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Line 174: − '''Trividhapariksha''' Threefold examination for assessment of linga are:+ − [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana. 1/22]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref> + + + − '''Modern method of assessment of linga:'''+ Line 192:
Line 197: − '''Understanding evident fatal signs ([[arishta]] [[lakshana]]):''' For illness diagnosis and management, every science is dependent on the linga of the condition. Because there was no accessible instrument or diagnostic test in ancient times, the physician had to analyze, observe the linga, and finally conclude the diagnosis. The arishta lakshana can be linked to modern-day death signals [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]]]. Murmure Rasika B et al. elaborated the concept of death signs mentioned in Charak Samhita with the impending indicators just before death and up to six months before death.<ref>Murmure Rasika B Et Al: CharkoktaArishtaLakshanas And Contemporary Signs Of Death. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal {online} 2017 {cited November, 2017}</ref>+ − '''Validation of tool of dhatu samyalakshana:''' In [[Ayurveda]], the signs of equilibrium of body tissues (dhatu samya) can determine physical and mental well-being. T. Mahesh Raju, B et al. researched 250 seemingly healthy participants to develop, validate, and standardize a questionnaire to measure improvement in health status using Ayurvedic parameters. The final questionnaire measures health state according to Ayurvedic principles of dhatu samyata.<ref>Mahesh Raju. B, TB Tripathy, MB.Kavita. Development and Standardization of Health Status Assessment Tool Based on Ayurvedic Parameters w.s.r. to DathuSamyaLakshna. International Journal of Research in AYUSH and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017;1(1):92-96</ref>+ − '''Cardinal features (pratyatma lakshana):''' A diagnostic pathological report: The distinctive and peculiar clinical features of an illness are cardinal features. Mahamad Yunus S et al. concentrated on gaining a scientific grasp of cardinal features (pratyatma lakshana)'s distinctiveness and role as a diagnostic pathological report.<ref>MahamadYunus S. Nabooji, Amit K., Sandhya G., Komal R. PratyatmaLakshana: A Diagnostic Pathological Report. Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga, 2019; 12(1):9-12.</ref>+ − '''Understanding proper oleation:''' An open-label clinical study studied the internal administration of ghee (snehapana). It was carried out on 30 psoriasis patients to evaluate the signs of proper oleation (samyaksnigdhalakshana) using a variety of clinical and biochemical markers. The study found that there were no significant changes in blood parameters. Substantial feces alterations in the presence of fat globules after snehapana were observed.<ref>Ramteke R, Vinodkumar G, Meharjan T. An open clinical trial to analyzeSamyakSnigdhaLakshana of ShodhanangaSnehapana with MahatikthakamGhritam in Psoriasis. Ayu. 2011;32(4):519-525. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.96126</ref>+ − + + + + + + + + + Line 211:
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|title=Linga
|title=Linga
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Linga, Linga in ayurveda
|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, carak samhita, ayurved, Linga, Linga in ayurveda, clinical features, signs and sympotoms in ayurveda, Indian systems of medicine, alternative medicine, complementary medicine, rupa in ayurveda, symptomatology, identify disease, knowledge of disease
|description=Linga means characteristic feature. It includes clinical signs and symptoms
|description=Linga means characteristic feature. It includes clinical signs and symptoms
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|label2 = Authors
|label2 = Authors
|data2 =Bhojani M.K.<sup>1</sup>, Tanwar Ankur kumar<sup>1</sup>
|data2 =Bhojani M.K.<sup>1</sup>, Siddharth Kumar<sup>2</sup>, Tanwar Ankur Kumar<sup>1</sup>
|label3 = Reviewer
|label3 = Reviewer
|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>2</sup>
|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>3</sup>
|label4 = Editor
|label4 = Editor
|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>3</sup>
|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>4</sup>
|label5 = Affiliations
|label5 = Affiliations
|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Kriya Sharir, A.I.I.A., New Delhi, India,
|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Kriya Sharir, A.I.I.A., New Delhi, India
<sup>2</sup> [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India,
<sup>2</sup> Department of Roga Nidana Vikriti Vigyan, A.I.I.A.,New Delhi, India
<sup>3</sup>Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
<sup>3</sup>[[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
<sup>4</sup> Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
|label6 = Correspondence email
|label6 = Correspondence email
==Classification==
==Classification==
===Three-fold classification===
===Three-fold classification===
1. [[Dosha]] specific features (dosha samashraya): The sign and symptoms of the disease that arise due to interactions of [[dosha]] with [[dushya]] (dosha-dushyasammurchana) are the [[dosha]] specific features of a disease. These are often exhibited in the early stages of disease and indicative of the commencement of pathogenesis of the disease.
1. [[Dosha]] specific features (dosha samashraya): The sign and symptoms of the disease that arise due to interactions of [[dosha]] with [[dushya]] (dosha-dushyasammurchana) are the [[dosha]] specific features of a disease. These are often exhibited in the early stages of disease and indicative of the commencement of pathogenesis of the disease.
3. Prodromal features ([[purvarupa]]): The sign and symptoms of a disease exhibited in an intermediated state of the occurrence of [[dosha]] specific and diseases specific features are called ‘Purvarupa’. These are the prodromal features that convert into the disease's cardinal features.
3. Prodromal features ([[purvarupa]]): The sign and symptoms of a disease exhibited in an intermediated state of the occurrence of [[dosha]] specific and diseases specific features are called ‘Purvarupa’. These are the prodromal features that convert into the disease's cardinal features.
[Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/1]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>
===Two-fold classification===
===Two-fold classification===
There are two types:
There are two types:
1. General features (samanya rupa): These are the general clinical features of the disease. For example, feverishness (santapa) is a prevailing clinical feature of fever ([[jwara]]); loose, watery stool (atisarana) is a general clinical feature of diarrhoea (atisara).
1. General features (samanya rupa): These are the general clinical features of the disease. For example, feverishness (santapa) is a prevailing clinical feature of fever ([[jwara]]); loose, watery stool (atisarana) is a general clinical feature of diarrhoea (atisara).
2. Specific features (vishistha rupa): These are the special clinical features of the disease. These indicate the specificity of the pathology. It is representative of the sub-variant of a disease occurring. The clinical features of [[vata]] dominant [[jwara]], [[pitta]] dominant [[jwara]], [[kapha]] dominant [[jvara]] etc. are specific features.
2. Specific features (vishistha rupa): These are the special clinical features of the disease. These indicate the specificity of the pathology. It is representative of the sub-variant of a disease occurring. The clinical features of [[vata]] dominant [[jwara]], [[pitta]] dominant [[jwara]], [[kapha]] dominant [[jvara]] etc. are specific features. [Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/1]<ref name=Susruta/>
===Two-fold classification===
===Two-fold classification===
Another classification is based on the curability and severity of the disease.
Another classification is based on the curability and severity of the disease.
2. Signs of incurability (asadhyalinga)
2. Signs of incurability (asadhyalinga)
[Su.Sa. Nidana Sthana 1/1]<ref name=Susruta/>
===Two-fold classification===
===Two-fold classification===
# Recognized by the patient (symptoms)
# Recognized by the physician (signs)
[Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 1/1]<ref name=Susruta/>
===Understanding classification based on clinical applicability===
===Understanding classification based on clinical applicability===
Different sorts of examinations were stated in [[Ayurveda]] for disease and patient examinations and for planning correct therapy based on [[prakriti]], vaya, and other factors. The method of identification of clinical features in [[Ayurveda]] is trividha pariksha.
Different sorts of examinations were stated in [[Ayurveda]] for disease and patient examinations and for planning correct therapy based on [[prakriti]], vaya, and other factors. The method of identification of clinical features in [[Ayurveda]] is trividha pariksha.
===Trividha pariksha (threefold examination for assessment) ===
These are:
*Darshana: Assessment through seeing or observation.
*Darshana: Assessment through seeing or observation.
*Saparshana: Assessment through touch.
*Saparshana: Assessment through touch.
*Prashana: Questioning or interrogation
*Prashana: Questioning or interrogation
[A.Hr. Sutra Sthana. 1/22]<ref name= Hridaya > Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>
=== Contemporary method of assessment of linga ===
*History taking/Questioning
*History taking/Questioning
==Current Researches==
==Current Researches==
=== Understanding evident fatal signs ([[arishta]] [[lakshana]]) ===
For illness diagnosis and management, every science is dependent on the linga of the condition. Because there was no accessible instrument or diagnostic test in ancient times, the physician had to analyze, observe the linga, and finally conclude the diagnosis. The arishta lakshana can be linked to modern-day death signals [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]]]. Murmure Rasika B et al. elaborated the concept of death signs mentioned in Charak Samhita with the impending indicators just before death and up to six months before death.<ref>Murmure Rasika B Et Al: CharkoktaArishtaLakshanas And Contemporary Signs Of Death. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal {online} 2017 {cited November, 2017}</ref>
=== Validation of tool of dhatu samya lakshana ===
In [[Ayurveda]], the signs of equilibrium of body tissues (dhatu samya) can determine physical and mental well-being. T. Mahesh Raju, B et al. researched 250 seemingly healthy participants to develop, validate, and standardize a questionnaire to measure improvement in health status using Ayurvedic parameters. The final questionnaire measures health state according to Ayurvedic principles of dhatu samyata.<ref>Mahesh Raju. B, TB Tripathy, MB.Kavita. Development and Standardization of Health Status Assessment Tool Based on Ayurvedic Parameters w.s.r. to DathuSamyaLakshna. International Journal of Research in AYUSH and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017;1(1):92-96</ref>
==Research thesis==
=== Cardinal features (pratyatma lakshana)===
A diagnostic pathological report: The distinctive and peculiar clinical features of an illness are cardinal features. Mahamad Yunus S et al. concentrated on gaining a scientific grasp of cardinal features (pratyatma lakshana)'s distinctiveness and role as a diagnostic pathological report.<ref>MahamadYunus S. Nabooji, Amit K., Sandhya G., Komal R. PratyatmaLakshana: A Diagnostic Pathological Report. Indian Journal of Ancient Medicine and Yoga, 2019; 12(1):9-12.</ref>
=== Understanding proper oleation ===
An open-label clinical study studied the internal administration of ghee (snehapana). It was carried out on 30 psoriasis patients to evaluate the signs of proper oleation (samyaksnigdhalakshana) using a variety of clinical and biochemical markers. The study found that there were no significant changes in blood parameters. Substantial feces alterations in the presence of fat globules after snehapana were observed.<ref>Ramteke R, Vinodkumar G, Meharjan T. An open clinical trial to analyzeSamyakSnigdhaLakshana of ShodhanangaSnehapana with MahatikthakamGhritam in Psoriasis. Ayu. 2011;32(4):519-525. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.96126</ref>
== Research theses ==
#Sharma K. Sadashiv (1958): Samprapti – Lakshanyoh Sambandhah. Department of Kayachikitsa and Panchakarma, I.P.G.T.& R.A., Gujarat.
#Sharma K. Sadashiv (1958): Samprapti – Lakshanyoh Sambandhah. Department of Kayachikitsa and Panchakarma, I.P.G.T.& R.A., Gujarat.
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==References==
==References==
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