Changes

|title=Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira

|title=Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords=Shadbhava, Garbha, Matrija, Pitrija, Sattvaja, Satmyaja, Rasaja, Atmaja, Embryogenesis, Influencing factors, Maternal inheritance

|keywords=Shadbhava, Garbha, Matrija, Pitrija, Sattvaja, Satmyaja, Rasaja, Atmaja, Embryogenesis, influencing factors, inheritance, maternal, paternal, mental, spiritual, fetus, chromosomes, DNA, Beeja, Beejabhaga, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Sharira Sthana Chapter 3. Factors responsible for Embryogenesis

|description=Sharira Sthana Chapter 3. Factors responsible for Embryogenesis

}}

}}

<big>''' Sharira Sthana Chapter 3. Factors responsible for Embryogenesis '''</big>

<big>''' Sharira Sthana Chapter 3. Factors responsible for Embryogenesis '''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira

|title = Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira

|data1 = [[Sharira Sthana]] Chapter 3

|data1 = [[Sharira Sthana]] Chapter 3

|label2 = Preceding Chapter

|label2 = Preceding Chapter

|data2 = [[Atulyagotriya Sharira]]

|data2 = [[Atulyagotriya Sharira Adhyaya]]

|label3= Succeeding Chapter

|label3= Succeeding Chapter

|data3 = [[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]]

|data3 = [[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira Adhyaya]]

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|header3 =  

<div style="text-align:justify;">The present chapter deals with six important factors responsible for embryogenesis: maternal, paternal, [[atma]] (soul), [[satmya]](suitability), rasa (nutrient fluid), and sattva (mental strength). The chapter emphasizes upon the fact that none of these factors has the ability to produce an embryo independently, but a methodical combination of all the six is essential for this process.  The chapter highlights the importance of acclimatization to surroundings and environmental conditions, positive mental strength and  self-consciousness for pregnancy beyond mere union of maternal and paternal factors. </div>

 

=== Introduction ===

== Introduction ==

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The previous chapter was on the union of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of embryo. The present chapter is a “minor” chapter on the formation of embryo, serving as a prologue to the “major” chapter on embryogenesis that follows this one ([[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]]). In this chapter on embryogenesis, in the context of sharira (human biology), the following topics have been dealt with:  

The previous chapter was on the union of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of embryo. The present chapter is a “minor” chapter on the formation of embryo, serving as a prologue to the “major” chapter on embryogenesis that follows this one ([[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]]). In this chapter on embryogenesis, in the context of sharira (human biology), the following topics have been dealt with:  

#Factors responsible for the formation, growth and birth of the embryo;  

#Factors responsible for the formation, growth of the embryo and birth of the fetus;  

#The views of Lord Atreya and the sage Bharadvaja on this topic.  

#The views of Lord Atreya and the sage Bharadvaja on this topic.  

#Refutation on the conclusions (by Bharadvaja); and  

#Refutation on the conclusions (by Bharadvaja); and  

#A detailed exposition on the nature of the soul.

#A detailed exposition on the nature of the soul.

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

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We shall now expound the chapter on “factors responsible for embryogenesis” in the context of ''sharira'' (human biology).Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter on “Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira”(Factors responsible for Embryogenesis). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

====Debate on formation of ''Garbha'' (embryo) ====

=== Debate on formation of ''Garbha'' (embryo) ===

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When a man with ''retas''(semen) not afflicted by any abnormality and a woman with disease-free ''yoni'' (genital tract), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterine bed) engage in the act of coitus during the fertile phase, the ''jeeva'' (soul), along with ''sattva'' (mind), descends into the union of sperm and ovum, i.e., zygote which is implanted in the uterus. This results in the formation of the ''garbha'' (embryo). The zygote receiving nourishment by the nutritious ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid) and, on being nursed with proper antenatal care, grows healthily. Later the fetus with all the ''indriyani'' (sensory and motor organs) is formed. The fetus thus formed is complete with all the body parts, and is equipped with optimum strength, complexion, mental faculties and compactness leading to comfortable and timely delivery. This occurs due to the combination of the factors derived from the ''mata'' (mother), ''pita'' (father), ''atma'' (soul), ''satmya'' (suitability), and, ''rasa'' (nutritive fluid). Another factor, ''sattva'' (mind), which is self-produced, also contributes to this process. So said Lord Atreya. [3]

When a man with ''retas''(semen) not afflicted by any abnormality and a woman with disease-free ''yoni'' (genital tract), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterine bed) engage in the act of coitus during the fertile phase, the ''jeeva'' (soul), along with ''sattva'' (mind), descends into the union of sperm and ovum, i.e., zygote which is implanted in the uterus. This results in the formation of the ''garbha'' (embryo). The zygote receives nourishment by the nutritious [[rasa]] (nutritive fluid) and, on being nursed with proper antenatal care, grows healthily. Later the fetus with all the ''indriyani'' (sensory and motor organs) is formed. The fetus thus formed is complete with all the body parts, and is equipped with optimum strength, complexion, mental faculties and compactness leading to comfortable and timely delivery. This occurs due to the combination of the factors derived from the ''mata'' (mother), ''pita'' (father), [[atma]] (soul), ''satmya'' (suitability), and, [[rasa]] (nutritive fluid). Another factor, ''sattva'' (mind), which is self-produced, also contributes to this process. So said Lord Atreya. [3]

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Regiment (suitable to one’s nature or accustomed to) is not responsible for the embryogenesis. If it were so, then only those who practice such regimen should beget children and the others who do not should never beget a child. However, we see that there is clearly no correlation. [4.4]

Regimen (suitable to one’s nature or accustomed to) is not responsible for embryogenesis. If it were so, then only those who practice such regimen should beget children and the others who do not should never beget a child. However, we see that there is clearly no correlation. [4.4]

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==== Origin of constituents of human being ====

=== Origin of constituents of human being ===

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The embryo is created by the accustomed, wholesome regimen or ''satmya''. There cannot be sterility of the man, woman or defects in the embryo without resorting to unwholesome practices. Humans are capable of reproduction as long as the ''shukra'' (semen), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterus) are not afflicted by the vitiated  ''doshas'' in the body, due to indulgence in unwholesome practices. Those couples who follow wholesome regimen even during the period of sexual union, and whose semen, ovum and uterus are unafflicted, do not produce the offspring if the soul does not enter into it. Therefore, wholesome regimen is solely not responsible for embryogenesis. It is the blending of all the factors that is responsible for embryogenesis. We shall hereby describe the aspects of the individual derived from and due to wholesome regimen. These are: ''arogya'' (the state of freedom from diseases), ''analasya'' (freedom from laziness) and ''alolupatva'' (freedom from greed), clarity of senses, excellence of voice and fertility and optimum libido. [11]

The embryo is created by the accustomed, wholesome regimen or ''satmya''. There cannot be sterility of the man, woman or defects in the embryo without resorting to unwholesome practices. Humans are capable of reproduction as long as the ''shukra'' (semen), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterus) are not afflicted by the vitiated  ''doshas'' in the body, due to indulgence in unwholesome practices. Those couples who follow wholesome regimen even during the period of sexual union, and whose semen, ovum and uterus are unafflicted, do not produce offspring if the soul does not enter into it. Therefore, wholesome regimen is solely not responsible for embryogenesis. It is the blending of all the factors that is responsible for embryogenesis. We shall hereby describe the aspects of the individual derived from and due to wholesome regimen. These are: ''arogya'' (the state of freedom from diseases), ''analasya'' (freedom from laziness) and ''alolupatva'' (freedom from greed), clarity of senses, excellence of voice and fertility and optimum libido. [11]

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Mind connects the soul and the body. So, on the threshold of death when the mind departs the body, normal behavior and tendencies change - the senses are disturbed, strength decreases and diseases progress. Individuals without mind die because mind controls the sense organs.  

Mind connects the soul and the body. So, on the threshold of death when the mind departs the body, normal behavior and tendencies change - the senses are disturbed, strength decreases and diseases progress. Individuals without mind die because mind controls the sense organs.  

The mind is of three types, viz. ''shuddha'' (''sattvika'')'', rajas'' and ''tamas''. When any one attribute dominates the mind in one’s life, the same continues to dominate in the next life also. If the individual’s mind was characterized by ''shuddha'' attribute in the past life, then he can remember his past life. It is due to the continuity of the same mind that the person can remember things of his past life. Due to this power to recollect things of the past life, he is called ''jatismara''.  

The mind is of three types, viz. ''shuddha'' (''sattvika'')'', rajas'' and ''tamas''. When any one attribute dominates the mind in one’s life, the same continues to dominate in the next life also. If the individual’s mind was characterized by purest form of attributes (shuddha) in the past life, then he can remember his past life. It is due to the continuity of the same mind that the person can remember things of his past life. Due to this power to recollect things of the past life, he is called ''jatismara''.  

We shall hereby describe the aspects of the individual, which are derived from the mind. They are: ''bhakti'' (devotion), ''sheela'' (character), ''shaucha'' (purity), ''dvesha'' (hatred), ''smriti'' (memory), ''moha'' (attachment), ''tyaga'' (sacrifice), ''matsarya'' (jealousy), ''shaurya'' (valor), ''bhaya'' (fear), ''krodha'' (anger), ''tandra'' (drowsiness), ''utsaha'' (enthusiasm), ''taikshnya'' (sharpness), ''mardava'' (softness), ''gambhirya'' (seriousness), ''anavasthitatva'' (unsteadiness) and such other manifestations of the mind which will be described later while discussing the various types of mind. All these are present in the same person, however, not all manifest simultaneously. An individual is said to be of a particular type, based on the predominant type of mind. [13]

We shall hereby describe the aspects of the individual, which are derived from the mind. They are: ''bhakti'' (devotion), ''sheela'' (character), ''shaucha'' (purity), ''dvesha'' (hatred), [[smriti]] (memory), ''moha'' (attachment), ''tyaga'' (sacrifice), ''matsarya'' (jealousy), ''shaurya'' (valor), ''bhaya'' (fear), ''krodha'' (anger), ''tandra'' (drowsiness), ''utsaha'' (enthusiasm), ''taikshnya'' (sharpness), ''mardava'' (softness), ''gambhirya'' (seriousness), ''anavasthitatva'' (unsteadiness) and such other manifestations of the mind which will be described later while discussing the various types of mind. All these are present in the same person, however, not all manifest simultaneously. An individual is said to be of a particular type, based on the predominant type of mind. [13]

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The soul is the knower, the nature, the viewer and the cause. This is the conclusion of everything, Bharadvāja. Hence, be doubt-free. [25]

The soul is the knower, the nature, the viewer and the cause. This is the conclusion of everything, Bharadvāja. Hence, be doubt-free. [25]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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Thus ends the third chapter on “the formation of embryo” in the context of Sharira of the [[Sharira Sthana]] of Agnivesha’s work redacted by Charak.

Thus ends the third chapter on “the formation of embryo” in the context of Sharira of the [[Sharira Sthana]] of Agnivesha’s work redacted by Charak.

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

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*Six components interplay in the genesis, growth and development of ''garbha'' (fetus). These are - ''matrija'' (maternal), ''pitraja'' (paternal), ''atmaja'' (soul), ''satmyaja'' (suitable environment), ''rasaja'' (nourishment), and ''sattvaja'' or ''mana'' (psyche).

*Six components interplay in the genesis, growth and development of fetus (garbha). These are - maternal (matruja), paternal(pitruja), spiritual (atmaja), suitable conditions and environment(satmyaja), nourishment(rasaja), and psychological (sattvaja).

**There is equilibrium of interplay (''satmyaja'') between all the components.

**There is equilibrium of interplay (satmyaja) between all the components.

**From the mother (X chromosome), skin, blood, muscles, fat, umbilicus, heart, ''kloma'' (interstitial space), liver, spleen, kidney, bladder, ''purishadhana'' (sigmoid colon), stomach, ''pakvashaya'' (intestines), rectum, anus, ''vapa'' (adipose tissue), and omentum contribute to the formation of the fetus. Examples of diseases from X chromosome are hemophilia, muscular dystrophy etc.

**From the mother (X chromosome), skin,plasma, blood, muscles, fat, umbilicus, heart, interstitial space(kloma), liver, spleen, kidney, bladder, sigmoid colon(purishadhana), stomach, intestines(pakvashaya), rectum, anus, adipose tissue(vapa), and omentum contribute to the formation of the fetus. Examples of diseases from X chromosome are hemophilia, muscular dystrophy etc.

**From father (Y chromosome), scalp hair, beard, nail, teeth, bones, veins, ligaments, arteries and sperm are the contributing factors. Example of diseases from Y chromosome: hypertrichosis, azoospermia, retinitis, pigmentosa.

**From father (Y chromosome), scalp hair, beard, nail, teeth, bones, veins, ligaments, arteries and sperm are the contributing factors. Example of diseases from Y chromosome: hypertrichosis, azoospermia, retinitis, pigmentosa.

**From ''atma'': growth and development and all events in life.

**From soul ([[atma]]): growth and development and all events in life.

**From ''satmyaja'': (suitable environment): creation of complete health.

**From adaptability ([[satmya]]ja): creation of complete health.

**From ''rasaja'': (nourishment).

**From nourishing fluids (rasaja): nourishment.

**From ''sattvaja'': manifestations of mind.

**From psyche (sattvaja): manifestations of mind.

*Blind parent’s offspring will not be blind if there is no gene defect.

*In the absence of any genetic defect, blind parent’s offspring will not be blind.

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

The following factors can be considered, keeping in mind the statement “a man with ''retas'' (semen), not afflicted by any abnormality, and a woman with disease-free ''yoni''(genital tract), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterine bed), when sexually unite during the fertile phase” is being put into context.

The following factors can be considered, keeping in mind the statement “a man with ''retas'' (semen), not afflicted by any abnormality, and a woman with disease-free ''yoni''(genital tract), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterine bed), when sexually unite during the fertile phase” is being put into context.

==== Male Factors ====

=== Male Factors ===

#Endocrine disorders: Hypothalamic dysfunction (Kallmann's syndrome), Pituitary failure (tumor, radiation, surgery, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), exogenous androgens, thyroid disorders, adrenal hyperplasia

#Endocrine disorders: Hypothalamic dysfunction (Kallmann's syndrome), Pituitary failure (tumor, radiation, surgery, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), exogenous androgens, thyroid disorders, adrenal hyperplasia

#Anatomic disorders: congenital absence of vas deferens, obstruction of vas deferens, congenital abnormalities of ejaculatory system

#Anatomic disorders: congenital absence of vas deferens, obstruction of vas deferens, congenital abnormalities of ejaculatory system

#Abnormal motility: absent cilia (kartagener's syndrome), varicocele, antibody formation

#Abnormal motility: absent cilia (kartagener's syndrome), varicocele, antibody formation

#Sexual dysfunction: retrograde ejaculation, impotence, decreased libido.

#Sexual dysfunction: retrograde ejaculation, impotence, decreased libido.

==== Female Factors ====

=== Female Factors ===

===== Ovulatory factors =====

==== Ovulatory factors ====

#Central defects: chronic hyperandrogenemic anovulation, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), hypothalamic insufficiency, pituitary insufficiency (trauma, tumor, congenital)

#Central defects: chronic hyperandrogenemic anovulation, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), hypothalamic insufficiency, pituitary insufficiency (trauma, tumor, congenital)

#Peripheral defects: gonadal dysgenesis, premature ovarian failure, ovarian tumor, ovarian resistance

#Peripheral defects: gonadal dysgenesis, premature ovarian failure, ovarian tumor, ovarian resistance

#Metabolic disease: thyroid disease, liver disease, renal disease, obesity, androgen excess: adrenal or neoplastic

#Metabolic disease: thyroid disease, liver disease, renal disease, obesity, androgen excess: adrenal or neoplastic

===== Pelvic factors =====

==== Pelvic factors ====

#Infection appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine adhesions (asherman's syndrome),

#Infection appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine adhesions (asherman's syndrome),

#Endometriosis  

#Endometriosis  

#Structural abnormalities diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, failure of normal fusion of the reproductive tract, myoma

#Structural abnormalities diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, failure of normal fusion of the reproductive tract, myoma

===== Cervical factors =====

==== Cervical factors ====

#Congenital: diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, müllerian duct abnormality

#Congenital: diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, müllerian duct abnormality

#Acquired: sequel of surgical treatment, Infection

#Acquired: sequel of surgical treatment, Infection

The term ''rasa'' has been translated by various authors as chyme, chyle, lymph, plasma etc. However, it is difficult to restrict the meaning of this term to any of such specific fluids. As ''rasa'' has been described to be a colorless fluid that gets propelled out of the heart by ''vyana vayu'' into the vascular tree, it is more logical to translate it as plasma. However, the fluids in the interstitial spaces and the fluid in the lymphatic vessels also are to be included under ''rasa'' because we find no other apt term that describes these fluids. Moreover, the word ''rasa'' includes all those bodily fluids that flow. As the major function of ''rasa'' is to nourish the other tissues, we have translated it as nutritive fluid in this context. <ref>Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012;36:77–82. </ref>

The term ''rasa'' has been translated by various authors as chyme, chyle, lymph, plasma etc. However, it is difficult to restrict the meaning of this term to any of such specific fluids. As ''rasa'' has been described to be a colorless fluid that gets propelled out of the heart by ''vyana vayu'' into the vascular tree, it is more logical to translate it as plasma. However, the fluids in the interstitial spaces and the fluid in the lymphatic vessels also are to be included under ''rasa'' because we find no other apt term that describes these fluids. Moreover, the word ''rasa'' includes all those bodily fluids that flow. As the major function of ''rasa'' is to nourish the other tissues, we have translated it as nutritive fluid in this context. <ref>Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012;36:77–82. </ref>

=== References ===

 

 

=== Scope of further research ===

 

 

== References ==

=== Further reading ===

=== Further reading ===

#D. G. Thatte and Bhuvesh Gupta. Embryology in [[Ayurveda]] (Textual Concepts with Recent Advances). Chowkhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. 2011.

#D. G. Thatte and Bhuvesh Gupta. Embryology in [[Ayurveda]] (Textual Concepts with Recent Advances). Chowkhambha Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. 2011.

#Abhimanyu Kumar. Ayurvedic Concepts of Human Embryology. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2000.  

#Abhimanyu Kumar. Ayurvedic Concepts of Human Embryology. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan, 2000.