Changes

{{#seo:

{{#seo:

|title=Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya

|title=Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya

|keywords=Ayurvedic therapeutics, Santarpana(nourishing), Apatarpana(reducing), Langhana (fasting/reducing), Brimhana(nourishing), Snehana(oleation), Swedana(sudation), Stambhana(astringent/styptic), Rukshana(drying),Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.  

|keywords=Ayurvedic therapeutics, Santarpana(nourishing), Apatarpana(reducing), Langhana (fasting/reducing), Brimhana(nourishing), Snehana(oleation), Swedana(sudation), Stambhana(astringent/styptic), Rukshana(drying),Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.  

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 22. Reduction and nourishing therapies

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 22. Reduction and nourishing therapies

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=carak samhita

|image_alt=carak samhita

|type=article

|type=article

|label7 = Reviewer  

|label7 = Reviewer  

|data7  = Byadgi P.S.

|data7  = Byadgi P.S.

|label8 = Editor

|label8 = Editors

|data8  = Dwivedi R.B.

|data8  = Dwivedi R.B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

|label9 = Date of publication  

|label9 = Year of publication  

|data9 = December 17, 2018

|data9 = 2020

|label10 = DOI

|label10 = Publisher

|data10  = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024]

|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.024]

}}

}}

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<div style="text-align:justify;">In continuation with the earlier chapter, the main course of treatments for the morbidly obese and the extremely thin/skinny/emaciated persons are described in this chapter. Ayurvedic therapeutics are categorized broadly under two categories like reducing (Apatarpana) or nourishing (Santarpana); It is further classified into six types: Langhana (Fasting, reducing), Brimhana (nourishing), Rukshana (drying), Stambhana (astringent/styptic), Snehana (oleation), and Swedana (sudation). Besides providing insights into these therapeutic measures, this chapter also describes specific advantages of these therapeutic procedures, pharmacological actions of properties and their indications in detail. The features of optimally administered techniques while understanding the consequences of their over and under-application are also included. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">In continuation with the earlier chapter, the main course of treatments for the morbidly obese and the extremely thin/skinny/emaciated persons are described in this chapter. Ayurvedic therapeutics are categorized broadly under two categories like reducing (Apatarpana) or nourishing (Santarpana); It is further classified into six types: [[Langhana]] (Fasting, reducing), [[Brimhana]] (nourishing), [[Rukshana]] (drying), [[Stambhana]] (astringent/styptic), [[Snehana]] (oleation), and [[Swedana]] (sudation). Besides providing insights into these therapeutic measures, this chapter also describes specific advantages of these therapeutic procedures, pharmacological actions of properties and their indications in detail. The features of optimally administered techniques while understanding the consequences of their over and under-application are also included. </div>

'''Keywords''': Ayurvedic therapeutics, ''Santarpana''(nourishing), ''Apatarpana''(reducing), ''Langhana'' (fasting/reducing), ''Brimhana''(nourishing), ''Snehana''(oleation), ''Swedana''(sudation), ''Stambhana''(astringent/styptic), ''Rukshana''(drying).

'''Keywords''': Ayurvedic therapeutics, Santarpana(nourishing), Apatarpana(reducing), [[Langhana]] (fasting/reducing), [[Brimhana]](nourishing), [[Snehana]](oleation), [[Swedana]](sudation), [[Stambhana]](astringent/styptic), [[Rukshana]](drying).

</div>

</div>

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

In the earlier chapter on eight undesirable body features, the focus of the study was on two of the most undesirable kinds - ''sthula'' (obesity) and ''krisha'' (too thin/skinny/emaciated). The present chapter deals with types of treatments suitable for both conditions as well as other similar pathologies. There are four types of pathologies described in [[Ayurveda]]: ''atipravritti'' (excessive elimination), ''sanga'' (obstruction), ''sira granthi'' (tumor/varicosity), and ''vimarga gamana'' (improperly directed circulation). A disease could be of any of these four pathology types, but its affliction could manifest in different forms depending upon the unique body constitution of the patient and combination of ''doshas, dhatus, mala,'' etc., explained in prior chapters. To tackle such afflictions, [[Ayurveda]] describes six types of therapeutic measures: ''Langhana'' (reduction), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (drying), ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic), ''Snehana'' (oleation), and ''Swedana'' (sudation). In the case of excessive discharge of anything from the body, ''Stambhana'' (a procedure that slows or stops the discharge) is advised. While in the case of obstructions, ''Langhana, Swedana,'' or ''Rukshana'' are advised. In cases of excessively vitiated ''dosha, Langhana'' (reducing therapy) is indicated to bring the elevated ''dosha'' to a state of equilibrium, whereas in a case of degeneration, ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy) and ''Snehana'' (oleation) are prescribed. The ''Snehana'' and ''Swedana'' therapies are described in detail in thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of this section respectively. This chapter describes remaining four therapies , i.e.,''Langhana, Brimhana, Stambhana,'' and ''Rukshana.''

In the earlier chapter on eight undesirable body features, the focus of the study was on two of the most undesirable kinds - sthula (obesity) and krisha (too thin/skinny/emaciated). The present chapter deals with types of treatments suitable for both conditions as well as other similar pathologies. There are four types of pathologies described in [[Ayurveda]]: atipravritti(excessive elimination), sanga (obstruction), sira granthi(tumor/varicosity), and vimarga gamana(improperly directed circulation). A disease could be of any of these four pathology types, but its affliction could manifest in different forms depending upon the unique body constitution of the patient and combination of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]], [[mala]], etc., explained in prior chapters. To tackle such afflictions, [[Ayurveda]] describes six types of therapeutic measures: [[Langhana]](reduction), [[Brimhana]] (nourishing), [[Rukshana]] (drying), [[Stambhana]] (astringent/styptic),[[Snehana]] (oleation), and [[Swedana]] (sudation). In the case of excessive discharge of anything from the body, [[Stambhana]] (a procedure that slows or stops the discharge) is advised. While in the case of obstructions,[[Langhana]], [[Swedana]], or [[Rukshana]] are advised. In cases of excessively vitiated [[dosha]], [[Langhana]] (reducing therapy) is indicated to bring the elevated [[dosha]] to a state of equilibrium, whereas in a case of degeneration, [[Brimhana]](nourishing therapy) and [[Snehana]] (oleation) are prescribed. The [[Snehana]] and [[Swedana]] therapies are described in detail in thirteenth and fourteenth chapters of this section respectively. This chapter describes remaining four therapies , i.e.,[[Langhana]], [[Brimhana]], [[Stambhana]], and [[Rukshana]].

</div>

</div>

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

To initiate a discussion, Lord Atreya addressed to his six disciples, who are dedicated to a life of penance and learning and who are led by Agnivesha, “He indeed is the true physician who knows the timely use of therapies to produce lightness, strength, dryness, unctuous, sweating and astringent effects.” Once Lord Atreya had spoken, Agnivesha asked the following questions, “O Thou, our worshipful preceptor, Sir, what are the therapies that are ''Langhana'' (reducing), ''Brimhana'' (nourishing), ''Rukshana'' (dryness-causing), ''Snehana'' (oleation) and, ''Swedana'' (sudation), and ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic)? Who are fit for this, O beloved teacher? You may kindly tell us all about them, and you may also tell briefly about the symptoms of proper application, improper application, and over-application of these six therapies.” [3-8]

To initiate a discussion, Lord Atreya addressed to his six disciples, who are dedicated to a life of penance and learning and who are led by Agnivesha, “He indeed is the true physician who knows the timely use of therapies to produce lightness, strength, dryness, unctuous, sweating and astringent effects.” Once Lord Atreya had spoken, Agnivesha asked the following questions, “O Thou, our worshipful preceptor, Sir, what are the therapies that are [[Langhana]] (reducing), [[Brimhana]] (nourishing), [[Rukshana]] (dryness-causing), [[Snehana]] (oleation) and, [[Swedana]] (sudation), and [[Stambhana]] (astringent/styptic)? Who are fit for this, O beloved teacher? You may kindly tell us all about them, and you may also tell briefly about the symptoms of proper application, improper application, and over-application of these six therapies.” [3-8]

</div>

</div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Hearing these words of Agnivesha, the mentor (Atreya) explained the therapies thus.  

Hearing these words of Agnivesha, the mentor (Atreya) explained the therapies thus.  

*Whatever produces lightness or reduction in the body is known as ''Langhana'' (reducing/lightening) therapy.  

*Whatever produces lightness or reduction in the body is known as [[Langhana]] (reducing/lightening) therapy.  

*Whatever increases the bulk of the body and makes it strong is known as ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy).  

*Whatever increases the bulk of the body and makes it strong is known as [[Brimhana]] (nourishing therapy).  

*''Rukshana'' (dryness causing) therapy is that which causes dryness, roughness, and coarseness.  

*[[Rukshana]](dryness causing) therapy is that which causes dryness, roughness, and coarseness.  

*Whatever moisturizes and smoothens, causes unction, fluidity, and ooziness is called ''Snehana'' (oleation) therapy.  

*Whatever moisturizes and smoothens, causes unction, fluidity, and ooziness is called [[Snehana]] (oleation) therapy.  

*''Swedana'' (sudation) therapy is that which produces sweat, abolishes rigidity, heaviness, and coldness.

*[[Swedana]] (sudation) therapy is that which produces sweat, abolishes rigidity, heaviness, and coldness.

   

   

The therapy which results in inhibition of mobility and flow of bodily substances and stabilizes is called ''Stambhana'' (astringent or styptic therapy). [9-11]

The therapy which results in inhibition of mobility and flow of bodily substances and stabilizes is called [[Stambhana]] (astringent or styptic therapy). [9-11]

</div>

</div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

*The drug or substance that possesses light, hot, sharply acting, clearing, dry, minute (subtle), rough, flowing (unstable) and hard qualities are used for ''Langhana''.  

*The drug or substance that possesses light, hot, sharply acting, clearing, dry, minute (subtle), rough, flowing (unstable) and hard qualities are used for [[langhana]].  

*The drug or substance that is used for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy possesses heavy, cold, soft, unctuous, thick, gross, slimy, sluggish, stable and smooth qualities.  

*The drug or substance that is used for [[brimhana]] (nourishing) therapy possesses heavy, cold, soft, unctuous, thick, gross, slimy, sluggish, stable and smooth qualities.  

*The drug or substance that possesses dry, light, rough, sharply acting, hot, stable, non-slimy and primarily hard qualities is used for ''Rukshana'' (drying) therapy.   

*The drug or substance that possesses dry, light, rough, sharply acting, hot, stable, non-slimy and primarily hard qualities is used for [[rukshana]] (drying) therapy.   

*''Snehana'' (oleation) therapy requires the drug or substance that possess liquid, minute (subtle), flowing (unstable), unctuous, slimy, heavy, cold, sluggish and soft qualities.   

*[[Snehana]] (oleation) therapy requires the drug or substance that possess liquid, minute (subtle), flowing (unstable), unctuous, slimy, heavy, cold, sluggish and soft qualities.   

*The drug or substance that is used for ''Swedana'' (sudation) therapy possesses hot, acute, flowing (unstable), unctuous, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and heavy qualities.  

*The drug or substance that is used for [[swedana]] (sudation) therapy possesses hot, acute, flowing (unstable), unctuous, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and heavy qualities.  

*Finally,''Stambhana'' requires the drugs to possess cold, sluggish, soft, smooth, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and light qualities. [12-17]

*Finally,[[stambhana]] requires the drugs to possess cold, sluggish, soft, smooth, dry, minute (subtle), liquid, stable and light qualities. [12-17]

</div>

</div>

===Langhana (reducing or lightening) therapy ===

===[[Langhana]] (reducing or lightening) therapy ===

==== Methods of ''langhana'' (reducing/lightening) therapy ====

==== Methods of [[langhana]] (reducing/lightening) therapy ====

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

The four purification therapies viz. ''Vamana'' (emesis), ''Virechana'' (purgation), ''Niruha'' (non-unctuous enema) and ''Nasya'' (nasal drug administration). Six other procedures viz. ''Pipasa'' (control of thirst), ''Maruta'' (exposure to wind/breathing exercises), ''Aatapa'' (exposure to sunlight), ''Pachana'' (applications of digestive measures), ''Upawasa'' (fasting) and ''Vyayama'' (exercise) are the ten methods of ''Langhana'' (reducing) therapy. [18]

The four purification therapies viz. [[vamana]] (emesis), [[virechana]] (purgation), Niruha [[basti]] (non-unctuous enema) and [[Nasya]] (nasal drug administration). Six other procedures viz. pipasa (control of thirst), maruta (exposure to wind/breathing exercises), aatapa (exposure to sunlight), [[pachana]] (applications of digestive measures), upawasa (fasting) and vyayama (exercise) are the ten methods of [[langhana]] (reducing) therapy. [18]

</div>

</div>

==== Indications of ''langhana'' ====

==== Indications of [[langhana]] ====

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Those who are suffering from excessive vitiation of ''kapha, pitta,'' blood and waste products, are afflicted with obstructed ''vata'' and who have bulky and strong bodies should be treated using ''shodhana'' (purificatory) procedures of ''Langhana''.  

Those who are suffering from excessive vitiation of [[kapha]], [[pitta]],blood and waste products, are afflicted with obstructed [[vata]] and who have bulky and strong bodies should be treated using shodhana (purificatory) procedures of [[Langhana]].  

Those who are suffering from diseases caused by moderate increase of ''kapha'' and ''pitta'' such as vomiting, diarrhea, heart disease, acute intestinal irritation (cholera), intestinal sluggishness (''alasaka''), fever, constipation, heaviness of body, eructation, nausea, anorexia and similar conditions should first be treated with applications of digestive measures by wise physician.  

Those who are suffering from diseases caused by moderate increase of [[kapha]] and [[pitta]] such as vomiting, diarrhea, heart disease, acute intestinal irritation (cholera), intestinal sluggishness (alasaka), fever, constipation, heaviness of body, eructation, nausea, anorexia and similar conditions should first be treated with applications of digestive measures by wise physician.  

Above mentioned diseases, with mild intensity, should be mitigated by the restraint from food and drink (fasting and control of thirst).

Above mentioned diseases, with mild intensity, should be mitigated by the restraint from food and drink (fasting and control of thirst).

In a strong person with diseases of moderate intensity, any treatment measure should include physical exercise and exposure to sunlight and the wind.  Further, strong patients suffering from mild disease or a little imbalance of ''doshas'' should be treated in the same manner i.e. exercise and exposure to the sun and the wind.

In a strong person with diseases of moderate intensity, any treatment measure should include physical exercise and exposure to sunlight and the wind.  Further, strong patients suffering from mild disease or a little imbalance of [[dosha]] should be treated in the same manner i.e. exercise and exposure to the sun and the wind.

Those who are suffering from skin disorders, urinary disorders, those consuming excess of unctuous food, with excess discharges in the body and undergone excess nourishing therapy should be treated with ''Langhana'' therapy. In a season of ''shishira'' (winter), ''Langhana'' is suitable for patients with ''vata''-dominant disorders also (in addition to above). [19-24]

Those who are suffering from skin disorders, urinary disorders, those consuming excess of unctuous food, with excess discharges in the body and undergone excess nourishing therapy should be treated with [[langhana]] therapy. In a season of shishira (winter), [[langhana]] is suitable for patients with [[vata]]-dominant disorders also (in addition to above). [19-24]

</div>

</div>

=== ''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ===

=== [[Brimhana]] (nourishing) therapy ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

The meat of adult (mature) animals, fish, and birds which are found roaming in their suitable natural surroundings, which are healthy (or disease-free) and have not been killed by poisonous weapons and is unspoiled, is considered to be ideal for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing therapy).  

The meat of adult (mature) animals, fish, and birds which are found roaming in their suitable natural surroundings, which are healthy (or disease-free) and have not been killed by poisonous weapons and is unspoiled, is considered to be ideal for [[brimhana]](nourishing therapy).  

The persons requiring such therapy are those suffering from wasting of the body, wounded, consumptive, emaciated, old, weak, weary of long journeys, and excessively indulged in sexual intercourse, alcohol addiction, and for all persons in the summer season.   

The persons requiring such therapy are those suffering from wasting of the body, wounded, consumptive, emaciated, old, weak, weary of long journeys, and excessively indulged in sexual intercourse, alcohol addiction, and for all persons in the summer season.   

Light to digest soup made up of meat of carnivorous animals and birds is nourishing to persons who have been weakened due to diseases such as consumption, piles, assimilation disorders (''grahani dosha''), or have been wasted by other (similar) diseases.

Light to digest soup made up of meat of carnivorous animals and birds is nourishing to persons who have been weakened due to diseases such as consumption, piles, assimilation disorders (grahani dosha), or have been wasted by other (similar) diseases.

Bath, unction, sleep, medicated enema with sweet drugs, unctuous enema, sugar mixed milk, and ghee are considered ideal for ''Brimhana'' (nourishing). [25-28]

Bath, unction, sleep, medicated enema with sweet drugs, unctuous enema, sugar mixed milk, and ghee are considered ideal for [[brimhana]] (nourishing). [25-28]

</div>

</div>

=== [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya#Contemporary researches|''Rukshana'' (drying) therapy]] ===

=== [[Rukshana]] (drying) therapy ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Regular use of substances having pungent, bitter and astringent tastes, indulgence in women, use of oil-cakes of mustard and ''tila''(sesame), buttermilk, honey and similar things tend to induce dryness.

Regular use of substances having pungent, bitter and astringent tastes, indulgence in women, use of oil-cakes of mustard and tila(sesame), buttermilk, honey and similar things tend to induce dryness.

''Rukshana'' is indicated in diseases caused by blocking of bodily channels by excess discharges or in cases of greater morbidity of ''doshas'' diseases of vital organs, in stiffening of thighs (''urustambha''), and in similar conditions. Unctuousness, persons suitable for oleation therapy, and suitable for sudation therapy have been described in detail in earlier chapters concerned. [29-31]

[[Rukshana]] is indicated in diseases caused by blocking of bodily channels by excess discharges or in cases of greater morbidity of [[dosha]] diseases of vital organs, in stiffening of thighs (urustambha), and in similar conditions. Unctuousness, persons suitable for oleation therapy, and suitable for sudation therapy have been described in detail in earlier chapters concerned. [29-31]

</div>

</div>

=== ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy ===

=== [[Stambhana]] (astringent/styptic) therapy ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

All the drugs that are characterized by liquid, thin, stable, cold properties and possessing sweet, bitter and astringent tastes are used for ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy. ''Stambhana'' is indicated in patients afflicted with ''pitta'', burned with ''kshara'' (alkali) and fire, those who are afflicted with vomiting, diarrhea, and those who are suffering from complications of excess sudation and poisoning. [32-33]

All the drugs that are characterized by liquid, thin, stable, cold properties and possessing sweet, bitter and astringent tastes are used for [[Stambhana]] (astringent/styptic) therapy. [[Stambhana]] is indicated in patients afflicted with [[pitta]], burned with kshara (alkali) and fire, those who are afflicted with vomiting, diarrhea, and those who are suffering from complications of excess sudation and poisoning. [32-33]

</div>

</div>

=== Signs of adequate and excess ''langhana'' ===

=== Signs of adequate and excess [[langhana]] ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

The signs of proper administration of ''langhana'' include thorough elimination of flatus, urine, and feces, feeling of lightness in body, cleansing in heart, eructation, throat and mouth, the disappearance of drowsiness and exhaustion, the appearance of perspiration and reappearance of taste, hunger and thirst along with a feeling of well-being.

The signs of proper administration of [[langhana]] include thorough elimination of flatus, urine, and feces, feeling of lightness in body, cleansing in heart, eructation, throat and mouth, the disappearance of drowsiness and exhaustion, the appearance of perspiration and reappearance of taste, hunger and thirst along with a feeling of well-being.

The signs of excessive administration of ''Langhana'' include pain in the joints, body aches, cough, dryness of the mouth, complete loss of hunger, anorexia, thirst, weakness of hearing and vision, confusion of mind, frequent eructation, fainting, frequent upward movement of ''vata'', feeling of darkness in the heart (''tamo hridi''), loss of body weight, loss of digestive power and strength. [34-37]

The signs of excessive administration of [[langhana]] include pain in the joints, body aches, cough, dryness of the mouth, complete loss of hunger, anorexia, thirst, weakness of hearing and vision, confusion of mind, frequent eructation, fainting, frequent upward movement of [[vata]], feeling of darkness in the heart (tamo hridi), loss of body weight, loss of digestive power and strength. [34-37]

</div>

</div>

=== Signs of adequate and excess ''brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy ===

=== Signs of adequate and excess [[brimhana]] (nourishing) therapy ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Through the proper administration of ''Brimhana'', one gets strength, robustness, and freedom from the diseases of emaciation. On excessive application of ''Brimhana'', one suffers from corpulence (obesity). The symptoms of proper and excessive administration of ''Rukshana'' are the same as those of ''Langhana''. [38-38½]

Through the proper administration of [[brimhana]], one gets strength, robustness, and freedom from the diseases of emaciation. On excessive application of [[brimhana]], one suffers from corpulence (obesity). The symptoms of proper and excessive administration of [[rukshana]] are the same as those of [[langhana]]. [38-38½]

</div>

</div>

=== Signs of adequate and excess ''Stambhana'' (astringent/styptic) therapy ===

 

=== Signs of adequate and excess [[stambhana]] (astringent/styptic) therapy ===

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Properly administered ''stambhana'' helps the patient to regain his strength and get rid of afflicted diseases as told earlier.  

Properly administered [[stambhana]] helps the patient to regain his strength and get rid of afflicted diseases as told earlier.  

Excessive administration of ''stambhana'' causes blackish discoloration, stiffness in body parts, uneasiness, the stiffness of jaw, feeling of constriction in cardiac region, and constipation. [39-40]

Excessive administration of [[stambhana]] causes blackish discoloration, stiffness in body parts, uneasiness, the stiffness of jaw, feeling of constriction in cardiac region, and constipation. [39-40]

</div>

</div>

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

</div></div>

</div></div>

The signs and symptoms of all these six therapies, if inadequately administered, leave the ''doshas'' unpacified. Rather, they get aggravated.

The signs and symptoms of all these six therapies, if inadequately administered, leave the [[dosha]] unpacified. Rather, they get aggravated.

Thus, these six most useful therapies, if administrated properly in all diseases which have been described, with due consideration of time and dosage, are sure to accomplish the cure of all curable disorders. [41-42]

Thus, these six most useful therapies, if administrated properly in all diseases which have been described, with due consideration of time and dosage, are sure to accomplish the cure of all curable disorders. [41-42]

</div></div>

</div></div>

As there are many combinations of ''dosha'', these therapies also have multiple variations. However, the number of these therapies do not exceed than six, just like ''doshas'' are three in number. [43]

As there are many combinations of [[dosha]], these therapies also have multiple variations. However, the number of these therapies do not exceed than six, just like [[dosha]] are three in number. [43]

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

*''Langhana'' (reducing) therapy is indicated in obese persons and those diseases with obstructive pathology due to excessively vitiated ''doshas''.

*[[Langhana]](reducing) therapy is indicated in obese persons and those diseases with obstructive pathology due to excessively vitiated [[dosha]].

*''Brimhana'' (nourishing) therapy is indicated in emaciated persons and those diseases with degenerative pathology.  

*[[Brimhana]] (nourishing) therapy is indicated in emaciated persons and those diseases with degenerative pathology.  

*The group of six treatments (''shadupakramas'') includes ''Langhana, Rukshana, Swedana, Brimhana, Snehana,'' and ''Stambhana''. The first three of these are reducing in nature, while the latter three are nourishing.  

*The group of six treatments (shadupakramas) includes [[langhana]], [[rukshana]], [[swedana]], [[brimhana]], [[snehana]], and [[stambhana]]. The first three of these are reducing in nature, while the latter three are nourishing.

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

Above described six therapies are grouped into ''Apatarpana'' (''Langhana'', or reducing) and ''Santarpana'' (''Brimhana'', or nourishing). In ''Apatarpana'' – lightening, dryness, and sudation therapies, and in ''Santarpana'' – nourishing, unctuousness, and astringent therapies have been mentioned. (3-8)

Above described six therapies are grouped into "Apatarpana" ([[langhana]], or reducing) and "Santarpana" ([[brimhana]], or nourishing). In "Apatarpana"– lightening, dryness, and sudation therapies, and in "Santarpana"– nourishing, unctuousness, and astringent therapies have been mentioned. (3-8)

The ''Rukshana'' (dryness) therapy produces dryness, roughness, and coarseness. In unctuous therapy, fluidity is due to liquefaction or melting or dissolution of ''dosha, dhatu,'' and ''mala''. The mode of action of sudation therapy is due to warmth or internal heat produced by therapy. The mode of action of astringent therapy is due to inhibition of mobility and flow of ''dosha, dhatu,'' and ''mala''. Here the meaning to be understood is that the materials - ''dosha, dhatu,''and ''mala,'' which are flowing by slow or fast in rate by nature, to be checked or stopped. This condition refers only to the effects of ''atisara'' (diarrhea), ''raktasrava'' (bleeding), ''visha'' (poisoning), ''daha'' (burning), and ''vedana'' (pain). The drugs described here for each therapy are understood to possess such qualities as associated with them. There are, however, exceptional cases. For example, ''pippali'' and ''bhallataka'' have ''ushna guna'' (heat), but their action is ''Brimhana''. ''Priyangu'' is ''sheeta guna'' (cool) but has ''Langhana'' effect.

The [[rukshana]] (dryness) therapy produces dryness, roughness, and coarseness. In unctuous therapy, fluidity is due to liquefaction or melting or dissolution of [[dosha]],[[dhatu]], and [[mala]]. The mode of action of sudation therapy is due to warmth or internal heat produced by therapy. The mode of action of astringent therapy is due to inhibition of mobility and flow of [[dosha]], [[dhatu]],and [[mala]]. Here the meaning to be understood is that the materials - [[dosha]], [[dhatu]],and [[mala]], which are flowing by slow or fast in rate by nature, to be checked or stopped. This condition refers only to the effects of atisara (diarrhea), raktasrava(bleeding), visha(poisoning), daha(burning), and vedana(pain). The drugs described here for each therapy are understood to possess such qualities as associated with them. There are, however, exceptional cases. For example, pippali and bhallataka have "ushna" [[guna]] (heat), but their action is [[brimhana]]. Priyangu is "sheeta" [[guna]](cool) but has [[langhana]] effect.

</div>

</div>

'''Table 1: Pharmaco-therapeutic properties of six therapies'''

'''Table 1: Pharmaco-therapeutic properties of six therapies'''

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

! ''S. No.'' !! ''Langhana'' !! ''Brimhana'' !! ''Rukshana '' !! '' Snehana'' !! ''Swedana'' !! ''Stambhana''

! ''S. No.'' !! [[Langhana]] !! [[Brimhana]] !! [[Rukshana]] !! [[Snehana]] !! [[Swedana]] !! [[Stambhana]]

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''1''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 1

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Laghu''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Laghu

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Guru''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Guru

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Laghu''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Laghu

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Guru''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Guru

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Guru''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Guru

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Laghu''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Laghu

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''2''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 2

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ushna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Ushna

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shita''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Shita

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ushna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Ushna

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shita''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Shita

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ushna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Ushna

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shita''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Shita

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''3''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 3

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Tikshna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Tikshna

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Mridu''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mridu

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Tikshna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Tikshna

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Mridu''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mridu

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Tikshna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Tikshna

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Mridu''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Mridu

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''4''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 4

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''---''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ---

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''----''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ----

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''-----''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | -----

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Drava''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Drava

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Drava''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Drava

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Drava''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Drava

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''5''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 5

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Vishada''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Vishada

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pichchila''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Pichchila

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Vishada''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Vishada

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pichchila''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Pichchila

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''--------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | --------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''----------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ----------

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''6''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 6

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''----------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ----------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Bahala''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Bahala

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''----------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ----------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''-----------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | -----------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''----------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ----------

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''7''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 7

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ruksha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Ruksha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Snigdha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Snigdha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ruksha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Ruksha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Snigdha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Snigdha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ruksha– Snigdha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Ruksha– Snigdha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ruksha''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Ruksha

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''8''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 8

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Manda''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Manda

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Manda''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Manda

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''-------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | -------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Manda''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Manda

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''9''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 9

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sukshma''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sukshma

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sthula''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sthula

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sthula''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sthula

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sukshma''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sukshma

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sukshma''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sukshma

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''10''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 10

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Khara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Khara

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shlakshna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Shlakshna

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Khara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Khara

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''---------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ---------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''-------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | -------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Shlakshna''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Shlakshna

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''11''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 11

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sara

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sthira''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sthira

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sthira''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sthira

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sara

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sthira- Sara''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sthira- Sara

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Sthira''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Sthira

|-

|-

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''12''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 12

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''kathina''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | kathina

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Kathina''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Kathina

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''-----------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | -----------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ------------

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''------------''

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ------------

|-

|-

|}

|}

<div style="text-align:justify;">            

<div style="text-align:justify;">            

There are seven overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in ''Brimhana'' and ''Snehana'' and five overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in ''Brimhana'' and ''Stambhana''.

There are seven overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in [[brimhana]] and [[snehana]] and five overlapping qualities in the drugs employed in [[brimhana]] and [[stambhana]].

Though they are of similar qualities, they should not be concluded to be one and the same. In ''Langhana'' drugs, the qualities of lightness are dominant, while in ''Rukshana'', the drugs employed possess predominantly drying or desiccating qualities. Further, lightness can be induced through non-drug based therapies (''adravyabhuta'') such as fasting. However, dryness can only be brought about by drugs.  

Though they are of similar qualities, they should not be concluded to be one and the same. In [[langhana]] drugs, the qualities of lightness are dominant, while in [[rukshana]], the drugs employed possess predominantly drying or desiccating qualities. Further, lightness can be induced through non-drug based therapies (adravyabhuta) such as fasting. However, dryness can only be brought about by drugs.  

Thus, all these therapies are distinct even when possessing similarities in certain qualities.  

Thus, all these therapies are distinct even when possessing similarities in certain qualities.  

The ''Apatarpana'' type of treatments is related to ''agni'' + ''vayu'' + ''akasha mahabhuta'' dominant qualities in general whereas the ''Santarpana'' type of treatments is related to ''Prithvi'' + ''jala''.

The "Apatarpana" type of treatments is related to [[agni]] + [[vayu]] + [[akasha mahabhuta]] dominant qualities in general whereas the '"Santarpana" type of treatments is related to [[Prithvi]] + [[jala]].

All these (above mentioned) six types of treatments should be used in treating all the diseases. (9-17)

All these (above mentioned) six types of treatments should be used in treating all the diseases. (9-17)

Exposure to the wind can produce lightness in the body, but exposure to cold wind cannot produce lightness. The practical mode of ''maruta sevana'' includes walking or running in open place as exercise. The various types of breathing exercises including ''pranayama'' are included in this category. The drugs which are employed to improve digestion are dominant in ''vayu'' and ''agni mahabhuta''. ''Atapa sevana'' includes sunbath or exposure to ultraviolet rays present in the sunlight of early morning. (18)

Exposure to the wind can produce lightness in the body, but exposure to cold wind cannot produce lightness. The practical mode of "maruta sevana" includes walking or running in open place as exercise. The various types of breathing exercises including "pranayama" are included in this category. The drugs which are employed to improve digestion are dominant in [[vayu]] and [[agni mahabhuta]]. "Atapa sevana" includes sunbath or exposure to ultraviolet rays present in the sunlight of early morning. (18)

''Langhana'' is contraindicated in diseases / disorders caused purely by ''vata''. But when ''vata'' gets associated with excessively provoked ''kapha, pitta, rakta,'' and ''mala, shodhana'' (purificatory) method of lightening therapy should be used. Even though ''asthapana'' ''basti'' (non-unctuous enema) is ''vata shamaka'' (pacifying), it is ''ruksha'' in nature and can aggravate the ''vata''. So ''asthapana basti'' (non-unctuous enema) should be used judiciously wherever indicated.

[[Langhana]] is contraindicated in diseases / disorders caused purely by [[vata]]. But when [[vata]] gets associated with excessively provoked [[kapha]], [[pitta]], [[rakta]],and [[mala]], shodhana (purificatory) method of lightening therapy should be used. Even though asthapana [[basti]] (non-unctuous enema) is [[vata]] shamaka (pacifying), it is ruksha in nature and can aggravate the [[vata]]. So asthapana [[basti]] (non-unctuous enema) should be used judiciously wherever indicated.

   

   

The word ''adau'' (आदौ) is used for disorders caused by a moderate intensity of ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', such as ''chhardi'' (vomiting). In these conditions, after reducing ''dosha'' by digestive medicines (''pachana''), pacification of ''dosha'' (samshamana) shall be done. But sometimes the ''pachana'' method may not be enough to treat the disease, requiring other methods of ''Langhana'' to be explored. In strong people where the diseases manifest with the mild or little intensity of ''doshas'', any treatment course includes ''vyayama'' (exercise) and ''maruta atapa sevana'' (exposure to wind and the sun).  

The word ''adau'' (आदौ) is used for disorders caused by a moderate intensity of [[kapha]] and [[pitta]], such as chhardi (vomiting). In these conditions, after reducing [[dosha]] by digestive medicines ([[pachana]]), pacification of [[dosha]] (samshamana) shall be done. But sometimes the [[pachana]] method may not be enough to treat the disease, requiring other methods of [[langhana]] to be explored. In strong people where the diseases manifest with the mild or little intensity of [[dosha]], any treatment course includes vyayama (exercise) and maruta atapa sevana(exposure to wind and the sun).  

The increase of ''dhatus'' takes place naturally in the winter season (''shishira ritu'') due to ''visarga kala'' (winter solstice). This increase in ''dhatus'' occurs in conjunction with ''kapha''. At this juncture, the rational application of ''Langhana'' does not produce any adverse effect in people afflicted with ''vata'' diseases or possessing ''vata prakriti''.14/10-11]  

The increase of [[dhatu]] takes place naturally in the winter season (shishira ritu) due to visarga kala (winter solstice). This increase in [[dhatu]] occurs in conjunction with [[kapha]]. At this juncture, the rational application of [[langhana]] does not produce any adverse effect in people afflicted with [[vata]] diseases or possessing [[vata]] [[Prakriti]].14/10-11]  

The three categories of ''Langhana'' according to the intensity of disease and ''dosha'' aggravation are described in detail in the third chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].

The three categories of [[langhana]] according to the intensity of disease and [[dosha]] aggravation are described in detail in the third chapter of [[Vimana Sthana]].

==== Contemporary researches ====

==== Contemporary researches ====

A case study by Kambale et.al. showed that [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya#Rukshana (drying) therapy|rukshana upakrama]] therapy in the form of Takra Siddha Yavagu [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya#Description of various medicated yavagu (gruels)|(Gruel for adverse effects due to improper administration of ghee)]]and Udvartana helped in normalizing lipid profile, reduction of weight; BMI, body circumference and skin fold thickness in case of dyslipidemia.<ref>Patel B, Kamble SB, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Chinthala R. Hypolipidemic effect of Rukshana Upakrama in the management of dyslipidemia – A case study. AYU [serial online] 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 19];39:72-5. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2018/39/2/72/250781</ref>

A case study by Kambale et.al. showed that [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya#Rukshana (drying) therapy|rukshana upakrama]] therapy in the form of Takra Siddha Yavagu [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya#Description of various medicated yavagu (gruels)|(Gruel for adverse effects due to improper administration of ghee)]] and Udvartana helped in normalizing lipid profile, reduction of weight; BMI, body circumference and skin fold thickness in case of dyslipidemia.<ref>Patel B, Kamble SB, Vyas HA, Vyas MK, Chinthala R. Hypolipidemic effect of Rukshana Upakrama in the management of dyslipidemia – A case study. AYU [serial online] 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 19];39:72-5. Available from: http://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2018/39/2/72/250781</ref>

</div>

</div>

== References ==

== References ==