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=== Introduction ===

== Introduction ==

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The previous chapter was on the union of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of embryo. The present chapter is a “minor” chapter on the formation of embryo, serving as a prologue to the “major” chapter on embryogenesis that follows this one ([[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]]). In this chapter on embryogenesis, in the context of sharira (human biology), the following topics have been dealt with:  

The previous chapter was on the union of male and female gametes resulting in the formation of embryo. The present chapter is a “minor” chapter on the formation of embryo, serving as a prologue to the “major” chapter on embryogenesis that follows this one ([[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]]). In this chapter on embryogenesis, in the context of sharira (human biology), the following topics have been dealt with:  

#A detailed exposition on the nature of the soul.

#A detailed exposition on the nature of the soul.

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===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

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We shall now expound the chapter on “factors responsible for embryogenesis” in the context of ''sharira'' (human biology).Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter on “Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira”(Factors responsible for Embryogenesis). Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]

====Debate on formation of ''Garbha'' (embryo) ====

=== Debate on formation of ''Garbha'' (embryo) ===

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==== Origin of constituents of human being ====

=== Origin of constituents of human being ===

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The soul is the knower, the nature, the viewer and the cause. This is the conclusion of everything, Bharadvāja. Hence, be doubt-free. [25]

The soul is the knower, the nature, the viewer and the cause. This is the conclusion of everything, Bharadvāja. Hence, be doubt-free. [25]

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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Thus ends the third chapter on “the formation of embryo” in the context of Sharira of the [[Sharira Sthana]] of Agnivesha’s work redacted by Charak.

Thus ends the third chapter on “the formation of embryo” in the context of Sharira of the [[Sharira Sthana]] of Agnivesha’s work redacted by Charak.

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' / Fundamental Principles===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

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*Six components interplay in the genesis, growth and development of ''garbha'' (fetus). These are - ''matrija'' (maternal), ''pitraja'' (paternal), ''atmaja'' (soul), ''satmyaja'' (suitable environment), ''rasaja'' (nourishment), and ''sattvaja'' or ''mana'' (psyche).

*Six components interplay in the genesis, growth and development of ''garbha'' (fetus). These are - ''matrija'' (maternal), ''pitraja'' (paternal), ''atmaja'' (soul), ''satmyaja'' (suitable environment), ''rasaja'' (nourishment), and ''sattvaja'' or ''mana'' (psyche).

*Blind parent’s offspring will not be blind if there is no gene defect.

*Blind parent’s offspring will not be blind if there is no gene defect.

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' / Applied Inferences===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

The following factors can be considered, keeping in mind the statement “a man with ''retas'' (semen), not afflicted by any abnormality, and a woman with disease-free ''yoni''(genital tract), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterine bed), when sexually unite during the fertile phase” is being put into context.

The following factors can be considered, keeping in mind the statement “a man with ''retas'' (semen), not afflicted by any abnormality, and a woman with disease-free ''yoni''(genital tract), ''shonita'' (ovum), and ''garbhashaya'' (uterine bed), when sexually unite during the fertile phase” is being put into context.

==== Male Factors ====

=== Male Factors ===

#Endocrine disorders: Hypothalamic dysfunction (Kallmann's syndrome), Pituitary failure (tumor, radiation, surgery, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), exogenous androgens, thyroid disorders, adrenal hyperplasia

#Endocrine disorders: Hypothalamic dysfunction (Kallmann's syndrome), Pituitary failure (tumor, radiation, surgery, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), exogenous androgens, thyroid disorders, adrenal hyperplasia

#Anatomic disorders: congenital absence of vas deferens, obstruction of vas deferens, congenital abnormalities of ejaculatory system

#Anatomic disorders: congenital absence of vas deferens, obstruction of vas deferens, congenital abnormalities of ejaculatory system

#Abnormal motility: absent cilia (kartagener's syndrome), varicocele, antibody formation

#Abnormal motility: absent cilia (kartagener's syndrome), varicocele, antibody formation

#Sexual dysfunction: retrograde ejaculation, impotence, decreased libido.

#Sexual dysfunction: retrograde ejaculation, impotence, decreased libido.

==== Female Factors ====

=== Female Factors ===

===== Ovulatory factors =====

==== Ovulatory factors ====

#Central defects: chronic hyperandrogenemic anovulation, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), hypothalamic insufficiency, pituitary insufficiency (trauma, tumor, congenital)

#Central defects: chronic hyperandrogenemic anovulation, hyperprolactinemia (drug, tumor), hypothalamic insufficiency, pituitary insufficiency (trauma, tumor, congenital)

#Peripheral defects: gonadal dysgenesis, premature ovarian failure, ovarian tumor, ovarian resistance

#Peripheral defects: gonadal dysgenesis, premature ovarian failure, ovarian tumor, ovarian resistance

#Metabolic disease: thyroid disease, liver disease, renal disease, obesity, androgen excess: adrenal or neoplastic

#Metabolic disease: thyroid disease, liver disease, renal disease, obesity, androgen excess: adrenal or neoplastic

===== Pelvic factors =====

==== Pelvic factors ====

#Infection appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine adhesions (asherman's syndrome),

#Infection appendicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine adhesions (asherman's syndrome),

#Endometriosis  

#Endometriosis  

#Structural abnormalities diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, failure of normal fusion of the reproductive tract, myoma

#Structural abnormalities diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, failure of normal fusion of the reproductive tract, myoma

===== Cervical factors =====

==== Cervical factors ====

#Congenital: diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, müllerian duct abnormality

#Congenital: diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure, müllerian duct abnormality

#Acquired: sequel of surgical treatment, Infection

#Acquired: sequel of surgical treatment, Infection

The term ''rasa'' has been translated by various authors as chyme, chyle, lymph, plasma etc. However, it is difficult to restrict the meaning of this term to any of such specific fluids. As ''rasa'' has been described to be a colorless fluid that gets propelled out of the heart by ''vyana vayu'' into the vascular tree, it is more logical to translate it as plasma. However, the fluids in the interstitial spaces and the fluid in the lymphatic vessels also are to be included under ''rasa'' because we find no other apt term that describes these fluids. Moreover, the word ''rasa'' includes all those bodily fluids that flow. As the major function of ''rasa'' is to nourish the other tissues, we have translated it as nutritive fluid in this context. <ref>Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012;36:77–82. </ref>

The term ''rasa'' has been translated by various authors as chyme, chyle, lymph, plasma etc. However, it is difficult to restrict the meaning of this term to any of such specific fluids. As ''rasa'' has been described to be a colorless fluid that gets propelled out of the heart by ''vyana vayu'' into the vascular tree, it is more logical to translate it as plasma. However, the fluids in the interstitial spaces and the fluid in the lymphatic vessels also are to be included under ''rasa'' because we find no other apt term that describes these fluids. Moreover, the word ''rasa'' includes all those bodily fluids that flow. As the major function of ''rasa'' is to nourish the other tissues, we have translated it as nutritive fluid in this context. <ref>Patwardhan K. The history of the discovery of blood circulation: unrecognized contributions of [[Ayurveda]] masters. Adv Physiol Educ. 2012;36:77–82. </ref>

=== References ===

== References ==

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=== Further reading ===

== Further reading ==

#Dhiman K, Kumar A, Dhiman K S. Shad Garbhakara Bhavas vis-a-vis congenital and genetic disorders. AYU 2010;31:175-84.  Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215361/. (Date last accessed: 14th March 2014)

#Dhiman K, Kumar A, Dhiman K S. Shad Garbhakara Bhavas vis-a-vis congenital and genetic disorders. AYU 2010;31:175-84.  Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3215361/. (Date last accessed: 14th March 2014)