Administrators, Editors, Bots, Bureaucrats, Charaksamhita, Moderators (CommentStreams), Interface administrators, Administrators
10,100
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 1:
Line 1: + + + + + + + + + + Line 12:
Line 22: − + Line 23:
Line 33: − + − + + + + + + Line 30:
Line 45: − + Line 52:
Line 67: − + − + − + Line 62:
Line 77: − + Line 80:
Line 95: − + Line 86:
Line 101: − + + + Line 108:
Line 125: − + − + − + − + Line 138:
Line 155: − + Line 174:
Line 191: − + Line 180:
Line 197: − + − + − + − + − + Line 220:
Line 237: − + − + Line 256:
Line 273: − + − + Line 296:
Line 313: − + Line 375:
Line 392: − + − − − + − # Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes. − Line 391:
Line 404: − + − ===== Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) =====+ Line 403:
Line 416: − + − =====Muscle ultrasound =====+ Line 411:
Line 424: − + − + Line 431:
Line 444: − + − + − + − − − − + − *'''Exome sequencing''' + − + Line 457:
Line 467: − Line 463:
Line 472: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
no edit summary
{{CiteButton}}
{{#seo:
|title=Mamsa dhatu
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Mamsa dhatu,Mamsa dhatu in ayurveda,Mamsa dhatu Meaning,Mamsa dhatu Metabolism and Development,Mamsa dhatu Anatomical and physiological structures,Functions of Mamsa dhatu,charak samhita
|description=Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
|type=article
}}
Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
|label2 = Authors
|label2 = Authors
|data2 = Anagha S.<sup>1</sup>, Deole Y.S.<sup>1</sup>, Shilawant A.<sup>2</sup>
|data2 = Anagha S.<sup>1</sup>, Deole Y.S.<sup>1</sup>, Shilwant A.A.<sup>2</sup>
|label3 = Reviewed by
|label3 = Reviewed by
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label6 = Date of first publication:
|label6 = Publisher
|data6 = May 21, 2020
|data6 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label7 = Date of first publication:
|data7 = May 21, 2020
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.015 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s09.015]
}}
}}
== Meaning of term "Mamsa"==
== Meaning of term "Mamsa"==
=== Etymology and derivation ===
=== Etymology and derivation ===
The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref> Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in flexion and extension movements of joints with muscles and tendons attached to it.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
The word is derived from Sanskrit root called “Mans” meaning flesh or meat.<ref> Monier Williams (1899), “mamsa”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 805</ref> Mamsa dhatu is the component which enhances body mass, covers body parts, takes part in movements of joints and various parts of body.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
=== Synonyms ===
=== Synonyms ===
* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.
* In physiology, the word denotes structural and functional components mainly of muscle tissue.
* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named "mamsa varga" (class of meats) is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]
* In the classification of dietary articles, a separate group named class of meats ("mamsa varga") is described. It includes properties of meat of various animals and birds recommended for specific dietary and therapeutic purposes.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/35-87/]
* A dietary preparation of "mamsarasa – Veshavara"(meat soup) is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
* A dietary preparation of meat soup("mamsarasa – Veshavara") is best for nourishing the body.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
== Fundamnetal constitution (panchabhautika sanghatana) and properties ==
== Fundamental constitution (panchabhautika sanghatana) and properties ==
*[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].
*[[Vayu]], [[jala]] and [[agni mahabhuta]] play major role in the formation of "mamsa". [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/29] After formation, it has predominance of [[prithvi mahabhuta]].
*The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru), rough (khara), hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>
*The physical properties of "mamsa dhatu" are bulkiness (sthula), stable (sthira), heavy (guru), rough (khara), hard (kathina) and smooth (shlakshna).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.322</ref>
*The physiological properties of flesh after digestion include it is moderately cold (na ati sheeta), heavy to digest (na ati guru), and unctuous (na ati snigdha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]
*The physiological properties of flesh after digestion are: moderately cold (na ati sheeta), heavy to digest (na ati guru), and unctuous (na ati snigdha). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/61]
== Metabolism and Development ==
== Metabolism and Development ==
=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===
=== Metabolic byproducts and waste products (Upadhatu and mala) ===
During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vase) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]
During the process of metabolism and development of mamsa dhatu, muscle fat (vasa) and six layers of skin (tvacha) are formed as the metabolic byproducts (upadhatu). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/17] Sharangadhara considered muscle fat (vasa) only as metabolic byproduct.[Sha. Sa. Purva khanda chapter 5]
Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]
Various secretions accumulated as wastes in external openings of ear and nostrils are waste products of metabolism of mamsa dhatu. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/18]
=== Quantity of mamsa dhatu ===
=== Quantity of mamsa dhatu ===
The quantity of the unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat (vasa) is three [[anjali]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]. The structural component of mamsa dhatu is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 snayu (ligaments) and 400 peshi (muscles). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] In addition, Sushruta described 100 muscles and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
The quantity of the unctuous part of muscles or muscle fat (vasa) is three [[anjali]](personified measurement unit). One Anjali is equal to the quantity that can be filled in a space formed from joining one’s palms together.[Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 7/15]
The structural component of mamsa dhatu is responsible for the compactness of the body and covers the skeleton properly with muscles and ligaments. There are 900 snayu (ligaments) and 400 muscles(peshi). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 7/14] In addition, Sushruta described 100 muscles and thus enumerated them as 500 in male body and 520 in female body.[Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
=== Time span ===
=== Time span ===
There are various other anatomical structures related to mamsa dhatu. These can be included in the system. The structures are as described below:
There are various other anatomical structures related to mamsa dhatu. These can be included in the system. The structures are as described below:
=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kale) ===
=== Layer of muscles (Mamsadhara kala) ===
[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10] It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions.ex. Myocardium of Heart
[[Kala]] is the layer in outer coverings of body observed in sagittal section. Mamsadhara kala is the first covering with a network of sira (veins), snayu (ligaments), dhamani(artery) in it. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/10] It is present in the form of a covering of an organ and also carries physiological functions. Ex. Myocardium of Heart
It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.
It is a membrane that separates two organs or structures. Ex. Membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that separates it from visceral organs.
=== Muscles (Mamsa peshi) ===
=== Muscles (Mamsa peshi) ===
The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]]. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28]
The well differentiated compact form of flesh (mamsa) is called as muscle(peshi). It is created by division of flesh by [[vayu]] and [[pitta]]. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/28]
There are 500 muscles in males and 520 muscles in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39]
There are 500 muscles in males and 520 muscles in female body. These muscles cover and provide strength to anatomical structures formed by veins, ligaments, bones, and joints. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/37-39] Currently, most sources state that there are over 650 named skeletal muscles in the human body<ref>Poole, RM, ed. (1986). The Incredible Machine. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. pp. 307–311. ISBN 978-0-87044-621-4. Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle#cite_note-Poole_1986-14 cited on 23/05/2020</ref>,<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body cited on 23/05/2020 </ref> although some figures go up to as many as 840.
The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]
The flesh of muscle (mamsa peshi), veins (sira) and ligaments (snayu) are attached to bones to form anatomical structure.[Su.Sa.Sharira Sthana 5/23]
=== Vital points (Mamsa marma) ===
=== Vital points (Mamsa marma) ===
There are eleven vital points formed from muscle (mamsa marma). These are four talahridaya (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four indrabasti (vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), guda (vital point in anus), and two stanarohita(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these marma are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sam. Sharira Sthana 6/7]
There are eleven vital points formed from muscle (mamsa marma). These are four talahridaya (vital point in middle of palms and soles), four indrabasti (vital point in middle of forearms and upper part of calf region), guda (vital point in anus), and two stanarohita(vital point in upper part of breast nipples). If these marma are injured, then it can affect vitality of the individual. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 6/7]
== Functions ==
== Functions ==
==== Action of different rasa(tastes) on mamsadhatu ====
==== Action of different rasa(tastes) on mamsadhatu ====
The tastes show physiological and pathogenic actions on mamsa dhatu as below. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43]
The consumption of dietary article with predominant tastes shows physiological and pathogenic actions on mamsa dhatu as below. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 26/43]
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Rasa !!Action on mamsa dhatu
! Rasa !!Action on mamsa dhatu
|-
|-
|Madhura (sweet) || Promotes growth (mamsa vardhana)
| Sweet (madhura)-proportionate use || Promotes growth (mamsa vardhana)
|-
|-
|Amla (sour)-excess use || Causes inflammation (mamsam vidahati)
| Sour (amla)-excess use || Causes inflammation (mamsam vidahati)
|-
|-
|Lavana (salty)-excess use || Causes sloughing (mamsam kushnati)
| Salty(lavana)- excess use || Causes sloughing (mamsam kushnati)
|-
|-
|Katu (pungent)-excess use || Scraping (mamsam vilikhati), reduces bulk of mamsa
| Pungent (katu)-excess use || Scraping (mamsam vilikhati), reduces bulk of muscles
|-
|-
|Tikta (bitter)-excess use || Absorbsmoisture (mamsam shoshayati), reduces elasticity of mamsa
| Bitter (tikta)-excess use || Absorbs moisture (mamsam shoshayati), reduces the elasticity of muscles
|}
|}
* Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifested in fever due to pitta dosha lodged in mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]
* Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifested in fever due to pitta dosha lodged in mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]
=== Role of mamsa dhatu as a vitiated factor in diseases ===
=== Role of mamsa dhatu as a vitiating factor in diseases ===
Mamsa dhatu is involved as the vitiated tissue (dushya) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:
Mamsa dhatu is involved as the vitiating tissue (dushya) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:
* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79]
* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79]
*The discharge (srava) from ulcer (vrana) situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]
*The discharge (srava) from ulcer (vrana) situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]
*If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like an increase of swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]
*If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like increased swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]
*Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated upto muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]
*Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated up to muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]
=== Importance in prognosis ===
=== Importance in prognosis ===
*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]
*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]
*Mamsa (meat) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
*Meat (mamsa) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]
*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
# Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of the Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.
#Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of the Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.
# Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.
# Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.
# The myotubes are fused together under the influence of calcium ions resulting in Myogenesis.
# The myotubes are fused together under the influence of calcium ions resulting in Myogenesis.
# Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.
# Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.
# Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.
=== Functions of muscles ===
=== Functions of muscles ===
=== Diagnostic investigation methods ===
=== Diagnostic investigation methods ===
==== Radiological investigation ====
==== I. Radiological investigation ====
'''1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)'''
* '''Purpose''':
* '''Purpose''':
*RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping
*RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping
* Tissue oxygenation
*Tissue oxygenation
'''2. Muscle ultrasound'''
* '''Purpose''' :
* '''Purpose''' :
* Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
* Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
==== Culture tests ====
==== II. Culture tests ====
* Muscle mass biopsy
* Muscle mass biopsy
==== Electro-diagnostic techniques====
==== III. Electro-diagnostic techniques====
'''1. Electromyography (EMG)'''
'''1. Electromyography (EMG)'''
*Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies
*Evaluation of deep muscles inherited myopathies
* It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.
*It also provides information about the best sites of muscle biopsy.
==== Hematological & Serological investigation ====
==== IV. Hematological & Serological investigation ====
#Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies
#Creatine Kinase (CK) or Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)–Myopathies
#Aldolase – Identifies the weakness of the muscle.
#Aldolase – Identifies the weakness of muscle.
#Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.
#Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) – Used to measure or assess inflammation of muscles.
#Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis
#Antibody evaluation for specific diseases – Ex. Anti-Acetylcholine (Ach) antibodies & Anti-Muscle specific kinase (MUSK) antibodies in Myasthenia Gravis
==== Genetics ====
==== V. Genetics ====
'''Exome sequencing'''
'''Purpose:'''
'''Purpose:'''
* Identification of genetic variations at base-pair resolution throughout the human genome which targets the proportion of DNA that codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.
* Identification of genetic variations at base-pair resolution throughout the human genome which targets the proportion of DNA that codes proteins for capturing and sequencing.
=== Pathological conditions ===
=== Pathological conditions ===
A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>Havard Bjorgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>
A well-known but so far poorly understood condition is the focal red changes in muscle, often referred to as haemorrhages. Such changes are characterized by muscle necrosis, haemorrhages, and acute inflammation. In situ hybridization(ISH) studies on IgM showed few to moderate amounts of B-cells in red focal changes. Trends in the RT-qPCR showed up-regulation of genes related to innate immunity in the red changes, whereas genes related to adaptive immunity were upregulated in the melanized changes. An important result was the significant down-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 in all red changes.<ref>Havard Bjorgen et al,Immunopathological characterization of red focal changes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white muscle, Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology Volume 222, April 2020, 110035,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110035</ref>
===List of theses ===
===List of theses ===
== More information ==
== More information ==
=== Related chapters ===
[[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Sroto Vimana]], [[Grahani Chikitsa]]
=== Related articles ===
*[[Dhatu]]
*[[Rasa dhatu]]
*[[Rakta dhatu]]
*[[Meda dhatu]]
*[[Asthi dhatu]]
[[ Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]] [[ Grahani Chikitsa]]
*[[Majja dhatu]]
*[[Shukra dhatu]]
=== External links ===
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle Muscle], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system Human musculoskeletal system],
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction Muscle physiology], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body List of skeletal muscles of the human_body]
=== Abbreviations ===
*SAT = Standard Ayurveda Terminology
*Cha. = Charak
*Su. = Sushruta
*Sha. =Sharangadhara
*Sa. = Samhita
=== References from [[Charak Samhita]] ===
The list of references for mamsa dhatu in Charak Samhita can be seen [[Media:Mamsa_dhatu-_reference_list.pdf|here.]]
<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>
== References ==
== References ==
<div id="BackToTop" class="noprint" style="background-color:#DDEFDD; position:fixed;
bottom:32px; left:2%; z-index:9999; padding:0; margin:0;"><span style="color:blue;
font-size:8pt; font-face:verdana,sans-serif; border:0.2em outset #ceebf7;
padding:0.1em; font-weight:bolder; -moz-border-radius:8px; ">
[[#top| Back to the Top ]]</span></div>