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→7.Kakanaka kushtha
===== 7.''Kakanaka kushtha'' =====
===== 7.''Kakanaka kushtha'' =====
It is predominated by all the three dōṣha. Thus symptoms of all three dōṣha are observed. The presentation is similar to gunjā i.e bright red with black spot. In nidānsthān Caraka has explained it to be of different colours and it is asadhya.
It is predominated by all the three ''dosha''. Thus symptoms of all three dōṣha are observed. The presentation is similar to ''gunja'' i.e bright red with black spot. In [[Nidana Sthana]], it has been explained to be of different colors and it is ''asadhya''.
Squamous cell carcinoma or squamous cell cancer or epidermoid carcinoma or squamous cell epithelioma is a cancer of a kind of epithelial cell, the squamous cell. These cells are the main part of the epidermis of the skin, and this cancer is one of the major forms of the skin cancer. However, squamous cells also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs and other areas of body and squamous cell carcinoma occurs as a form of cancer in diverse tissue such as lips, mouth, oesophagus, urinary bladder, prostrate, lung, vagina and cervix. Despite sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma there may be tremendous differences in presenting symptoms, natural history, prognosis and response to treatment. It arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of cells of epithelium, or cells showing particular cytological or tissue architectural characteristic of squamous cell differentiation, such as the presence of keratin, tonofilament bundles or dermosomes structures involved in cell to cell adhesion. This non melanoma skin cancer may appear as a firm red nodule, a scaly growth that bleeds or develops a crust or a sore that doesn’t heal.
Minor kushtha:
Squamous cell carcinoma or squamous cell cancer or epidermoid carcinoma or squamous cell epithelioma is a cancer of a kind of epithelial cell, the squamous cell. These cells are the main part of the epidermis of the skin, and this cancer is one of the major forms of the skin cancer. However, squamous cells also occur in the lining of the digestive tract, lungs and other areas of body and squamous cell carcinoma occurs as a form of cancer in diverse tissue such as lips, mouth, esophagus, urinary bladder, prostrate, lung, vagina and cervix. Despite sharing the name squamous cell carcinoma there may be tremendous differences in presenting symptoms, natural history, prognosis and response to treatment. It arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of cells of epithelium, or cells showing particular cytological or tissue architectural characteristic of squamous cell differentiation, such as the presence of keratin, tonofilament bundles or dermosomes structures involved in cell to cell adhesion. This non melanoma skin cancer may appear as a firm red nodule, a scaly growth that bleeds or develops a crust or a sore that does not heal.
1.Eka kuṣṭha:
It is a skin disease caused due to vāta kapha predominancy. As discussed previously vāta dōṣha is responsible for the degenerative or destructive changes where as kapha is responsible for obstructive changes.
===== Minor ''kushtha'' =====
Stimulation of acetylcholine and further ionic changes caused thereafter are responsible for sweating. Lack of such impulse also causes reduced sweating. Astanga Sangrahakar has explained role of vyan vāyu in sweda which when hampered leads to anhidrosis.
====== 1.''Eka kushtha'' ======
It is a skin disease caused due to ''vāta kapha'' predominance. As discussed previously ''vata dosha'' is responsible for the degenerative or destructive changes whereas ''kapha'' is responsible for obstructive changes.
''Aswēdana'' (Anhidrosis) may be caused by destruction of sweat glands and or integumetary system it may be due to autoimmune process or infection or anhidrosis may be due to obstruction (''kapha'') in the outlet or blood supply as in micro-angiopathy.
Stimulation of acetylcholine and further ionic changes caused thereafter are responsible for sweating. Lack of such impulse also causes reduced sweating. ''Astanga Sangrahakara'' has explained role of ''vyana vāyu'' in ''sweda'' which when hampered leads to anhidrosis.
Anhidrosis can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a group of symptoms associated with other diseases. Anhidrosis can also occur after skin has been injured, because sweat glands are clogged or obstructed, as an inherited defect, or as a side effect of medication.
Anhidrosis can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a group of symptoms associated with other diseases. Anhidrosis can also occur after skin has been injured, because sweat glands are clogged or obstructed, as an inherited defect, or as a side effect of medication.
Reduced sweating increases dryness of skin which is presented as rough, scaly or flaky skin. The word ichthyosis comes from ancient Greek where ichthys means fish. All types of ichthyosis have dry, thickened scaly or flaky skin.
Reduced sweating increases dryness of skin which is presented as rough, scaly or flaky skin. The word ichthyosis comes from ancient Greek where ichthys means fish. All types of ichthyosis have dry, thickened scaly or flaky skin.
Ichthyosis vulgaris is a skin condition that causes dry, dead skin cells to accumulate in patches on the surface of skin. It is also known as “fish scale disease” because the dead skin accumulates in a similar pattern to a fish scale.
2. Charmakhya:
''Ichthyosis vulgaris'' is a skin condition that causes dry, dead skin cells to accumulate in patches on the surface of skin. It is also known as “fish scale disease” because the dead skin accumulates in a similar pattern to a fish scale.
====== 2. ''Charmakhya'' ======
Skin is similar to elephant (pachyderms) and thick is nature pachys means thick and derma means skin.
Skin is similar to elephant (pachyderms) and thick is nature pachys means thick and derma means skin.
The main symptom is skin getting thick thus disease like scleroderma, onchocerciasis, harlequin ichthyosis etc can be considered in this group.
The main symptom is skin getting thick thus disease like scleroderma, onchocerciasis, harlequin ichthyosis etc can be considered in this group.
Building up of collagen is associated with thickening of skin. Transport of fats into the space between the skin cells may be another reason for thickening of skin.
Building up of collagen is associated with thickening of skin. Transport of fats into the space between the skin cells may be another reason for thickening of skin.
Research shows that in diabetic patient thickness of skin is observed reason being collagen bundles become large, disorganized and separated by clear spaces. Small amount of acid mucopolysachrides may be present in upper reticular dermis. Presence of active fibroblast and extensive collagen polymerization in the rough endoplasisic reticulam may be the pathogenesis for thick skin.
Research shows that in diabetic patient thickness of skin is observed reason being collagen bundles become large, disorganized and separated by clear spaces. Small amount of acid mucopolysachrides may be present in upper reticular dermis. Presence of active fibroblast and extensive collagen polymerization in the rough endoplasisic reticulam may be the pathogenesis for thick skin.
Calcium deposition may also be cause for tough and thick skin. Rūkṣata, kharata, guna of vāta and shita guna of vāta and kapha alongwith increase of guruta, manda and sthira guna of kapha contribute to thickening of skin. Khara is also property of asthi dhatu which is generated by interplay between prithvi, agni and vāyu. Here calcium is representative of prithvi mahabhut. So prithvi mahabhut bhuyista āhar or increased parthivagni can lead to increased absorption of calcium from gastrointestinal tract.
Calcium deposition may also be cause for tough and thick skin. Rūkṣata, kharata, guna of vāta and shita guna of vāta and kapha alongwith increase of guruta, manda and sthira guna of kapha contribute to thickening of skin. Khara is also property of asthi dhatu which is generated by interplay between prithvi, agni and vāyu. Here calcium is representative of prithvi mahabhut. So prithvi mahabhut bhuyista āhar or increased parthivagni can lead to increased absorption of calcium from gastrointestinal tract.
3. Kitibha kushtha: Skin diseases in which process of tissue granulation takes place is Kiṭibha kuṣṭha. When this process takes abnormally Kiṭibha kuṣṭha is formed. It may take place in psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosis.
====== 3. Kitibha kushtha ======
Skin diseases in which process of tissue granulation takes place is Kiṭibha kuṣṭha. When this process takes abnormally Kiṭibha kuṣṭha is formed. It may take place in psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen sclerosis.
Granulation tissue appearance is light red or dark pink in colour (śyāva), being perfused with new capillary loops or buds granular in appearance. Formation of extracellular matrix gives it hard touch and abnormal productions of skin cells (especially during wound repair) leading to overabundance of skin cells. Premature maturation of keratinocytes induced by an inflammatory cascade in the dermis also contributes for the same.
Granulation tissue appearance is light red or dark pink in colour (śyāva), being perfused with new capillary loops or buds granular in appearance. Formation of extracellular matrix gives it hard touch and abnormal productions of skin cells (especially during wound repair) leading to overabundance of skin cells. Premature maturation of keratinocytes induced by an inflammatory cascade in the dermis also contributes for the same.
Vāta, rakta, māṁsa, kapha all take part in healing of wound but whenever abnormality at the level of these factors takes place granulation process is hampered which gives the kiṇakharasparśa
4. Vaipadika kushtha: Skin fissure is a cutaneous condition in which there is a linear like cleavage of skin, sometimes defined as extending into the dermis. Skin dryness is the cause.
Vāta, rakta, māṁsa, kapha all take part in healing of wound but whenever abnormality at the level of these factors takes place granulation process is hampered which gives the kiṇakharasparśa.
====== 4. ''Vaipadika kushtha'' ======
Skin fissure is a cutaneous condition in which there is a linear like cleavage of skin, sometimes defined as extending into the dermis. Skin dryness is the cause.
Cracked skin is often kicked off by a vicious cycle of events starting off as a minor, but leading to painful deep cracks. Plain old dry skin can lead to scaling, scaling can cause itchiness leading to scratching and scratching can cause inflammation and tears of skin that can become fissures which leads to more irritation and pain.
Cracked skin is often kicked off by a vicious cycle of events starting off as a minor, but leading to painful deep cracks. Plain old dry skin can lead to scaling, scaling can cause itchiness leading to scratching and scratching can cause inflammation and tears of skin that can become fissures which leads to more irritation and pain.
Healthy skin has slightly acidic pH, exposure to substances with an alkaline pH such as many commercial cleansers and hand soaps also contribute to interruptions of skin integrity. Once the skin integrity is disturbed, a homeostatic repair mechanism is stimulated that causes the rapid repair of barrier function. Continued exposure to alkaline substances will slow down repair by inhibiting normal skin acidity when there is continued exposure to unfavourable environmental factors.
Healthy skin has slightly acidic pH, exposure to substances with an alkaline pH such as many commercial cleansers and hand soaps also contribute to interruptions of skin integrity. Once the skin integrity is disturbed, a homeostatic repair mechanism is stimulated that causes the rapid repair of barrier function. Continued exposure to alkaline substances will slow down repair by inhibiting normal skin acidity when there is continued exposure to unfavourable environmental factors.
Anhidrosis, Dermatitis, Diabetic neuropathy, Eczema, Hypothyroidism, Psoriasis, cold weather, excessive exposure to hot water, detergent chemicals and low humidity can cause cracked skin.
Anhidrosis, Dermatitis, Diabetic neuropathy, Eczema, Hypothyroidism, Psoriasis, cold weather, excessive exposure to hot water, detergent chemicals and low humidity can cause cracked skin.
====== 5.''Alasaka kushtha'' ======
Ganda here means nodular growth. Chronic and repetitive scratching, picking or rubbing may result in permanent changes to the skin, including nodular lichenification (ganda), hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation (rāga) and skin thickening.
Nodular prurigo cause is unknown. It is uncertain whether scratching leads to lumps, or if the lumps appear before they are scratched. The reason for the lumps, the inflamation and the increased activity and size of nerves in the skin is under investigation but remains unknown
Nodular prurigo cause is unknown. It is uncertain whether scratching leads to lumps, or if the lumps appear before they are scratched. The reason for the lumps, the inflamation and the increased activity and size of nerves in the skin is under investigation but remains unknown
Prurigo nodularis, Hyde’s diseases, picker nodules, lichen corneus obtusus, nodular lichen simplex chronicus, nodular neurodematitis circumscripta are various synonyms. The constant scratching leads to development of discrete, excoriated nodular hyperpigmented / purpuric lesion with crusted or scaly surfaces.
Prurigo nodularis, Hyde’s diseases, picker nodules, lichen corneus obtusus, nodular lichen simplex chronicus, nodular neurodematitis circumscripta are various synonyms. The constant scratching leads to development of discrete, excoriated nodular hyperpigmented / purpuric lesion with crusted or scaly surfaces.