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The proper quantity and quality of diet is not uniform for all the individuals. It varies from person to person, because, it depends primarily on the digestive power of an individual which in turn is influenced by the strength of [[agni]]. The strength of [[agni]] varies according to age, sex, season etc. In the same person diurnal and seasonal variations occur. The diurnal variations are minimal, but seasonal variations are significant. So, it is described as seasonal diets and regimen in the next chapter [[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]]). One can prevent diseases due to seasonal variations by adhering to the instructions given in this chapter.

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~~The proper quantity and quality~~ of ~~diet is not uniform for all~~ the ~~individuals. It varies from person to person~~, ~~because~~, ~~it depends primarily on the digestive power of an individual which in turn is influenced by the strength of~~ [[~~agni~~]]~~. The strength of [[agni]] varies according to age~~, ~~sex~~, ~~season~~ etc. ~~In the same person diurnal~~ and ~~seasonal variations occur~~. ~~The diurnal variations are minimal~~, ~~but seasonal variations~~ are ~~significant~~. ~~So, it~~ is ~~described as seasonal diets and regimen in the next chapter named~~ ''~~Tasyashitiyam~~'' ([[~~Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya~~]]). ~~One can prevent diseases due~~ to ~~seasonal variations by adhering to the instructions given in this chapter~~.

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=== Daily Regimen ===

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In the morning, after evacuation of the bowels and cleaning, start with eye salve, [[nasya]](oil or medicated drops instillation in nose), teeth cleaning, tongue scraping, mouth fresheners such as clove, betel, jaiphala, cardamom etc., keeping oil in mouth for few minutes, shaving, massaging head, body and feet with oil, oil in ears, rubbing medicated powder on body before bathing, wearing clean clothes and ornaments (jewelry, etc.), shoes and using cane or umbrella before going out are recommended.

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It is concluded by saying that ''sukhayu'' (happy and healthy [[life]]) is achieved by taking care of the body just as a competent town administrator would take care of his city.

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=== Oral hygiene ===

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====Tooth brushing (Danta dhavana)====

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Comparative analysis between patients using branded tooth paste and UDM herbal tooth powder showed equal efficacy with respect to scores of plaque index and gingival index (recorded on day 1 and day 15 of treatment). <ref>Kadam A, Prasad BS, Bagadia D, Hiremath VR. Effect of Ayurvedic herbs on control of plaque and gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial. Ayu. 2011;32(4):532-535.</ref>

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====Tongue cleaning (Jihva nirlekhana)====

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Reduction in amount of bacteria in tongue coating was observed in subjects cleaning Tongue regularly. But there was no effect on dental plaque formation. Hence both tooth brushing and tongue cleaning should be performed for oral health promotion.<ref>Matsui M, Chosa N, Shimoyama Y, Minami K, Kimura S, Kishi M. Effects of tongue cleaning on bacterial flora in tongue coating and dental plaque: a crossover study. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:4. Published 2014 Jan 14. doi:10.1186/1472-6831-14-4</ref>

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==== ~~Daily Regimen~~ ====

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==== Mouth wash (Kavala)====

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<~~div style="text~~-~~align:justify;"~~>

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In ~~the morning~~, ~~after evacuation~~ of ~~the bowels~~ and ~~cleaning~~, ~~start with eye salve~~, [[nasya]](~~oil or medicated drops instillation~~ in ~~nose~~), ~~teeth cleaning~~, ~~tongue scraping~~, ~~mouth fresheners~~ such as ~~clove~~, ~~betel~~, ~~jaiphala~~, ~~cardamom etc~~., ~~keeping oil~~ in ~~mouth~~ for ~~few minutes~~, ~~shaving~~, ~~massaging head~~, ~~body~~ and ~~feet~~ with ~~oil~~, ~~oil~~ in ~~ears~~, ~~rubbing medicated~~ powder on body ~~before bathing~~, ~~wearing clean clothes~~ and ~~ornaments~~ (~~jewelry~~, ~~etc~~.), ~~shoes~~ and ~~using cane or umbrella before going out are recommended~~.

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Mouth wash (kavala) with various medicated liquids is advised for strengthening of various sturctures in oral cavity. Practicing of mouth wash (Kavala) with cold affusion of latex of plants (Kshiri Vriksha Hima) as a daily regimen measure for oral hygiene. Because it was effective strength to the gingiva, teeth and other structures in the oral cavity.<ref>Rakesh Shukla, Vipul C Patil, Preeti Mishra. An observational study on the effect of kavala on mukha swasthya with special reference to kshiri vriksha hima. International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy, December 2013, 4(6):836-840</ref>

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Mouth wash also provides relief from bad breath. In a study on patients of dental caries, it was observed that Triphaladi gandusha provided better results in discharge, bad breath, pH of saliva and buffering capacity of salivary sample. There was no improvement in cavity formation, discoloration and mobility .

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<ref>Achyuta G Atara, R Manjusha, Vinay J Shukla, Dharmendra B Vaghela, Brijesh Rooparalia. Clinical evaluation of Krimidanta Pratishedha (anti-caries) activity of Triphaladi Gandusha in high risk dental caries patients. Ayu. 2014 Jan; 35(1):42-5</ref>

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=== Pratimarsha [[nasya]] (daily nasal errhine) ===

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Daily nasal administration (Pratimarsha nasya) of Anu taila, Yogic practices and Diet as daily regimen are effective in prevention of frequent attacks of Pratishyaya. <ref>Dr. Mangalagowri V Rao, Prof. Rajesh Kumar, Prof. S K Tiwari. Role of Pratimarsha Nasya, Yogic Practices and Diet in Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis), European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2015, 2 (6), 267-275</ref>

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===[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) ===

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[[Abhyanga]] (therapeutic massage) provides reduction of pain, increased sense of relaxation, emotional well-being, and better sleep. A study was conducted on use of massage therapy on pain levels of patients admitted in medical, surgical, and obstetrics units at an acute care setting. Massage therapy sessions averaging 30 minutes improved pain scores and reduced the dose of pain medication and increased relaxation, emotional well-being, ability to sleep among patients.<ref>Adams R, White B, Beckett C. The effects of massage therapy on pain management in the acute care setting. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2010;3(1):4-11.</ref> Massage therapy also provides benefits in depression, pains, asthma, multiple sclerosis, dementia. A review study on effect of massage therapy showed beneficial effects in variety of conditions like prenatal depression, autism, skin diseases, painful conditions like arthritis and fibromyalgia, autoimmune disorders like asthma and multiple sclerosis, along with diseases like AIDS, HIV and breast cancer and age related issues like Parkinson's disease and dementia.<ref>Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016;24:19-31.</ref>

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==== Head massage ====

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Head massage increases scalp hair thickness. In a study, standardized scalp massage for 24 weeks increased hair thickness (0.085 ± 0.003 mm vs 0.092 ± 0.001 mm). Increased expression of hair cycle–related genes such as NOGGIN, BMP4, SMAD4, and IL6ST and decrease in hair loss–related genes such as IL6 was observed in real-time RTPCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). Stretching forces result in changes in gene expression in human dermal papilla cells. Standardized scalp massage produces mechanical stress to human dermal papilla cells present in subcutaneous tissue. Hence, increase in hair thickness was observed when subjected to standardized scalp massage. <ref>Koyama T, Kobayashi K, Hama T, Murakami K, Ogawa R. Standardized Scalp Massage Results in Increased Hair Thickness by Inducing Stretching Forces to Dermal Papilla Cells in the Subcutaneous Tissue. Eplasty. 2016;16: e8.</ref>

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Head massage treatment activates parasympathetic nerve activity. This leads to feeling of freshness and relief from anxiety. The results show that head massage treatment has a relaxing and refreshing effect. It can be used to provide comfort in patients. <ref>Murota M, Iwawaki Y, Uebaba K, et al. Physical and Psychological Effects of Head Treatment in the Supine Position Using Specialized Ayurveda-Based Techniques. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(7):526-532.</ref>

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The head massage also promotes hair growth and prevents hair loss. Self-Assessments of standardized scalp massages was done among subjects suffering from androgenic alopecia. The results showed that the massages by actions of pressing, pinching and stretching with the help of hands resulted in hair loss stabilization or regrowth among the subjects. But the improvements were less in condition of diffuse versus frontal/temporal or vertex thinning.<ref>Robert S English Jr, James M Barazesh . Self-Assessments of Standardized Scalp Massages for Androgenic Alopecia: Survey Results. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 9, 167–178 (2019).</ref>

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==== Foot massage ====

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Foot massage provides improvement in fatigue, sleep and pain and quality of life. The improvement in quality of life scale and psychiatric symptoms were observed (with p<0.05) among subjects after foot bath and massage. <ref>Kazuko Kito , Keiko Suzuki. Research on the Effect of the Foot Bath and Foot Massage on Residual Schizophrenia Patients, Arch Psychiatr Nurs . 2016 Jun;30(3):375-81.</ref> A meta-analysis based review study indicates that foot reflexology is a useful nursing intervention to relieve fatigue and to promote sleep. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of foot reflexology on outcome variables other than fatigue, sleep and pain. <ref>Jeongsoon Lee, Misook Han, Younghae Chung, Jinsun Kim, Jungsook Choi. Effects of foot reflexology on fatigue, sleep and pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011 Dec;41(6):821-33.</ref> Using foot massage, by both nurses and family members can reduce the pain of patients in intensive care unit. This intervention may improve the nursing care quality with the least cost and complications.<ref>Momeni M, Arab M, Dehghan M, Ahmadinejad M. The Effect of Foot Massage on Pain of the Intensive Care Patients: A Parallel Randomized Single-Blind Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:3450853. Published 2020 Jun 13.</ref> Foot and hand massage proved useful as an effective nursing intervention in controlling postoperative pain.<ref>Nuriye Degirmen PhD, Nebahat Ozerdogan PhD, Deniz Sayiner PhD, Nedime Kosgeroglu PhD, Unal Ayranci MD. Effectiveness of foot and hand massage in post-cesarean pain control in a group of Turkish pregnant women Applied Nursing Research.23(3);2010:153-158.</ref>

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==== Powder massage (Udvartana) ====

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A comparative study between usage of tummy trimmer and Kolakulatthadi churna Udvartana for 30 days, showed better result in Udvartana group.<ref> Manjunath Akki, Suresh Hakkandi, Abid Hussaine. A comparative clinical study on the effect of Udvartana and tummy trimmer in Udara Lambanatva with special reference to central obesity. International Journal f Ayurveda and Pharma research, 7 (1) January 2019, Page 32-38</ref>

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A case study showed intake of gruel preparation made from buttermilk (Takra-Siddha Yavagu ) and powder massage (Udvartana) is effective in the management of dyslipidemia for normalization of blood lipids. The effect is observed due to drying (shoshana) and alleviation of vitiated [[Kapha]] and [[Meda dhatu]] properties. <ref>Patel B, Kamble SB, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Chinthala R. Hypolipidemic effect of Rukshana Upakrama in the management of dyslipidemia – A case study. AYU 2018;39: Page: 72-75</ref>

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=== Bath ([[snana]]) ===

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Bath provides cleanliness of body and mind, relief from fatigue. In a study, significant improvement in SCORAD score, itching, and insomnia was observed (with p < 0.001) in children using weakly acidic syndets for daily bath during the summer season. <ref>Kim H, Ban J, Park MR, et al. Effect of bathing on atopic dermatitis during the summer season. Asia Pac Allergy. 2012;2(4):269-274.</ref> Mist sauna bathing in morning results in improvement of work efficiency when compared to other bathing methods. <ref>Lee S, Fujimura H, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Verification of impact of morning showering and mist sauna bathing on human physiological functions and work efficiency during the day. Int J Biometeorol. 2015;59(9):1207-1212. doi:10.1007/s00484-014-0932-3</ref>

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=== Important Cross references about diet and daily regimen ([[Dinacharya]]) ===

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It is ~~concluded by saying that sukhayu~~ (~~happy~~ and ~~healthy life~~) ~~is achieved by taking care~~ of the ~~body just as a competent town administrator would take care~~ of ~~his city~~.

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*Regarding quantity of food: The classification of amount of food in bolus irrespective of food article (Sarvagraha) and amount of each food item like rice, soup, meat soup etc. (Parigraha) is mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/21 (4)]

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*The features of intake of food in proper quantity are mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/6]

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*Improper quantity of food is classified into less (heena) and excessive (adhika), along with symptoms and diseases of depletion and aggravation of concerned [[dosha]] and [[dhatu]] [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/7].

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*The eight factors to be considered during the food intake (Ashta Vidha Ahara Ayatana) [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/21-26] and four types of food based on consistency are mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 2/15]

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*The best and inferior quality food article based on property in different food groups are mentioned. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]25/37-38]

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*Properties of different food articles have been elaborated. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]25/37-38] 27].

</div>

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==== ~~Research work done~~ ====

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=== Research works ===

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# Ashok Patil (2015): A Study on Dinacharya in maintenance of health (PhD thesis), , Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.

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#Rekha B.V. (2015): Role of Padabyanga in shishira ritu w.s.r to Padasphutana (PhD thesis).Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore.

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#Ankush Jagota (2015): Evaluation of Khadiradi Kavala graham in promoting oral health among secondary and higher secondary school children. Govt.[[Ayurveda]] College, Tripunithura, Kerala.

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#Shukla Rakesh Rajendraprasad (2014): Efficacy of Malati Kastha Churna (Jasminum Officinale Linn.) for Dantadhavana. Bharati vidyapeeth, Pune.

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# Anonymous(2012): A Study on the effect of Anutaila Pratimarsha nasya along with Haritaki sirolepa in management of Darunaka. Kerala University of Health Sciences , Kerala

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#Anonymous(2012): A Study on the effect of Vapyadi churna as tooth paste on Oral hygiene. Kerala University of Health Sciences, Kerala

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# Mangalagowri V Rao (2013): Evaluation of Pratimarsha nasya, Yogic practices and selected diet in prevention of Pratishyaya (Allergic Rhinitis)(Ph.D Thesis).Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

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#Vineeta Singh (2019): Effect of Specific Diet, Yogic Practices and Ruksha Udvartana in Management of Obesity (Sthaulya).(MD Thesis).Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

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#Trupti (?): Study to evaluate the effect of Anjana (In Myopia and healthy).(MD Thesis).Kerala University, Kerala.

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=== Ayurvedic lifestyle package ===

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# Ayurvedic lifestyle package for prevention of diseases is designed by expert committee of All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi in 2017. The guidelines can be found on the link of institute.

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=== Related chapters ===

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[[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]], [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], [[Rasa Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Trividhakukshiya Vimana Adhyaya]]

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<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>

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~~#A Study on Dinacharya in maintainance of health (PhD thesis), Ashok .Patil, Rajiv Gandhi Univerity of Health Sciences, Banglore -2015~~

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==References==

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~~#Role of Padabyanga in shishira ritu w.s.r to Padasphutana (PhD thesis), Rekha.BV, Rajiv Gandhi Univerity of Health Sciences , Banglore -2015~~

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~~#Evaluation of Khadiradi Kavala graham in promoting oral health among secondary and higher secondary school children , Ankush Jagota , Govt.[[Ayurveda]] College, Tripunithura , Kerala- 2012-2015~~

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~~#“Efficacy of Malati Kastha Churna (Jasminum Officinale Linn.) for Dantadhavana” Shukla Rakesh Rajendraprasad, Bharateeya vidya peeth, Pune, 2014-2014~~

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~~#A Study on the effect of Anutaila Pratimarsha nasya along with Haritaki sirolepa in management of Drunaka , 2011-12, Keral University of Health Sciences , Kerala~~

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~~#A Study on the effect of Vapyadi churna as tooth paste on Oral hygiene , 2011-12, Keral University of Health Sciences , Kerala~~

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===References===

Eganeesh

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