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Line 186: − The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of mamsa dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by following clinical features. − {| class="wikitable" − |- − ! Symptoms of mamsa kshaya(decrease of mamsa dhatu)* !!Symptoms of mamsa vriddhi (increase in mamsa dhatu)** − |- − |Decrease in circumference and skin fold thickness of hips, neck and belly due to loss of bulk of muscles || Increase in circumference and skin fold thickness of buttocks, cheeks, lips, penis, thighs, arms and calves − |- − |wasting of buttocks, cheeks, penis, thighs, chest, axillae, calves || heaviness of the body − |- − | Dryness || Extra muscular growth or Hypertrophied musculature − |- − |pricking pain ||-- − |- − | debility of the body ||-- − |- − | Fatigue ||-- − |- − | loss of tone of arteries ||-- − |- − |Hypotonia in vessels specially in arterial wall just due to having thick muscular coat in it as compared to veins and capillaries || -- − |} − * *[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/65], [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/9]+ − * **[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/24]+ − • Mamsa kshaya (diminution of muscle tissue) is generally considered as a bad prognostic feature. [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 32/5],[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 33/5,18,25].+ + + + + + + + − • Mamsa vruddhi can be easily classified into two classes as – Hypertrophy & Heaviness. Hypertrophy can also be understood in terms of – arbuda (tumorous growth or myoma); granthi (nodular growth) – Lump, Cyst, Polypous growth; and adhimamsa (excess fleshy growth layer by layer)+ − + + + + + + − • Adhimamsa (granuloma or polyps), arbuda (tumorous growth or myoma), kila (piles, skin tags, warts), galashaluka (uvulitis), galashundika (tonsillitis), putimamsa (gangrene), alaji (boils), ganda (goiter), gandamala (cervical lymphadenitis), and upajihvika (inflammation of epiglottis).[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/13-15]+ − • The symptoms produced due to injury to mamsavaha srotas are shwayathu(edema),mamsashosha(wasting), siragrandhi(aneurism) and death.[ Su.Sa. Sharir Sthana 9/12]+ − • Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifesting in mamsagata jwara. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]+ − + − + − • Avruta madhumeha(diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79],prameha pidaka(diabetic carbuncles) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/82],+ − + − • shotha(swelling) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/7]+ + + + − • prameha (obstinate urinary disorders) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]+ − • kushtha(skin disorders)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 5/3]+ − + − • shosha(wasting diseases)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/8]+ − • granthi(nodule) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/81]+ − • arsha (hemorrhoids)[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/5]+ − − • kamala(jaundice) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/34] − • visarpa (erysipelas) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/15]+ − • vidradhi(abcess)[Su.Sam. Nidana Sthana 9/4]+ − • Tritiyaka jwara [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/66]+ − • Mamsakleda(retention of moisture) and mamsadaha (inflammation) are included among the 40 disorders due to pitta. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16]+ − • When vitiated [[vata]] is located in muscles and fat, it manifests as heaviness of body, pricking pain and as if beaten by a strong rod,severe pain and fatigue. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/32]+ − • When [[vata]] gets occluded by mamsa, it causes hard,discolored boils,swellings, horripilation and tingling. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/64]+ − • The srava(discharge) from a vrana situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]+ − • If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like an increase of swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]+ − • Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated upto muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]+ − Prognosis:+ − • Vrana (ulcer) is easily curable when situated in mamsa. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]+ − • From prognosticaspect, mamsagata jwara is curable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83]+ − • In case of fracture, if the inflammation of muscle tissue is noticed, it is difficult to cure. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/69]+ − • Formation of muscular sprout like structure on the surgical site is considered as a sign of improper surgical management. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/15]+ − ==Importance in preservation of health and prevention ==+ − Samhanana (proper musculature) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116] − A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/19].+ − Qualitative and quantitative decrease in mamsa dhatu is directly related to balakshaya(diminution of strength) [Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and ojakshaya[Su. Sam. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of mamsa dhatu is related to strength and immunity of a person.+ − ==Management of disease: ==+ − The disorders of mamsa dhatu should be treated with shodhana(purification), shastra(surgery), application of kshara (alkali) and agnikarma (cauterization) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26] − In Jwara, affecting mamsa and [[meda dhatu]], [[virechana]] (therapeutic purgation) and upavasa (fasting) should be done. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/316]+ − When [[vata]] gets occluded by mamsa and [[medas]], purgation, evacuative enema and palliative measures should be administered. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/93]+ − The poisonous effects on mamsa dhatu are treated with roots of khadira (Acacia catechu), nimba (Azadiracta indica) and kutaja (Holarrhena antidysentrica) mixed with honey and water. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/187]+ − Yapana [[ basti]] (a type of enema) is indicated for promoting [[shukra]] and mamsa(semen and muscular tissue) of a person, indulging excessive sexual intercourse. [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 8/21]+ − The effect of anuvasana basti(unctuous enema) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa and medas on the sixth day. [Su. Sam. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]+ − Mamsa (meat) is considered as the best measure for brimhana(nourishing) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing grahani (gastrointestinal disorders) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]+ − The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]+ − In the management of poisoning due to substances of plant and mineral origin and snake bite, the use of flesh with fresh blood is used to keep on the incision made at the vertex region of the person. [Su. Sa. chikitsa Sthana 2 /43, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3 /24]+ − + − In muscular parts, the depth of surgical incision should be equal to the size of 1 yava(barley). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/9]. + − Sandamshayantra(pincers/forceps) are used to pull foreign bodies lodged in mamsa. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 7/11]. + − Tempering of instruments should be done using water, for splitting, cutting and tearing of muscles. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/12].+ − For agnikarma(thermal cautery), jambavoshtha( a piece of black stone), and rods of other metals are used for diseases of mamsa. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 12/4].+ − + − + − + + − + − Vyayama is intended towards bringing stability (in body) and an increase in strength. It can decrease the morbidities and improve the functions of [[agni.]] [Cha.Sa,Sutra Sthana 7/31]. Current researches recognized exercise as a primary strategy to control hyperglycaemic disorders, also it induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise are widely dependent on the intensity and volume.<ref>Ana E Von Ah Morano et al, The Role of Glucose Homeostasis on Immune Function in Response to Exercise: The Impact of Low or Higher Energetic Conditions, Journal of Cellular Physiology ; Vol 235, No 4, Apr 2020 ; PP: 3169-3188</ref>+ − + − Contemporary approach: + + + + + − 1. Skeletal muscles + − 2. Smooth muscles + − 3. Cardiac muscles+ Line 338:
Line 332: − + Line 346:
Line 340: − + + + Line 356:
Line 352: − + Line 362:
Line 358: − + − • Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of the Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes. + − • Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.+ − • The myotubes are fused together under the influence of calcium ions resulting in Myogenesis.+ − • Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.+ − • Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.+ − + − + − A. Radiological investigation + − 1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) + − + − Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle + − Quantification of morphological measure of microvasculature based on segmented RBC+ − RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping + − Tissue oxygenation+ − 2. Muscle ultrasound + − + − Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.+ − B. Culture tests + − + − C. Electro-diagnostic techniques + − 1. Electromyography (EMG)+ − +
no edit summary
Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes similar to muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
Mamsa literally means flesh or meat. "Mamsa dhatu" is a body component that denotes flesh and includes similar to muscular tissue. Its important function is to cover body (lepana). It provides protective and structural covering above the skeleton. (SAT-B.433)<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref>
As the name suggests, it is a bulky tissue and denotes status of nutrition. Due to its solid-state, it provides proper size, shape and dimension to the body.
As the name suggests, it is a bulky tissue and denotes the status of nutrition. Due to its solid-state, it provides proper size, shape and dimension to the body.
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
== Assessment ==
== Assessment ==
Normal functions of mamsa dhatu are assessed by examination of different muscle actions such as – akunchana (flexion), prasarana (extension), utkshepana (lifting up), apakshepana (throwing down) and chakra gati (circumduction). Vyana vata is responsible for carrying out this function. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/9]
Normal functions of mamsa dhatu are assessed by examination of different muscle actions such as – flexion (akunchana), extension (prasarana), abduction (utkshepana), adduction (apakshepana) and circumduction (chakra gati). Vyana vata is responsible for carrying out this function. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/9]
Mamsa dhatu is known for its pure quality of stability (sthirata). which is manifested by a sort of tension or tautness in a group of muscles and this is seen as – Muscle tone. Any deviation in this may be elicited as – Hypotonia or Hypertonia.
Mamsa dhatu is known for its pure quality of stability (sthirata). which is manifested by a sort of tension or tautness in a group of muscles and this is seen as – Muscle tone. Any deviation in this may be elicited as – Hypotonia or Hypertonia.
=== Abnormal states ===
=== Abnormal states ===
The increase or decrease in quality and/or quantity of mamsa dhatu can lead to various abnormal conditions. The states can be assessed by the following clinical features.
===== Signs of decrease =====
* Decrease in circumference and skinfold thickness of hips, neck and belly due to loss of the muscle mass
* wasting of buttocks, cheeks, penis, thighs, chest, axillae, calves
* Dryness
* Pricking pain
* Debility
* Fatigue
* Decreased tone of blood vessels especially in the arterial walls [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/65]
* It is considered as a bad prognostic feature. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 32/5], [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 33/5,18,25].
===== Signs of increase =====
Clinical features of vitiation of mamsavaha srotas:
* Increase in circumference and skinfold thickness of buttocks, cheeks, lips, penis, thighs, arms and calves
* Heaviness of the body
* Extra muscular growth or Hypertrophied musculature [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 15/9,24]
* The increase can be easily classified into two classes viz. Hypertrophy (increase in size) & Hyperplasia (increase in number of cells).
=== Clinical features of vitiation of channels of transport and transformation of mamsa dhatu ===
* Granuloma or polyps (adhimamsa), tumorous growth or myoma (arbuda), piles, skin tags, warts (kila), uvulitis(galashaluka), galashundika (tonsillitis), gangrene(putimamsa), boils(alaji), goiter(ganda), cervical lymphadenitis(gandamala), and inflammation of epiglottis (upajihvika).[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/13-15]
* Injury to channels of transport and transformation of mamsa dhatu lead to swelling (shwayathu), wasting (mamsashosha), aneurism (siragranthi) and death. [Su.Sa. Sharir Sthana 9/12]
* Burning sensation inside the body, thirst, unconsciousness, weakness, diarrhea, foul smell from the body, and convulsive movements of the limbs are the features manifested in fever due to pitta dosha lodged in mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara). [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/78]
Role of mamsa dhatu as vitiated factor in diseases:
=== Role of mamsa dhatu as a vitiated factor in diseases ===
Mamsa dhatu is involved as the dushya(vitiated tissue) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:
Mamsa dhatu is involved as the vitiated tissue (dushya) in the pathogenesis of various diseases as listed below:
* Obstinate urinary diseases including diabetes due to obstructive pathogenesis (avruta madhumeha) [Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 17/79]
* Diabetic carbuncles(prameha pidaka) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 17/82]
*Shotha(Swelling) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/7]
*Obstinate urinary disorders(prameha) [Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 4/8]
*Skin disorders (kushtha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 5/3]
*wasting diseases (shosha)[Cha. Sa. [[Nidana Sthana]] 6/8]
*Nodule (granthi) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/81]
*Hemorrhoids (arsha)[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/5]
*Jaundice (kamala)[Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/34]
*Erysipelas(visarpa) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/15]
*Abcess (vidradhi)[Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 9/4]
*Tertiary fever (tritiyaka jwara) [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/66]
*Retention of moisture (mamsakleda) and inflammation of muscles (mamsadaha) are included among the 40 disorders due to pitta. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 20/16]
*When vitiated [[vata]] is located in muscles and fat, it manifests as the heaviness of the body, pricking pain and as if beaten by a strong rod, severe pain, and fatigue. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/32]
*When [[vata]] [[dosha]] is occluded by vitiation of mamsa dhatu, it causes hard, discolored boils, swellings, horripilation and tingling. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/64]
*The discharge (srava) from ulcer (vrana) situated in muscle tissue resembles ghee. It is thick, white and slimy. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 22/8]
*If a foreign body gets lodged in mamsa, it produces the symptoms like an increase of swelling, the appearance of new growth in the path of foreign body, intolerance on pressure, sucking pain and formation of pus. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 26/10]
*Suturing is indicated in non-inflammatory ulcers penetrated upto muscles without any other complications. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 1/45]
=== Importance in prognosis ===
* Ulcer (Vrana) is easily curable when situated in mamsa. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 25/36]
*From the prognostic aspect, fever due to vitiation of mamsa dhatu (mamsagata jwara) is curable. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/83]
*In case of fracture, if the inflammation of muscle tissue is noticed, it is difficult to cure. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3/69]
*Formation of muscular sprout like structure on the surgical site is considered as a sign of improper surgical management. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 5/15]
== Importance in the preservation of health and prevention ==
* Proper musculature (samhanana) is one of the assessment parameters of health. Physical strength directly depends upon musculature.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/116]
* A person with a balanced proportion of muscles and compactness of the body and firmness in sense organs is not affected by diseases. Such people can tolerate hunger, thirst, the heat of the sun, cold and physical exercise. Their digestion, assimilation of food, and muscle metabolism is in a state of equilibrium. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/19].
* The qualitative and quantitative decrease in mamsa dhatu is directly related to diminution of strength (bala kshaya) [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 28/20] and vitality (oja kshaya)[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/24]. Thus, the nutrition of mamsa dhatu is related to strength and immunity of a person.
== Principles of management of diseases ==
* The disorders of mamsa dhatu should be treated with purification [[shodhana]], surgery (shastra) , application of alkali (kshara) and cauterization (agni karma) [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/26]
*In fever (jwara) affecting mamsa and [[meda dhatu]], therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) and fasting ([[upavasa]]) should be done. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/316]
*When [[vata]] gets occluded by mamsa and [[meda dhatu]], purgation, evacuative enema and palliative measures should be administered. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 28/93]
*The poisonous effects on mamsa dhatu are treated with roots of khadira (Acacia catechu), nimba (Azadiracta indica) and kutaja (Holarrhena antidysentrica) mixed with honey and water. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/187]
* Enema therapy (Yapana [[ basti]]) is indicated for promoting semen ([[shukra]]) and muscular growth (mamsa) of a person, indulging excessive sexual intercourse. [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 8/21]
*The effect of unctuous enema (anuvasana basti) is observed in terms of unctuousness in mamsa dhatu and [[meda dhatu]] on the sixth day. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/73]
*Mamsa (meat) is considered as the best measure for nourishing (brimhana) and habitual use of meat soup of carnivorous animal is the best remedy for curing gastrointestinal disorders (grahani) or curing of assimilation disorders, consumption and piles. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 25/40]
*The patient of emaciation due to trauma is advised to take the decoction of the meat of a carnivorous animal sizzled with ghee and added with pippali (piper longum) and honey. This helps in promoting muscle tissues and blood. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/30]
*In the management of poisoning due to substances of plant and the mineral origin and snake bite, the use of flesh with fresh blood is used to keep on the incision made at the vertex region of the person. [Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 2 /43, Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 3 /24]
Surgical Management:
==== Surgical Management ====
*In muscular parts, the depth of surgical incision should be equal to the size of 1 yava(barley). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/9].
*Pincers/forceps (Sandamsha yantra) are used to pull foreign bodies lodged in muscles (mamsa). [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 7/11].
* Tempering of instruments should be done using water, for splitting, cutting and tearing of muscles. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 8/12].
* For thermal cautery (agni karma), a piece of black stone(jambavoshtha), and rods of other metals are used for diseases of mamsa. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 12/4].
Dietary management:
==== Dietary management ====
Mamsa dhatu is increased predominantly with the consumption of meat. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/10]
Dietary causative factors shall be avoided in case of increased mamsa dhatu and consumed in case of decreased mamsa dhatu. Mamsa dhatu is increased predominantly with the consumption of meat. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 6/10]
Lifestyle management:
==== Lifestyle management ====
Daytime sleep shall be avoided in case of increased mamsa dhatu and is advised in case of its decrease.
Vyayama (specific physical exercise):
===== [[Vyayama]] (specific physical exercise) =====
Specific physical exercise is intended towards bringing stability (in body) and an increase in strength. It can decrease the morbidities and improve the functions of [[agni]]. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 7/31] Current researches recognized exercise as a primary strategy to control hyperglycaemic disorders, also it induces a coordinated immune-neuro-endocrine response that acutely modulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and muscle functions and the immune response to exercise are widely dependent on the intensity and volume.<ref>Ana E Von Ah Morano et al, The Role of Glucose Homeostasis on Immune Function in Response to Exercise: The Impact of Low or Higher Energetic Conditions, Journal of Cellular Physiology ; Vol 235, No 4, Apr 2020 ; PP: 3169-3188</ref>
==Current researches ==
== Contemporary approach and current researches ==
Mamsa dhatu is observed in view of muscular tissue in conventional physiology.
=== Types ===
The muscles in the human body are categorized into three main categories:
The muscles in the human body are categorized into three main categories:
# Skeletal muscles
# Smooth muscles
# Cardiac muscles
About 40 percent of the human body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 percent is smooth and cardiac muscle.<ref>Guyton, Arthur C. Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.GUYTON – Unit II – Chapter 6 – Contraction of Skeletal muscle</ref>
About 40 percent of the human body is made up of skeletal muscle, and perhaps another 10 percent is smooth and cardiac muscle.<ref>Guyton, Arthur C. Guyton And Hall Textbook Of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA : Saunders/Elsevier, 2011.GUYTON – Unit II – Chapter 6 – Contraction of Skeletal muscle</ref>
These can be referred to as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.
These can be referred to as various types and shapes of peshi and snayu described above.
Composition of muscles:
===Composition of muscles ===
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
Skeletal muscle is formed by 75% of water and 25% of solids. Solids are 20% of proteins and 5% of organic substances other than proteins and inorganic substances.
The components can be referred to as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.
The components can be referred to as basic pancha bhautika constituents of mamsa dhatu.
Stem cells:
=== Origin and development ===
==== Stem cells ====
Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cells having the capability to differentiate into muscle cells. The fusion of these myoblasts is specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.
Myoblasts are embryonic progenitor cells having the capability to differentiate into muscle cells. The fusion of these myoblasts is specially confined only with the skeletal muscle cells. Cells unable to differentiate are pulled back within sarcolemma and endomysium and called as – satellite cells.
This can be referred to in view of sthayi or poshya part of mamsa dhatu.
This can be referred to in view of sthayi or poshya part of mamsa dhatu.
Embryonic development of muscles:
==== Embryonic development of muscles ====
Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.
Muscle tissue committed cell line – myocytes are originated from the myoblasts under the influence of concerned factor fibroblast growth factor, calcium ions. It is mesodermal in origin basically from pluripotent embryonic stem cells later undergoing differentiation process committed towards myocyte cell lineage.
Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control, and final appearances.
Initially the myoblasts fuse with each other attaining tubular and multi-nucleated form. Later on these are specialized as per location, control, and final appearances.
Myogenesis in a nutshell:
==== Myogenesis in a nutshell ====
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
The steps involved in myogenesis can be described as below.
# Myoblasts proliferate under the influence of the Fibroblast growth factor and form Myotubes.
# Division of myoblasts is regulated by the adequate presence of Fibroblast growth factor.
# The myotubes are fused together under the influence of calcium ions resulting in Myogenesis.
# Myogenesis is enhanced and regulated by Myocyte enhance factor & steroids.
# Serum response factor & androgen receptor is responsible for expression for striated actin genes.
Functions:
=== Functions of muscles ===
About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three fourth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.248</ref> The muscle proteins called actin and myosin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyosin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.250</ref>
About half of the physical and chemical metabolic processes take place in muscle tissue, and at least three fourth of the total metabolism is due to muscle activity during severe exercise.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.248</ref> The muscle proteins called actin and myosin combine to form a complex and highly viscous colloid called actomyosin. But the contraction of muscles is considered truly as a molecular phenomenon.<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996. Third edition.pg.250</ref>
Diagnostic investigation methods:
=== Diagnostic investigation methods ===
==== Radiological investigation ====
===== '''Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)''' =====
Purpose –
* Purpose:
*Obtain 2D and 3D images of skeletal muscle
*Quantification of morphological measure of microvasculature based on segmented RBC
*RBC spacing within the muscle tissue – 3D distance mapping
* Tissue oxygenation
=====Muscle ultrasound =====
Purpose –
* '''Purpose''' :
* Non-invasive technique for assessment of muscular dystrophies & skeletal muscle disorders in the pediatric population.
==== Culture tests ====
Muscle mass biopsy
=====Muscle mass biopsy =====
==== Electro-diagnostic techniques====
=====Electromyography (EMG)=====
Purpose –
*'''Purpose''' :
Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.
Electro-diagnostic technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles.