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Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>

Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

|data2 = Anagha S.¹, Deole Y.S.¹, Shilawant A.²

|data2 = Anagha S.¹, Deole Y.S.¹, Shilwant A.A.²

|label3 = Reviewed by  

|label3 = Reviewed by  

|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|label6 = Date of first publication:

|label6 = Publisher

|data6 = May 21, 2020

 

|label7 = Date of first publication:

|data7 = May 21, 2020

}}

}}

== Meaning of term "Mamsa"==

== Meaning of term "Mamsa"==

* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.

* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.

* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named "mamsa varga" (class of meats) is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]

* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named class of meats ("mamsa varga") is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]

* A dietary preparation of "mamsarasa – Veshavara"(meat soup) is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]

* A dietary preparation of meat soup("mamsarasa – Veshavara") is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]

== Fundamnetal constitution (panchabhautika sanghatana) and properties ==

== Fundamental constitution (panchabhautika sanghatana) and properties ==

*[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].

*[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].

=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===

=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===

During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of  skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts  (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vase) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]

During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of  skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts  (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vasa) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]

Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]

Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]

=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kala) ===

=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kala) ===

[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10]  It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions.ex. Myocardium of Heart

[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10]  It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions. Ex. Myocardium of Heart

It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.

It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.

The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].  [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28]  

The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].  [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28]  

There are 500 muscles in males and 520 muscles in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39] Currently, most sources state that there are over 650 named skeletal muscles in the human body, although some figures go up to as many as 840

There are 500 muscles in males and 520 muscles in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39] Currently, most sources state that there are over 650 named skeletal muscles in the human body<ref>Poole, RM, ed. (1986). The Incredible Machine. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 307–311. ISBN 978-0-87044-621-4. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle#cite_note-Poole_1986-14 cited on 23/05/2020</ref>,<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body cited on 23/05/2020 </ref> although some figures go up to as many as 840.

The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]  

The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]  

*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]

*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]

*Mamsa (meat) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 25/40]

*Meat (mamsa) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 25/40]

*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 11/30]

*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 11/30]

A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>Havard Bjorgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>

A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>Havard Bjorgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>

===List of theses ===

===List of theses ===

1. Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, I P G T & R A , Jamnagar

1. Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, I P G T & R A , Jamnagar

== More information ==

== More information ==

=== Related chapters ===

=== Related chapters ===

[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Grahani Chikitsa]]

[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Grahani Chikitsa]]

=== External links ===

=== External links ===

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle Muscle], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system Human musculoskeletal system],

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle Muscle], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system Human musculoskeletal system],

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction Muscle physiology]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction Muscle physiology], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body List of skeletal muscles of the human_body]

=== Abbreviations ===

=== Abbreviations ===

*SAT = Standard Ayurveda Terminology  

*SAT = Standard Ayurveda Terminology  

*Cha. = Charak  

*Cha. = Charak  

*Su. = Sushruta

*Su. = Sushruta  

*Sha. =Sharangadhara

*Sha. =Sharangadhara

*Sa. = Samhita

*Sa. = Samhita

== References ==

== References ==