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Line 1: − + + + + + + + + + + + + + − As the name suggests, it is a bulky tissue and denotes the status of nutrition. Due to its solid-state, it provides proper size, shape and dimension to the body. + − {{Infobox − + − + + + − + + − + Line 18:
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Line 88: − + − + − − This layer is affected in diseases like bhagandara(fistula), vidradhi(abscess) and arsha(hemorrhoids). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/8] − + Line 80:
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Line 220: − * It is considered as a bad prognostic feature. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 32/5], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 33/5,18,25]. Line 215:
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Line 391: − + − − − + − # Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes. − Line 378:
Line 403: − + − ===== Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) =====+ − + Line 390:
Line 415: − + − =====Muscle ultrasound =====+ Line 398:
Line 423: − + − =====Muscle mass biopsy ===== + − + − =====Electromyography (EMG)=====+ − + − Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.+ + − Assessment of the health status of Nerves and Muscles. + − + − + − Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies+ − It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.+ − D. Hematological & Serological investigation+ − 1. Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies+ + + + − 2. Aldolase – Identifies the weakness of muscle. + + + − 3. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.+ − 4. Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis + − E. Genetics+ + + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Purpose –+ − Identification of genetic variations at base-pair resolution throughout the human genome which targets the proportion of DNA that codes proteins for capturing and sequencing. + − Hemorrhagic changes in muscles:+ − + − A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>HåvardBjørgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle,Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − ===List of theses done=== − 1.Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, IPGT &RA, Jamnagar − ==More information ==+ − [[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]] + − + − References:+ + + +
no edit summary
Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes similar to muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
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|description=Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue
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<p style="text-align:justify;">Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
<br/>
As the name suggests, it is a bulky tissue and denotes the status of nutrition. Due to its solid-state, it provides proper size, shape and dimension to the body. </p>
{{Infobox
|title = Contributors
|title = Contributors
|label1 = Section/Chapter
|data1 = [[Dhatu]] / Mamsa Dhatu
|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic
|data1 = [[Sharira]] / [[Dhatu]] / Mamsa Dhatu
|label2 = Authors
|label2 = Authors
|data2 = Anagha S.<sup>1</sup>, Deole Y.S.<sup>1</sup>, Shilawant A.<sup>2</sup>
|data2 = Anagha S.<sup>1</sup>, [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]]<sup>1</sup>, Shilwant A.A.<sup>2</sup>
|label3 = Reviewed by
|label3 = Reviewed by
|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>1</sup>
|data3 = [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]<sup>1</sup>
|label4 = Affiliations
|label4 = Affiliations
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label6 = Publisher
|data6 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label7 = Date of first publication:
|data7 = May 21, 2020
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.015 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.015]
}}
}}
== Meaning of term "Mamsa"==
==Etymology and derivation ==
=== Etymology and derivation ===
The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref> Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in flexion and extension movements of joints with muscles and tendons attached to it.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref> Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in movements of joints and various parts of body.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
==Synonyms ==
=== Synonyms ===
'''Pishita''': Found to be separated in single fibers (Vibhakta in Peshi svaroopa)
'''Pishita''': Found to be separated in single fibers (Vibhakta in Peshi svaroopa)
'''Medaskrut''' : Involved in origin and development of next [[dhatu]] – [[Medas]]
'''Medaskrut''' : Involved in origin and development of next [[dhatu]] – [[Medas]]
== Meanings in different contexts ==
=== Meanings in different contexts ===
* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.
* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.
* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named "mamsa varga" (class of meats) is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]
* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named class of meats ("mamsa varga") is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]
* A dietary preparation of "mamsarasa – Veshavara"(meat soup) is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
* A dietary preparation of meat soup("mamsarasa – Veshavara") is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
== Panchabhautika constitution and properties ==
== Fundamental constitution (panchabhautika sanghatana) and properties ==
[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].
*[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].
The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru), rough (khara), hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>
*The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru), rough (khara), hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>
The physiological properties of flesh after digestion include it is moderately cold (na ati sheeta), heavy to digest (na ati guru), and unctuous (na ati snigdha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]
*The physiological properties of flesh after digestion are: moderately cold (na ati sheeta), heavy to digest (na ati guru), and unctuous (na ati snigdha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]
== Metabolism and Development ==
== Metabolism and Development ==
=== Formation of skin during embryogenesis ===
=== Formation of skin during embryogenesis ===
Seven layers of skin are formed during embryogenesis. The layer holding mamsa dhatu (Mamsadhara) is the seventh and innermost layer. It is estimated to have thickness of 1 to 3 mm or two vrihi(grains of paddy). [One vrihi = 0.5 to 1.5 mm]
Seven layers of skin are formed during embryogenesis. The layer holding mamsa dhatu (Mamsadhara) is the seventh and innermost layer. It is estimated to have thickness of 1 to 3 mm or two vrihi(grains of paddy). [One vrihi = 0.5 to 1.5 mm] This layer is affected in diseases like bhagandara(fistula), vidradhi(abscess) and arsha(hemorrhoids). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/8]
This layer can be observed as a deeper reticular layer of dermis.<ref>Kuldeep KumarA Critical Study Of Tvak In The View Of Modern Science Ayurpub.com Mar-Apr 2018 Vol III, Issue 2 available from http://ayurpub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/844-849.pdf</ref>
This layer can be observed as a deeper reticular layer of dermis.<ref>Kuldeep KumarA Critical Study Of Tvak In The View Of Modern Science Ayurpub.com Mar-Apr 2018 Vol III, Issue 2 available from http://ayurpub.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/844-849.pdf</ref>
=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===
=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===
During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vase) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]
During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vasa) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]
Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]
Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]
=== Quantity of mamsa dhatu ===
=== Quantity of mamsa dhatu ===
The quantity of the unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat (vasa) is three [[anjali]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]. The structural component of mamsa dhatu is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 snayu (ligaments) and 400 peshi (muscles). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] In addition, Sushruta described 100 muscles and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
The quantity of the unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat (vasa) is three [[anjali]](personified measurement unit). One Anjali is equal to the quantity that can be filled in a space formed from joining one’s palms together.[Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]
The structural component of mamsa dhatu is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 snayu (ligaments) and 400 muscles(peshi). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] In addition, Sushruta described 100 muscles and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
=== Time span ===
=== Time span ===
The mamsa dhatu is formed on 3rd day from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the mamsa dhatu is formed in a time span of 6030 kala (ten days). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]
The mamsa dhatu is formed on 3rd day from the nutrient fluid (ahara rasa). [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/20-21] However, Sushruta opines that the mamsa dhatu is formed in a time span of 6030 kala (ten days). [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 14/14]
== Characteristics of best quality or essence (mamsa Sara): ==
== Characteristics of best quality or essence (mamsa Sara) ==
The persons having essence of mamsa dhatu have their temples (shankha), forehead (lalata), nape (krikatika), eyes (akshi), cheek (ganda), jaws (hanu), neck (griva), shoulder (skandha), abdomen (udara), axillae (kaksha), chest (vaksha), hands (pani), feet (pada)and joints (sandhi) well developed with firm, heavy and good looking muscles. This essence indicates forbearance, restraint, and lack of greed, wealth, knowledge, happiness, simplicity, health, strength and longevity.[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/105]
The persons having essence of mamsa dhatu have their temples (shankha), forehead (lalata), nape (krikatika), eyes (akshi), cheek (ganda), jaws (hanu), neck (griva), shoulder (skandha), abdomen (udara), axillae (kaksha), chest (vaksha), hands (pani), feet (pada)and joints (sandhi) well developed with firm, heavy and good looking muscles. This essence indicates forbearance, restraint, and lack of greed, wealth, knowledge, happiness, simplicity, health, strength and longevity.[Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/105]
There are various other anatomical structures related to mamsa dhatu. These can be included in the system. The structures are as described below:
There are various other anatomical structures related to mamsa dhatu. These can be included in the system. The structures are as described below:
=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kale) ===
=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kala) ===
[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10] It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions.ex. Myocardium of Heart
[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10] It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions. Ex. Myocardium of Heart
It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.
It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.
=== Muscles (Mamsa peshi) ===
=== Muscles (Mamsa peshi) ===
The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]]. [Su.Sa. Sharira Stahna 4/28]
The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]]. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28]
There are 500 muscles in males and 520 peshi in female body.These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
There are 500 muscles in males and 520 muscles in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39] Currently, most sources state that there are over 650 named skeletal muscles in the human body<ref>Poole, RM, ed. (1986). The Incredible Machine. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 307–311. ISBN 978-0-87044-621-4. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle#cite_note-Poole_1986-14 cited on 23/05/2020</ref>,<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body cited on 23/05/2020 </ref> although some figures go up to as many as 840.
The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]
The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]
=== Vital points (Mamsa marma) ===
=== Vital points (Mamsa marma) ===
There are eleven vital points formed from muscle (mamsa marma). These are four talahridaya (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four indrabasti (vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), guda (vital point in anus), and two stanarohita(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these marma are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 6/7]
There are eleven vital points formed from muscle (mamsa marma). These are four talahridaya (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four indrabasti (vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), guda (vital point in anus), and two stanarohita(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these marma are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 6/7]
== Functions ==
== Functions ==
== Importance in diagnosis ==
== Importance in diagnosis ==
Mamsa is one among the ten vital seats (dashapranayatana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/9]. Thus it is directly responsible for the vitality of an individual.
Mamsa is one of the ten vital seats (dashapranayatana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/9]. Thus it is directly responsible for the vitality of an individual.
Any vitiation or direct injury to the channels of transportation and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha strotas) can lead to death. [Su.Sha.Sharir Sthana 9/12]
Any vitiation or direct injury to the channels of transportation and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha strotas) can lead to death. [Su.Sha.Sharir Sthana 9/12]
===Causes of vitiation===
=== Causes of vitiation ===
The following are causative factors for the vitiation of channels for transport and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha srotasa). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/15]
The following are causative factors for the vitiation of channels for transport and transformation of mamsa dhatu (mamsavaha srotasa). [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 5/15]
==== Action of different rasa(tastes) on mamsadhatu ====
==== Action of different rasa(tastes) on mamsadhatu ====
The tastes show physiological and pathogenic actions on mamsa dhatu as below. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43]
The consumption of dietary article with predominant tastes shows physiological and pathogenic actions on mamsa dhatu as below. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Rasa !!Action on mamsa dhatu
! Rasa !!Action on mamsa dhatu
|-
|-
|Madhura (sweet) || Promotes growth (mamsa vardhana)
| Sweet (madhura)-proportionate use || Promotes growth (mamsa vardhana)
|-
|-
|Amla (sour)-excess use || Causes inflammation (mamsam vidahati)
| Sour (amla)-excess use || Causes inflammation (mamsam vidahati)
|-
|-
|Lavana (salty)-excess use || Causes sloughing (mamsam kushnati)
| Salty(lavana)- excess use || Causes sloughing (mamsam kushnati)
|-
|-
|Katu (pungent)-excess use || Scraping (mamsam vilikhati), reduces bulk of mamsa
| Pungent (katu)-excess use || Scraping (mamsam vilikhati), reduces bulk of muscles
|-
|-
|Tikta (bitter)-excess use || Absorbsmoisture (mamsam shoshayati), reduces elasticity of mamsa
| Bitter (tikta)-excess use || Absorbs moisture (mamsam shoshayati), reduces the elasticity of muscles
|}
|}
* Fatigue
* Fatigue
* Decreased tone of blood vessels especially in the arterial walls [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/65]
* Decreased tone of blood vessels especially in the arterial walls [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/65]
===== Signs of increase =====
===== Signs of increase =====
* Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifested in fever due to pitta dosha lodged in mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]
* Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifested in fever due to pitta dosha lodged in mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]
=== Role of mamsa dhatu as a vitiated factor in diseases ===
=== Role of mamsa dhatu as a vitiating factor in diseases ===
Mamsa dhatu is involved as the vitiated tissue (dushya) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:
Mamsa dhatu is involved as the vitiating tissue (dushya) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:
* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79]
* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79]
* Diabetic carbuncles(prameha pidaka) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/82]
* Diabetic carbuncles(prameha pidaka) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/82]
*Shotha(Swelling) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/7]
*Swelling (shotha) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/7]
*Obstinate urinary disorders(prameha) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]
*Obstinate urinary disorders(prameha) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]
*Skin disorders (kushtha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 5/3]
*Skin disorders (kushtha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 5/3]
*wasting diseases (shosha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/8]
*Wasting diseases (shosha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/8]
*Nodule (granthi) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/81]
*Nodule (granthi) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/81]
*The discharge (srava) from ulcer (vrana) situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]
*The discharge (srava) from ulcer (vrana) situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]
*If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like an increase of swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]
*If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like increased swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]
*Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated upto muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]
*Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated up to muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]
=== Importance in prognosis ===
=== Importance in prognosis ===
* Diminution of muscle mass (as in cachexia) is considered as a bad prognostic feature. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 32/5], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 33/5,18,25]
* Ulcer (Vrana) is easily curable when situated in mamsa. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]
* Ulcer (Vrana) is easily curable when situated in mamsa. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]
* Proper musculature (samhanana) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116]
* Proper musculature (samhanana) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116]
* A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food, and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/19].
* A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food, and muscle metabolism are in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/19].
* The qualitative and quantitative decrease in mamsa dhatu is directly related to diminution of strength (bala kshaya) [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and vitality (oja kshaya)[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of mamsa dhatu is related to strength and immunity of a person.
* The qualitative and quantitative decrease in mamsa dhatu is directly related to diminution of strength (bala kshaya) [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and vitality (oja kshaya)[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of mamsa dhatu is related to strength and immunity of a person.
== Principles of management of diseases ==
== Principles of management of diseases ==
==== Therapeutic and conservative management ====
* The disorders of mamsa dhatu should be treated with purification [[shodhana]], surgery (shastra) , application of alkali (kshara) and cauterization (agni karma) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26]
* The disorders of mamsa dhatu should be treated with purification [[shodhana]], surgery (shastra) , application of alkali (kshara) and cauterization (agni karma) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26]
*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]
*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]
*Mamsa (meat) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
*Meat (mamsa) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]
*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]
# Skeletal muscles
# Skeletal muscles
# Smooth muscles
# Smooth muscles
# Cardiac muscles
# Cardiac muscles
About 40 percent of the human body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 percent is smooth and cardiac muscle.<ref>Guyton, Arthur C. Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.GUYTON – Unit II – Chapter 6 – Contraction of Skeletal muscle</ref>
About 40 percent of the human body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 percent is smooth and cardiac muscle.<ref>
Guyton A.C., Hall J.E. Contraction of Skeletal muscle. In: Guyton A.C., Hall J.E., editors. Textbook Of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier; 2011. pp. 72-74 </ref>
Smooth muscle is composed of far smaller fibers – usually 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter and only 20 to 500 micrometers in length.
Smooth muscle is composed of far smaller fibers – usually 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter and only 20 to 500 micrometers in length.
In contrast, skeletal muscle fibers are as much as 30 times greater in diameter and a hundred times longer.
In contrast, skeletal muscle fibers are as much as 30 times greater in diameter and a hundred times longer.
The fundamental principles of contraction are almost the same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.<ref>Guyton, Arthur C. Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.GUYTON – Unit II – Chapter 8 – Contraction & Excitation of Smooth muscle</ref>
The fundamental principles of contraction are almost the same in skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. However the structural arrangement is different in both groups.<ref> Guyton A.C., Hall J.E. Contraction & Excitation of Smooth muscle. In: Guyton A.C., Hall J.E., editors. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier; 2011. pp. 92-99</ref>
These can be referred to as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.
These can be referred to as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.
===Composition of muscles ===
=== Composition of muscles ===
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
Myoglobin is a protein present in sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Its function is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carryoxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecular weight of 17,000.<ref>Essentials of Medical Physiology – Sembulingam – Chapter 29 – Structure of Skeletal muscle</ref>
Myoglobin is a protein present in sarcoplasm. It is also called myohemoglobin. Its function is similar to that of hemoglobin, that is, to carry oxygen. It is a conjugated protein with a molecular weight of 17,000.<ref>Essentials of Medical Physiology – Sembulingam – Chapter 29 – Structure of Skeletal muscle</ref>
The components can be referred to as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.
The components can be referred to as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
# Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of the Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.
#Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of the Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.
# Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.
# Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.
# The myotubes are fused together under the influence of calcium ions resulting in Myogenesis.
# The myotubes are fused together under the influence of calcium ions resulting in Myogenesis.
# Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.
# Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.
# Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.
=== Functions of muscles ===
=== Functions of muscles ===
=== Diagnostic investigation methods ===
=== Diagnostic investigation methods ===
==== Radiological investigation ====
==== I. Radiological investigation ====
'''1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)'''
* Purpose:
* '''Purpose''':
*Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle
*Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle
*RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping
*RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping
* Tissue oxygenation
*Tissue oxygenation
'''2. Muscle ultrasound'''
* '''Purpose''' :
* '''Purpose''' :
* Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
* Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
==== Culture tests ====
==== II. Culture tests ====
* Muscle mass biopsy
==== Electro-diagnostic techniques====
==== III. Electro-diagnostic techniques====
'''1. Electromyography (EMG)'''
*'''Purpose''' :
*'''Purpose:'''
*Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
*Assessment of the health status of Nerves and Muscles.
2. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)
'''2.Muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MMRI)'''
Purpose –
'''Purpose:'''
*Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies
*It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.
==== IV. Hematological & Serological investigation ====
#Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies
#Aldolase – Identifies the weakness of the muscle.
#Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.
#Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis
==== V. Genetics ====
'''Exome sequencing'''
'''Purpose:'''
* Identification of genetic variations at base-pair resolution throughout the human genome which targets the proportion of DNA that codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.
=== Pathological conditions ===
==== Hemorrhagic changes in muscles ====
1. Exome sequencing
A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>Havard Bjorgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>
===List of theses ===
1. Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, I P G T & R A , Jamnagar
== More information ==
=== Related chapters ===
[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Grahani Chikitsa]]
=== Related articles ===
*[[Dhatu]]
*[[Rasa dhatu]]
*[[Rakta dhatu]]
*[[Meda dhatu]]
*[[Asthi dhatu]]
*[[Majja dhatu]]
*[[Shukra dhatu]]
=== External links ===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle Muscle], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system Human musculoskeletal system],
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction Muscle physiology], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body List of skeletal muscles of the human_body]
=== Abbreviations ===
*SAT = Standard Ayurveda Terminology
*Cha. = Charak
*Su. = Sushruta
*Sha. =Sharangadhara
*Sa. = Samhita
=== References from [[Charak Samhita]] ===
The list of references for mamsa dhatu in Charak Samhita can be seen [[Media:Mamsa_dhatu-_reference_list.pdf|here.]]
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== References ==
[[ Grahani Chikitsa]]
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