Changes

Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>

Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from  http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>

|label2 = Authors

|label2 = Authors

|data2 = Anagha S.¹, Deole Y.S.¹, Shilawant A.²

|data2 = Anagha S.¹, Deole Y.S.¹, Shilwant A.A.²

|label3 = Reviewed by  

|label3 = Reviewed by  

|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com

|label6 = Date of first publication:

|label6 = Publisher

|data6 = May 21, 2020

 

|label7 = Date of first publication:

|data7 = May 21, 2020

}}

}}

== Meaning of term "Mamsa"==

== Meaning of term "Mamsa"==

=== Etymology and derivation ===

=== Etymology and derivation ===

The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref>  Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in flexion and extension movements of joints with muscles and tendons attached to it.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>

The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref>  Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in movements of joints and various parts of body.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>

=== Synonyms ===

=== Synonyms ===

* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.

* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.

* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named "mamsa varga" (class of meats) is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]

* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named class of meats ("mamsa varga") is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]

* A dietary preparation of "mamsarasa – Veshavara"(meat soup) is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]

* A dietary preparation of meat soup("mamsarasa – Veshavara") is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]

== Fundamnetal constitution (panchabhautika sanghatana) and properties ==

== Fundamental constitution (panchabhautika sanghatana) and properties ==

*[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].

*[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].

*The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are  bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru), rough (khara), hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>  

*The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are  bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru), rough (khara), hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>  

*The physiological properties of flesh after digestion include it is moderately cold (na ati sheeta), heavy to digest (na ati guru), and unctuous (na ati snigdha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]

*The physiological properties of flesh after digestion are: moderately cold (na ati sheeta), heavy to digest (na ati guru), and unctuous (na ati snigdha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]

== Metabolism and Development ==

== Metabolism and Development ==

=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===

=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===

During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of  skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts  (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vase) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]

During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of  skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts  (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vasa) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]

Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]

Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]

=== Quantity of mamsa dhatu ===

=== Quantity of mamsa dhatu ===

The quantity of the unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat (vasa) is three [[anjali]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]. The structural component of mamsa dhatu is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 snayu (ligaments) and 400 peshi (muscles). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] In addition, Sushruta described 100 muscles and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]

The quantity of the unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat (vasa) is three [[anjali]](personified measurement unit). One Anjali is equal to the quantity that can be filled in a space formed from joining one’s palms together.[Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]  

 

The structural component of mamsa dhatu is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 snayu (ligaments) and 400 muscles(peshi). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] In addition, Sushruta described 100 muscles and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]

=== Time span ===

=== Time span ===

There are various other anatomical structures related to mamsa dhatu. These can be included in the system. The structures are as described below:

There are various other anatomical structures related to mamsa dhatu. These can be included in the system. The structures are as described below:

=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kale) ===

=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kala) ===

[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10]  It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions.ex. Myocardium of Heart

[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10]  It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions. Ex. Myocardium of Heart

It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.

It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.

 

=== Muscles (Mamsa peshi) ===  

=== Muscles (Mamsa peshi) ===  

The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].  [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28]  

The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]].  [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28]  

There are 500 muscles in males and 520 muscles in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]

There are 500 muscles in males and 520 muscles in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39] Currently, most sources state that there are over 650 named skeletal muscles in the human body<ref>Poole, RM, ed. (1986). The Incredible Machine. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 307–311. ISBN 978-0-87044-621-4. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle#cite_note-Poole_1986-14 cited on 23/05/2020</ref>,<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body cited on 23/05/2020 </ref> although some figures go up to as many as 840.

The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]  

The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]  

=== Vital points (Mamsa marma) ===  

=== Vital points (Mamsa marma) ===  

There are eleven vital points formed from muscle (mamsa marma). These are four talahridaya (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four indrabasti (vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), guda (vital point in anus), and two stanarohita(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these marma are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 6/7]

There are eleven vital points formed from muscle (mamsa marma). These are four talahridaya (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four indrabasti (vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), guda (vital point in anus), and two stanarohita(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these marma are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 6/7]

== Functions ==  

== Functions ==  

* Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifested in fever due to pitta dosha lodged in mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 3/78]

* Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifested in fever due to pitta dosha lodged in mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 3/78]

=== Role of mamsa dhatu as a vitiated factor in diseases ===

=== Role of mamsa dhatu as a vitiating factor in diseases ===

Mamsa dhatu is involved as the vitiated tissue (dushya) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:  

Mamsa dhatu is involved as the vitiating tissue (dushya) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:  

* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra  Sthana 17/79]

* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra  Sthana 17/79]

*The discharge (srava) from ulcer (vrana) situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]

*The discharge (srava) from ulcer (vrana) situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]

*If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like an increase of swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]

*If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like increased swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]

*Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated upto muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]

*Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated up to muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]

=== Importance in prognosis ===

=== Importance in prognosis ===

*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]

*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]

*Mamsa (meat) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 25/40]

*Meat (mamsa) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra  Sthana]] 25/40]

*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 11/30]

*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa  Sthana]] 11/30]

A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>Havard Bjorgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>

A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>Havard Bjorgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>

===List of theses ===

===List of theses ===

1. Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, I P G T & R A , Jamnagar

1. Pritesh A Dave(2007): A pilot study on sports medicine in ayurveda w.s.r. To sarira bala vrddhi, Department of Basic principles, I P G T & R A , Jamnagar

== More information ==

== More information ==

=== Related chapters ===

=== Related chapters ===

[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Grahani Chikitsa]]

[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Grahani Chikitsa]]

=== External links ===

=== External links ===

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle Muscle], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system Human musculoskeletal system],

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle Muscle], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system Human musculoskeletal system],

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction Muscle physiology]

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction Muscle physiology], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body List of skeletal muscles of the human_body]

=== Abbreviations ===

=== Abbreviations ===

 

*Cha. = Charak  

*Cha. = Charak  

*Su. = Sushruta

*Su. = Sushruta  

*Sha. =Sharangadhara

*Sha. =Sharangadhara

*Sa. = Samhita

*Sa. = Samhita

== References ==

== References ==