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|title=Katidhapurusha Sharira
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|titlemode=append
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|keywords=purusha, holistic human being, Mana, mind, Atma, Self, consciousness, soul, salvation, pradnyaparadha, intellectual errors, causes of miseries and comfort, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
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|description=Sharira Sthana Chapter 1. Knowledge of holistic human being
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|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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|image_alt=charak samhita
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|type=article
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}}
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<big>'''Sharira Sthana Chapter 1. Knowledge of holistic human being '''</big>
 
{{Infobox
 
{{Infobox
 
|title = Katidhapurusha Sharira
 
|title = Katidhapurusha Sharira
Line 10: Line 21:
 
|label5 = Other Sections
 
|label5 = Other Sections
 
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
 
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]],  [[Vimana Sthana]],  [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
 
+
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|header3 =  
+
|data6 = Dwivedi R.B., Gujarathi R.
 
+
|label7 = Reviewer
 +
|data7  = Rajagopala S., Chandola H.M., Tanna I.
 +
|label8 = Editors
 +
|data8  = Bhalerao S., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
 +
|label9 = Year of publication
 +
|data9 =  2020
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|label10 = Publisher
 +
|data10 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
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|label11 = DOI
 +
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002]
 
}}
 
}}
 +
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
 +
<p style="text-align:justify;">A healthcare provider cannot treat an individual without comprehensive knowledge of his constitution. A study of human being can be initiated only after understanding concept of [[purusha]], that means holistic human being, the self ([[Aatma]]), consciousness, the cosmic man, etc., depending upon the context. This first chapter describes [[purusha]] in the context of samyoga purusha that means a logical body of six constituents (shad-dhatuja), of twenty-four constituents (chaturvimshati- tattvatmak), or that which is ideal for treatment (chikitsya purusha). The third meaning of [[purusha]] is in the context of ativahika purusha, a subtle body that passes on from one body to the next along with the soul. Besides these, there are several other forms or connotations described here in this text.  This chapter answers all queries about the [[soul]], its origin, proof of existence, mind, its description, intellectual error and its adverse effect, types of miseries and their causes, etc.  Thus this chapter describes aspects of human evolution, spirituality and psychology as well. </p>
  
== [[Sharira Sthana]] Chapter 1 ==
+
'''Keywords:''' [[purusha]], holistic human being, [[mana]], [[mind]], [[Aatma]], self, consciousness, [[soul]], salvation, [[prajnaparadha]], intellectual errors, causes of miseries and comfort.  
 
+
=== Abstract ===
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
[[Sharira Sthana]] is the study of human physiology and anatomy in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda], and follows the [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]] and [[Vimana Sthana]] sections while preceding [[Indriya Sthana]] and [[Chikitsa Sthana]]. A healthcare provider cannot treat a patient unless he is familiar with the entire physical constitution of the patient. A study of human ''sharira'', or physiology, cannot be initiated without understanding ''purusha'', a concept that could mean the self (''atma''), consciousness, the cosmic man, etc., depending upon the context.
 
 
 
Hence this first chapter of this section, [[Katidhapurusha Sharira]], defines ''purusha''. As mentioned already, the ''purusha'' is a complex concept integral to the study of the ''sharira''. ''Purusha'' could mean ''atma'', or the Self, which is distinct from the physical body and the senses (''indriya''). The second use of the term ''purusha'' is in the context of ''samyoga purusha'' that could mean a logical body of six constituents (''shaddhatuja''), of twenty-four constituents (''chaturvimshati dhatuja''), or that which is ideal for treatment (''chikitsya purusha''). The third meaning of ''purusha'' is in the context of ''ativahika purusha'', a subtle body that passes on from one body to the next along with the soul. Besides these, there are several other forms or connotations described here in this text.
 
  
This chapter, like many in this treatise, is in the form of a dialogue between Agnivesha and Lord Punarvasu Atreya, where the former asks specific questions around the soul, its origin, proof of existence, types of miseries and their causes, etc.
+
== Introduction ==
</div>
 
=== Introduction ===
 
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
An aspiring [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] practitioner who has obtained thorough knowledge about diseases, and their signs and symptoms from [[Nidana Sthana]] and studied ''rasa prabhava'' and ''dosha prabhava'' in the context of ''dravya'' and ''vyadhi'' from [[Vimana Sthana]] may have built a foundation in disease management, but cannot initiate treatment until he has a thorough knowledge of the human body. Therefore, a logical continuation from the preceding sections is this section on the human physiology and anatomy especially body’s connection to the universe. As mentioned earlier, the concept of ''purusha'' is integral to understanding ''sharira'', and therefore understanding [[Sharira Sthana]]. This chapter therefore deals with various topics related to ''purusha'' such as its types, origin, constituents, details about mind and soul, the process of knowledge, the theory of evolution and destruction, types of diseases and their causative factors, treatment of the diseases of past, present and future, desire as the ultimate cause of sorrow, the method by which an individual can get the permanent relief from pain, role of ''yoga'' in achieving salvation, and the means of salvation.
+
An aspiring [[Ayurveda]] practitioner who has obtained thorough knowledge about diseases, and their signs and symptoms from [[Nidana Sthana]] and studied ''rasa prabhava'' and ''[[dosha]] prabhava'' in the context of [[dravya]] and [[vyadhi]] from [[Vimana Sthana]] may have built a foundation in disease management, but cannot initiate treatment until he has a thorough knowledge of the human body. Therefore, a logical continuation from the preceding sections is this section on the human physiology and anatomy especially body’s connection to the universe. As mentioned earlier, the concept of [[purusha]] is integral to understanding [[sharira]], and therefore understanding [[Sharira Sthana]]. This chapter therefore deals with various topics related to [[purusha]] such as its types, origin, constituents, details about mind and soul, the process of knowledge, the theory of evolution and destruction, types of diseases and their causative factors, treatment of the diseases of past, present and future, desire as the ultimate cause of sorrow, the method by which an individual can get the permanent relief from pain, role of ''yoga'' in achieving salvation, and the means of salvation.
  
This chapter also deals with a philosophical approach to human body and mind (apparent, since the chapter deals with a complex concept like the ''purusha''). All eastern philosophies consider the ''atma'' (soul) as the entity that is responsible for all actions and therefore the recipient of the consequences of those actions. The ultimate reason for all kinds of pain and sufferings is that human beings do not realize or consider the body and the soul to be two distinct entities. The relationship between the soul and the mind is complex and subtle. One has to “rein in” the mind and also strive to stay detached from all the actions performed by him to liberate himself from this material world. A person who is detached from worldly possessions and actions is free from the karmic cycle of actions and consequences, and birth and death. Thus the chapter describes some of the basic physical and meta-physical aspects of the human entity.
+
This chapter also deals with a philosophical approach to human body and mind (apparent, since the chapter deals with a complex concept like the [[purusha]]). All eastern philosophies consider the [[aatma]] (soul) as the entity that is responsible for all actions and therefore the recipient of the consequences of those actions. The ultimate reason for all kinds of pain and sufferings is that human beings do not realize or consider the body and the soul to be two distinct entities. The relationship between the soul and the mind is complex and subtle. One has to “rein in” the mind and also strive to stay detached from all the actions performed by him to liberate himself from this material world. A person who is detached from worldly possessions and actions is free from the karmic cycle of actions and consequences, and birth and death. Thus the chapter describes some of the basic physical and meta-physical aspects of the human entity.
 
</div>
 
</div>
===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===
+
==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==
 
+
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अथातः कतिधापुरुषीयं शारीरं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
 
 
 
athātaḥ katidhāpuruṣīyaṁ śārīraṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
 
  
athAtaH katidhApuruShIyaM shArIraM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1||  
+
अथातः कतिधापुरुषीयं शारीरं व्याख्यास्यामः|||| इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
We shall now expound the chapter dealing with the various divisions of the ''sharira'' and the ''purusha''. [1]
+
athātaḥ katidhāpuruṣīyaṁ śārīraṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1|| iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
  
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||||
+
athAtaH katidhApuruShIyaM shArIraM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1|| iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
 +
</div></div>
  
iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||
+
Now we shall expound the chapter "Katidhapurusheeyam Shariram" (Knowledge of holistic human being). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
  
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
+
===Questions by Agnivesha===
 
+
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]
 
  
 
कतिधा पुरुषो धीमन्! धातुभेदेन भिद्यते|  
 
कतिधा पुरुषो धीमन्! धातुभेदेन भिद्यते|  
 
पुरुषः कारणं कस्मात्, प्रभवः पुरुषस्य कः||३||  
 
पुरुषः कारणं कस्मात्, प्रभवः पुरुषस्य कः||३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
katidhā puruṣō dhīman! dhātubhēdēna bhidyatē|  
 
katidhā puruṣō dhīman! dhātubhēdēna bhidyatē|  
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katidhA puruSho dhIman! dhAtubhedena bhidyate|  
 
katidhA puruSho dhIman! dhAtubhedena bhidyate|  
 
puruShaH kAraNaM kasmAt, prabhavaH puruShasya kaH||3||  
 
puruShaH kAraNaM kasmAt, prabhavaH puruShasya kaH||3||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
किमज्ञो ज्ञः, स नित्यः किं किमनित्यो निदर्शितः|  
 
किमज्ञो ज्ञः, स नित्यः किं किमनित्यो निदर्शितः|  
 
प्रकृतिः का, विकाराः के, किं लिङ्गं पुरुषस्य च||४||  
 
प्रकृतिः का, विकाराः के, किं लिङ्गं पुरुषस्य च||४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
kimajñō jñaḥ, sa nityaḥ kiṁ kimanityō nidarśitaḥ|  
 
kimajñō jñaḥ, sa nityaḥ kiṁ kimanityō nidarśitaḥ|  
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kimaj~jo j~jaH, sa nityaH kiM kimanityo nidarshitaH|  
 
kimaj~jo j~jaH, sa nityaH kiM kimanityo nidarshitaH|  
 
prakRutiH kA, vikArAH ke, kiM li~ggaM puruShasya ca||4||  
 
prakRutiH kA, vikArAH ke, kiM li~ggaM puruShasya ca||4||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
निष्क्रियं च स्वतन्त्रं च वशिनं सर्वगं विभुम्|  
 
निष्क्रियं च स्वतन्त्रं च वशिनं सर्वगं विभुम्|  
 
वदन्त्यात्मानमात्मज्ञाः क्षेत्रज्ञं साक्षिणं तथा||५||  
 
वदन्त्यात्मानमात्मज्ञाः क्षेत्रज्ञं साक्षिणं तथा||५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
niṣkriyaṁ ca svatantraṁ ca vaśinaṁ sarvagaṁ vibhum|  
 
niṣkriyaṁ ca svatantraṁ ca vaśinaṁ sarvagaṁ vibhum|  
Line 75: Line 95:
 
niShkriyaM ca svatantraM ca vashinaM sarvagaM vibhum|  
 
niShkriyaM ca svatantraM ca vashinaM sarvagaM vibhum|  
 
vadantyAtmAnamAtmaj~jAH kShetraj~jaM sAkShiNaM tathA||5||
 
vadantyAtmAnamAtmaj~jAH kShetraj~jaM sAkShiNaM tathA||5||
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
निष्क्रियस्य क्रिया तस्य भगवन्! विद्यते कथम्|  
 
निष्क्रियस्य क्रिया तस्य भगवन्! विद्यते कथम्|  
 
स्वतन्त्रश्चेदनिष्टासु कथं योनिषु जायते||६||  
 
स्वतन्त्रश्चेदनिष्टासु कथं योनिषु जायते||६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
niṣkriyasya kriyā tasya bhagavan! vidyatē katham|  
 
niṣkriyasya kriyā tasya bhagavan! vidyatē katham|  
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niShkriyasya kriyA tasya bhagavan! vidyate katham|  
 
niShkriyasya kriyA tasya bhagavan! vidyate katham|  
 
svatantrashcedaniShTAsu kathaM yoniShu jAyate||6||  
 
svatantrashcedaniShTAsu kathaM yoniShu jAyate||6||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
वशी यद्यसुखैः कस्माद्भावैराक्रम्यते बलात्|  
 
वशी यद्यसुखैः कस्माद्भावैराक्रम्यते बलात्|  
 
सर्वाः सर्वगतत्वाच्च वेदनाः किं न वेत्ति सः||७||  
 
सर्वाः सर्वगतत्वाच्च वेदनाः किं न वेत्ति सः||७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
vaśī yadyasukhaiḥ kasmādbhāvairākramyatē balāt|  
 
vaśī yadyasukhaiḥ kasmādbhāvairākramyatē balāt|  
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vashI yadyasukhaiH kasmAdbhAvairAkramyate balAt|  
 
vashI yadyasukhaiH kasmAdbhAvairAkramyate balAt|  
 
sarvAH sarvagatatvAcca vedanAH kiM na vetti saH||7||  
 
sarvAH sarvagatatvAcca vedanAH kiM na vetti saH||7||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
न पश्यति विभुः कस्माच्छैलकुड्यतिरस्कृतम्|  
 
न पश्यति विभुः कस्माच्छैलकुड्यतिरस्कृतम्|  
 
क्षेत्रज्ञः क्षेत्रमथवा किं पूर्वमिति संशयः||८||
 
क्षेत्रज्ञः क्षेत्रमथवा किं पूर्वमिति संशयः||८||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
 
   
 
   
 
na paśyati vibhuḥ kasmācchailakuḍyatiraskr̥tam|  
 
na paśyati vibhuḥ kasmācchailakuḍyatiraskr̥tam|  
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na pashyati vibhuH kasmAcchailakuDyatiraskRutam|  
 
na pashyati vibhuH kasmAcchailakuDyatiraskRutam|  
 
kShetraj~jaH kShetramathavA kiM pUrvamiti saMshayaH||8||  
 
kShetraj~jaH kShetramathavA kiM pUrvamiti saMshayaH||8||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
ज्ञेयं क्षेत्रं विना पूर्वं क्षेत्रज्ञो हि न युज्यते|  
 
ज्ञेयं क्षेत्रं विना पूर्वं क्षेत्रज्ञो हि न युज्यते|  
 
क्षेत्रं च यदि पूर्वं स्यात् क्षेत्रज्ञः स्यादशाश्वतः||९||  
 
क्षेत्रं च यदि पूर्वं स्यात् क्षेत्रज्ञः स्यादशाश्वतः||९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
jñēyaṁ kṣētraṁ vinā pūrvaṁ kṣētrajñō hi na yujyatē|  
 
jñēyaṁ kṣētraṁ vinā pūrvaṁ kṣētrajñō hi na yujyatē|  
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j~jeyaM kShetraM vinA pUrvaM kShetraj~jo hi na yujyate|  
 
j~jeyaM kShetraM vinA pUrvaM kShetraj~jo hi na yujyate|  
 
kShetraM ca yadi pUrvaM syAt kShetraj~jaH syAdashAshvataH||9||  
 
kShetraM ca yadi pUrvaM syAt kShetraj~jaH syAdashAshvataH||9||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
साक्षिभूतश्च कस्यायं कर्ता ह्यन्यो न विद्यते|  
 
साक्षिभूतश्च कस्यायं कर्ता ह्यन्यो न विद्यते|  
 
स्यात् कथं चाविकारस्य विशेषो वेदनाकृतः||१०||  
 
स्यात् कथं चाविकारस्य विशेषो वेदनाकृतः||१०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
sākṣibhūtaśca kasyāyaṁ kartā hyanyō na vidyatē|  
 
sākṣibhūtaśca kasyāyaṁ kartā hyanyō na vidyatē|  
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sAkShibhUtashca kasyAyaM kartA hyanyo na vidyate|  
 
sAkShibhUtashca kasyAyaM kartA hyanyo na vidyate|  
 
syAt kathaM cAvikArasya visheSho vedanAkRutaH||10||  
 
syAt kathaM cAvikArasya visheSho vedanAkRutaH||10||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अथ चार्तस्य भगवंस्तिसृणां कां चिकित्सति|  
 
अथ चार्तस्य भगवंस्तिसृणां कां चिकित्सति|  
 
अतीतां वेदनां वैद्यो वर्तमानां भविष्यतीम्||११||  
 
अतीतां वेदनां वैद्यो वर्तमानां भविष्यतीम्||११||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
atha cārtasya bhagavaṁstisr̥ṇāṁ kāṁ cikitsati|  
 
atha cārtasya bhagavaṁstisr̥ṇāṁ kāṁ cikitsati|  
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atha cArtasya bhagavaMstisRuNAM kAM cikitsati|  
 
atha cArtasya bhagavaMstisRuNAM kAM cikitsati|  
 
atItAM vedanAM vaidyo vartamAnAM bhaviShyatIm||11||  
 
atItAM vedanAM vaidyo vartamAnAM bhaviShyatIm||11||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
भविष्यन्त्या असम्प्राप्तिरतीताया अनागमः|  
 
भविष्यन्त्या असम्प्राप्तिरतीताया अनागमः|  
 
साम्प्रतिक्या अपि स्थानं नास्त्यर्तेः संशयो ह्यतः||१२||  
 
साम्प्रतिक्या अपि स्थानं नास्त्यर्तेः संशयो ह्यतः||१२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
bhaviṣyantyā asamprāptiratītāyā anāgamaḥ|  
 
bhaviṣyantyā asamprāptiratītāyā anāgamaḥ|  
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bhaviShyantyA asamprAptiratItAyA anAgamaH|  
 
bhaviShyantyA asamprAptiratItAyA anAgamaH|  
 
sAmpratikyA api sthAnaM nAstyarteH saMshayo hyataH||12||  
 
sAmpratikyA api sthAnaM nAstyarteH saMshayo hyataH||12||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
कारणं वेदनानां किं, किमधिष्ठानमुच्यते|  
 
कारणं वेदनानां किं, किमधिष्ठानमुच्यते|  
 
क्व चैता वेदनाः सर्वा निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१३||  
 
क्व चैता वेदनाः सर्वा निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
kāraṇaṁ vēdanānāṁ kiṁ, kimadhiṣṭhānamucyatē|  
 
kāraṇaṁ vēdanānāṁ kiṁ, kimadhiṣṭhānamucyatē|  
Line 147: Line 191:
 
kAraNaM vedanAnAM kiM, kimadhiShThAnamucyate|  
 
kAraNaM vedanAnAM kiM, kimadhiShThAnamucyate|  
 
kva caitA vedanAH sarvA nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||13||  
 
kva caitA vedanAH sarvA nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||13||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
सर्ववित् सर्वसन्न्यासी सर्वसंयोगनिःसृतः|  
 
सर्ववित् सर्वसन्न्यासी सर्वसंयोगनिःसृतः|  
 
एकः प्रशान्तो भूतात्मा कैर्लिङ्गैरुपलभ्यते||१४||  
 
एकः प्रशान्तो भूतात्मा कैर्लिङ्गैरुपलभ्यते||१४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
 +
 
sarvavit sarvasannyāsī sarvasaṁyōganiḥsr̥taḥ|  
 
sarvavit sarvasannyāsī sarvasaṁyōganiḥsr̥taḥ|  
 
ēkaḥ praśāntō bhūtātmā kairliṅgairupalabhyatē||14||  
 
ēkaḥ praśāntō bhūtātmā kairliṅgairupalabhyatē||14||  
Line 155: Line 203:
 
sarvavit sarvasannyAsI sarvasaMyoganiHsRutaH|  
 
sarvavit sarvasannyAsI sarvasaMyoganiHsRutaH|  
 
ekaH prashAnto bhUtAtmA kairli~ggairupalabhyate||14||  
 
ekaH prashAnto bhUtAtmA kairli~ggairupalabhyate||14||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
इत्यग्निवेशस्य [१] वचः श्रुत्वा मतिमतां वरः|  
 
इत्यग्निवेशस्य [१] वचः श्रुत्वा मतिमतां वरः|  
 
सर्वं यथावत् प्रोवाच प्रशान्तात्मा पुनर्वसुः||१५||  
 
सर्वं यथावत् प्रोवाच प्रशान्तात्मा पुनर्वसुः||१५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ityagnivēśasya [1] vacaḥ śrutvā matimatāṁ varaḥ|  
 
ityagnivēśasya [1] vacaḥ śrutvā matimatāṁ varaḥ|  
Line 164: Line 215:
 
ityagniveshasya [1] vacaH shrutvA matimatAM varaH|  
 
ityagniveshasya [1] vacaH shrutvA matimatAM varaH|  
 
sarvaM yathAvat provAca prashAntAtmA punarvasuH||15||  
 
sarvaM yathAvat provAca prashAntAtmA punarvasuH||15||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
Agnivesha requested Punarvasu to explain the following:  
 
Agnivesha requested Punarvasu to explain the following:  
  
# What are the divisions of the purusha according to the division of the ''dhatus'' (elements)?
+
# What are the divisions of the [[purusha]] according to the division of the [[dhatu]] (elements)?
# Why is this ''purusha'' considered as the ''karana'' (''karta''/doer)? Is the ''purusha'' considered to be the cause of the body?
+
# Why is this [[purusha]] considered as the ''karana'' (''karta''/doer)? Is the [[Purusha]] considered to be the cause of the body?
# What is the origin of ''purusha''?
+
# What is the origin of [[Purusha]]?
# Is the ''purusha'' a sentient or an insentient entity?
+
# Is the [[Purusha]] a sentient or an insentient entity?
# Is the ''purusha'' eternal or ephemeral?
+
# Is the [[Purusha]] eternal or ephemeral?
 
# What is the primordial source of creation and what are its byproducts?
 
# What is the primordial source of creation and what are its byproducts?
# What is the proof of the existence of the ''purusha''?
+
# what are the characteristic features of the [[purusha]]?
# Those proficient in spiritual science describe the ''purusha'' to be devoid of action, independent, absolutely free, all pervasive, knower of the body and a witness. When is the ''purusha'' devoid of action? How does action emanate from it?
+
# Those proficient in spiritual science describe the [[Purusha]] to be devoid of action, independent, absolutely free, all pervasive, knower of the body and a witness. When is the [[Purusha]] devoid of action? How does action emanate from it?
# If the ''purusha'' is independent, how does it take birth among the undesirable species?
+
# If the [[Purusha]] is independent, how does it take birth among the undesirable species?
# If the ''purusha'' is absolutely free, how does it get overpowered by miserable ideas?
+
# If the [[Purusha]] is absolutely free, how does it get overpowered by miserable ideas?
 
# Being omnipresent, why is it not aware of all miseries in its surroundings?
 
# Being omnipresent, why is it not aware of all miseries in its surroundings?
 
# If it is ubiquitous, how does it not visualize things interrupted by hills and walls?
 
# If it is ubiquitous, how does it not visualize things interrupted by hills and walls?
# Which comes first – the body or the knower of the body (soul)? In the absence of the body, the object that perceives, emergence of the ''purusha'' does not appear to be appropriate. But then if the body comes first, the ''purusha'' would not be deemed eternal.
+
# Which comes first – the body or the knower of the body (soul)? In the absence of the body, the object that perceives, emergence of the [[Purusha]] does not appear to be appropriate. But then if the body comes first, the [[Purusha]] would not be deemed eternal.
# What is it of which the ''purusha'' is considered to be a witness?
+
# What is it of which the [[Purusha]] is considered to be a witness?
# Can the same ''purusha'' be a creator as well as a witness at the same time?
+
# Can the same [[Purusha]] be a creator as well as a witness at the same time?
# If the ''purusha'' is derived from any modification, how does it subject itself to specific situations arising out of miseries (diseases)?
+
# If the [[Purusha]] is derived from any modification, how does it subject itself to specific situations arising out of miseries (diseases)?
 
# Out of the three types of miseries of a patient, which one is treatable by the physician – the past one, the present one or the future one?  
 
# Out of the three types of miseries of a patient, which one is treatable by the physician – the past one, the present one or the future one?  
 
## The future one is in fact not in existence;  
 
## The future one is in fact not in existence;  
Line 190: Line 242:
 
# What are the sites of their manifestation?
 
# What are the sites of their manifestation?
 
# Where do all these miseries completely get merged after their cure?
 
# Where do all these miseries completely get merged after their cure?
# What are the signs that help in recognizing the ''purusha'' which is omnipresent, all renouncing, devoid of all contacts, only one and tranquil? [3-15]
+
# What are the signs that help in recognizing the [[Purusha]] which is omnipresent, all renouncing, devoid of all contacts, only one and tranquil?  
 +
After listening questions by the most intelligent (disciple) Agnivesh, Punarvasu replied all of them one by one in a tranquilized state.
 +
[3-15]
  
खादयश्चेतनाषष्ठा [] धातवः पुरुषः स्मृतः|  
+
=== Details about [[purusha]] ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
 +
खादयश्चेतनाषष्ठा धातवः पुरुषः स्मृतः|  
 
चेतनाधातुरप्येकः स्मृतः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||१६||
 
चेतनाधातुरप्येकः स्मृतः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||१६||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
khādayaścētanāṣaṣṭhā [1] dhātavaḥ puruṣaḥ smr̥taḥ|  
 
khādayaścētanāṣaṣṭhā [1] dhātavaḥ puruṣaḥ smr̥taḥ|  
Line 200: Line 258:
 
khAdayashcetanAShaShThA [1] dhAtavaH puruShaH smRutaH|  
 
khAdayashcetanAShaShThA [1] dhAtavaH puruShaH smRutaH|  
 
cetanAdhAturapyekaH smRutaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||16||  
 
cetanAdhAturapyekaH smRutaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||16||  
 +
</div></div>
  
''Purusha'' comprises of six ''dhatus'' (elements), viz. five ''mahabhutas'' (in their subtle form) and consciousness. The element of consciousness alone could also be considered ''purusha''. [16]
+
[[Purusha]] comprises of six [[dhatu]] (elements), viz. five [[mahabhuta]] (in their subtle form) and consciousness. The element of consciousness alone could also be considered [[purusha]]. [16]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पुनश्च धातुभेदेन चतुर्विंशतिकः स्मृतः|  
 
पुनश्च धातुभेदेन चतुर्विंशतिकः स्मृतः|  
 
मनो दशेन्द्रियाण्यर्थाः प्रकृतिश्चाष्टधातुकी||१७||
 
मनो दशेन्द्रियाण्यर्थाः प्रकृतिश्चाष्टधातुकी||१७||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
punaśca dhātubhēdēna caturviṁśatikaḥ smr̥taḥ|  
 
punaśca dhātubhēdēna caturviṁśatikaḥ smr̥taḥ|  
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punashca dhAtubhedena caturviMshatikaH smRutaH|  
 
punashca dhAtubhedena caturviMshatikaH smRutaH|  
 
mano dashendriyANyarthAH prakRutishcAShTadhAtukI||17||
 
mano dashendriyANyarthAH prakRutishcAShTadhAtukI||17||
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
According to another classification, ''purusha'' comprises of twenty four ''dhatus'', i.e. mind, ten ''indriyas'' (sensory and motor organs), five objects of sense organs and ''prakriti'' (consisting of eight ''dhatus'', viz. five ''mahabhutas'' (in their subtle form), ''ahamkara'' (ego), ''mahan'' (intellect) and ''avyakta'' (primordial element) [17]
+
According to another classification, [[Purusha]] comprises of twenty four [[dhatu]], i.e. [[mana]] (mind), ten [[indriya]] (sensory and motor organs), five objects of sense organs and [[prakriti]] (consisting of eight [[dhatu]], viz. five [[mahabhuta]] (in their subtle form), [[ahamkara]] (ego), [[mahat]] (intellect) and ''[[Avyakta|avyakta]]'' (primordial element) [17]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== Description of [[Manas]] (mind) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
लक्षणं मनसो ज्ञानस्याभावो भाव एव च|  
 
लक्षणं मनसो ज्ञानस्याभावो भाव एव च|  
 
सति ह्यात्मेन्द्रियार्थानां सन्निकर्षे न वर्तते||१८||  
 
सति ह्यात्मेन्द्रियार्थानां सन्निकर्षे न वर्तते||१८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
lakṣaṇaṁ manasō jñānasyābhāvō bhāva ēva ca|  
 
lakṣaṇaṁ manasō jñānasyābhāvō bhāva ēva ca|  
Line 222: Line 290:
 
lakShaNaM manaso j~jAnasyAbhAvo bhAva eva ca|  
 
lakShaNaM manaso j~jAnasyAbhAvo bhAva eva ca|  
 
sati hyAtmendriyArthAnAM sannikarShe na vartate||18||  
 
sati hyAtmendriyArthAnAM sannikarShe na vartate||18||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
वैवृत्त्यान्मनसो ज्ञानं सान्निध्यात्तच्च वर्तते|  
 
वैवृत्त्यान्मनसो ज्ञानं सान्निध्यात्तच्च वर्तते|  
 
अणुत्वमथ चैकत्वं द्वौ गुणौ मनसः स्मृतौ||१९||  
 
अणुत्वमथ चैकत्वं द्वौ गुणौ मनसः स्मृतौ||१९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
vaivr̥ttyānmanasō jñānaṁ sānnidhyāttacca vartatē|  
 
vaivr̥ttyānmanasō jñānaṁ sānnidhyāttacca vartatē|  
Line 231: Line 302:
 
vaivRuttyAnmanaso j~jAnaM sAnnidhyAttacca vartate|  
 
vaivRuttyAnmanaso j~jAnaM sAnnidhyAttacca vartate|  
 
aNutvamatha caikatvaM dvau guNau manasaH smRutau||19||  
 
aNutvamatha caikatvaM dvau guNau manasaH smRutau||19||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Sometimes one understands a thing and sometimes one does not. This proves the existence of the mind as a separate sense organ. That is why, when there is no contact of the mind with sense organs and their objects, no understanding of things can occur. It is only when the required mental contact is there that one can understand things. Atomicity and oneness are considered to be the two characteristic features of the mind. [18-19]
+
Sometimes one understands a thing and sometimes one does not. This proves the existence of the mind as a separate sense organ. That is why, when there is no contact of the mind with sense organs and their objects, no understanding of things can occur. It is only when the required mental contact is there that one can understand things. Atomicity and oneness are considered to be the two characteristic qualities of the mind. [18-19]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
चिन्त्यं विचार्यमूह्यं च ध्येयं सङ्कल्प्यमेव च|  
 
चिन्त्यं विचार्यमूह्यं च ध्येयं सङ्कल्प्यमेव च|  
 
यत्किञ्चिन्मनसो ज्ञेयं तत् सर्वं ह्यर्थसञ्ज्ञकम्||२०||  
 
यत्किञ्चिन्मनसो ज्ञेयं तत् सर्वं ह्यर्थसञ्ज्ञकम्||२०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
cintyaṁ vicāryamūhyaṁ ca dhyēyaṁ saṅkalpyamēva ca|  
 
cintyaṁ vicāryamūhyaṁ ca dhyēyaṁ saṅkalpyamēva ca|  
Line 242: Line 318:
 
cintyaM vicAryamUhyaM ca dhyeyaM sa~gkalpyameva ca|  
 
cintyaM vicAryamUhyaM ca dhyeyaM sa~gkalpyameva ca|  
 
yatki~jcinmanaso j~jeyaM tat sarvaM hyarthasa~jj~jakam||20||  
 
yatki~jcinmanaso j~jeyaM tat sarvaM hyarthasa~jj~jakam||20||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
इन्द्रियाभिग्रहः कर्म मनसः स्वस्य निग्रहः|  
 
इन्द्रियाभिग्रहः कर्म मनसः स्वस्य निग्रहः|  
 
ऊहो विचारश्च, ततः परं बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२१||  
 
ऊहो विचारश्च, ततः परं बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
indriyābhigrahaḥ karma manasaḥ svasya nigrahaḥ|  
 
indriyābhigrahaḥ karma manasaḥ svasya nigrahaḥ|  
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indriyAbhigrahaH karma manasaH svasya nigrahaH|  
 
indriyAbhigrahaH karma manasaH svasya nigrahaH|  
 
Uho vicArashca, tataH paraM buddhiH pravartate||21||  
 
Uho vicArashca, tataH paraM buddhiH pravartate||21||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Things requiring thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention, determination or whatever can be perceived by the mind, are regarded as its objects. Control of sense organs, self restraint, hypothesis and consideration represent the action of the mind. Beyond that flourishes the domain and intellect [20-21]
 
Things requiring thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention, determination or whatever can be perceived by the mind, are regarded as its objects. Control of sense organs, self restraint, hypothesis and consideration represent the action of the mind. Beyond that flourishes the domain and intellect [20-21]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
===Role of [[buddhi]] (intellect)===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 
इन्द्रियेणेन्द्रियार्थो हि समनस्केन गृह्यते|  
 
इन्द्रियेणेन्द्रियार्थो हि समनस्केन गृह्यते|  
कल्प्यते मनसा तूर्ध्वं गुणतो दोषतोऽथवा||२२||
+
कल्प्यते मनसा तूर्ध्वं गुणतो दोषतोऽथवा||२२||
 
 
indriyēṇēndriyārthō hi samanaskēna gr̥hyatē|
 
kalpyatē manasā tūrdhvaṁ guṇatō dōṣatō'thavā||22||
 
 
 
indriyeNendriyArtho hi samanaskena gRuhyate|
 
kalpyate manasA tUrdhvaM guNato doShato~athavA||22||  
 
  
 
जायते विषये तत्र या बुद्धिर्निश्चयात्मिका|  
 
जायते विषये तत्र या बुद्धिर्निश्चयात्मिका|  
व्यवस्यति तया वक्तुं कर्तुं वा बुद्धिपूर्वकम्||२३||  
+
व्यवस्यति तया वक्तुं कर्तुं वा बुद्धिपूर्वकम्||२३||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 +
indriyēṇēndriyārthō hi samanaskēna gr̥hyatē|
 +
kalpyatē manasā tūrdhvaṁ guṇatō dōṣatō'thavā||22||
 +
 
jāyatē viṣayē tatra yā buddhirniścayātmikā|  
 
jāyatē viṣayē tatra yā buddhirniścayātmikā|  
 
vyavasyati tayā vaktuṁ kartuṁ vā buddhipūrvakam||23||  
 
vyavasyati tayā vaktuṁ kartuṁ vā buddhipūrvakam||23||  
 +
 +
indriyeNendriyArtho hi samanaskena gRuhyate|
 +
kalpyate manasA tUrdhvaM guNato doShato~athavA||22||
  
 
jAyate viShaye tatra yA buddhirnishcayAtmikA|  
 
jAyate viShaye tatra yA buddhirnishcayAtmikA|  
 
vyavasyati tayA vaktuM kartuM vA buddhipUrvakam||23||  
 
vyavasyati tayA vaktuM kartuM vA buddhipUrvakam||23||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Objects are perceived with the help of sense organs and the mind. This perception is purely mental in the beginning, while the practical advantages or disadvantages are ascertained thereafter. The intellect which determines the specific properties of the object impels the (same) individual to speak or act intelligently.  [22-23]
 
Objects are perceived with the help of sense organs and the mind. This perception is purely mental in the beginning, while the practical advantages or disadvantages are ascertained thereafter. The intellect which determines the specific properties of the object impels the (same) individual to speak or act intelligently.  [22-23]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 
एकैकाधिकयुक्तानि खादीनामिन्द्रियाणि तु|  
 
एकैकाधिकयुक्तानि खादीनामिन्द्रियाणि तु|  
 
पञ्च कर्मानुमेयानि येभ्यो बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२४||  
 
पञ्च कर्मानुमेयानि येभ्यो बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ēkaikādhikayuktāni khādīnāmindriyāṇi tu|  
 
ēkaikādhikayuktāni khādīnāmindriyāṇi tu|  
Line 282: Line 372:
 
ekaikAdhikayuktAni khAdInAmindriyANi tu|  
 
ekaikAdhikayuktAni khAdInAmindriyANi tu|  
 
pa~jca karmAnumeyAni yebhyo buddhiH pravartate||24||  
 
pa~jca karmAnumeyAni yebhyo buddhiH pravartate||24||  
 +
</div></div>
  
The five sense faculties, made of the five ''mahabhutas'' (each sense faculty has one dominant ''mahabhuta''), are inferred from their five respective actions which serve as agents for the manifestation of the intellect [24]
+
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 +
The five sense faculties, made of the five ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (each sense faculty has one dominant ''[[mahabhuta]]''), are inferred from their five respective actions which serve as agents for the manifestation of the intellect [24]
 +
</div>
 +
 
 +
=== Functions of ''karmendriya'' (motor organs) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
हस्तौ पादौ [२] गुदोपस्थं वागिन्द्रियमथापि च|  
 
हस्तौ पादौ [२] गुदोपस्थं वागिन्द्रियमथापि च|  
 
कर्मेन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पादौ गमनकर्मणि||२५||  
 
कर्मेन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पादौ गमनकर्मणि||२५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
hastau pādau [2] gudōpasthaṁ vāgindriyamathāpi ca|  
 
hastau pādau [2] gudōpasthaṁ vāgindriyamathāpi ca|  
Line 293: Line 390:
 
hastau pAdau [2] gudopasthaM vAgindriyamathApi ca|  
 
hastau pAdau [2] gudopasthaM vAgindriyamathApi ca|  
 
karmendriyANi pa~jcaiva pAdau gamanakarmaNi||25||  
 
karmendriyANi pa~jcaiva pAdau gamanakarmaNi||25||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पायूपस्थं विसर्गार्थं हस्तौ ग्रहणधारणे|  
 
पायूपस्थं विसर्गार्थं हस्तौ ग्रहणधारणे|  
 
जिह्वा वागिन्द्रियं वाक् च सत्या ज्योतिस्तमोऽनृता||२६||  
 
जिह्वा वागिन्द्रियं वाक् च सत्या ज्योतिस्तमोऽनृता||२६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
pāyūpasthaṁ visargārthaṁ hastau grahaṇadhāraṇē|  
 
pāyūpasthaṁ visargārthaṁ hastau grahaṇadhāraṇē|  
Line 302: Line 402:
 
pAyUpasthaM visargArthaM hastau grahaNadhAraNe|  
 
pAyUpasthaM visargArthaM hastau grahaNadhAraNe|  
 
jihvA vAgindriyaM vAk ca satyA jyotistamo~anRutA||26||  
 
jihvA vAgindriyaM vAk ca satyA jyotistamo~anRutA||26||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Motor organs are of five categories, viz. hands, feet, anus, phallus and the organ of speech (tongue). Feet are useful in locomotion, anus and phallus for passing body waste while the hands are for collecting and holding. The tongue represents the organ of speech which is of two kinds, viz. true and false. The former can be compared to light which illuminates the worldly life and life after death, and the later to darkness which creates confusion. [25-26]
+
Motor organs are of five categories, viz. hands, feet, anus, phallus and the organ of speech (tongue). Feet are useful in locomotion, anus and phallus for passing body waste while the hands are for collecting and holding. The tongue represents the organ of speech which speaks in two ways, viz. truth and false. The truth can be compared with light, that illuminates (the knowledge of worldly life and life after death). The false creates darkness (that creates confusion). [25-26]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== [[Mahabhuta]] (five fundamental elements) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
महाभूतानि खं वायुरग्निरापः क्षितिस्तथा|  
 
महाभूतानि खं वायुरग्निरापः क्षितिस्तथा|  
 
शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च तद्गुणाः||२७||  
 
शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च तद्गुणाः||२७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
mahābhūtāni khaṁ vāyuragnirāpaḥ kṣitistathā|  
 
mahābhūtāni khaṁ vāyuragnirāpaḥ kṣitistathā|  
Line 313: Line 420:
 
mahAbhUtAni khaM vAyuragnirApaH kShitistathA|  
 
mahAbhUtAni khaM vAyuragnirApaH kShitistathA|  
 
shabdaH sparshashca rUpaM ca raso gandhashca tadguNAH||27||  
 
shabdaH sparshashca rUpaM ca raso gandhashca tadguNAH||27||  
 +
</div></div>
  
The five ''mahabhutas'' are ''akasha, vayu, agni, jala'' and ''prithvi'' (in this order). Their attributes are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell respectively. [27]
+
The five [[mahabhuta]] are [[akasha]], [[vayu]], [[agni]], [[jala]] and [[prithvi]] (in this order). Their attributes are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell respectively. [27]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
तेषामेकगुणः पूर्वो [२] गुणवृद्धिः परे परे|  
 
तेषामेकगुणः पूर्वो [२] गुणवृद्धिः परे परे|  
 
पूर्वः पूर्वगुणश्चैव [३] क्रमशो गुणिषु स्मृतः||२८||  
 
पूर्वः पूर्वगुणश्चैव [३] क्रमशो गुणिषु स्मृतः||२८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
tēṣāmēkaguṇaḥ pūrvō [2] guṇavr̥ddhiḥ parē parē|  
 
tēṣāmēkaguṇaḥ pūrvō [2] guṇavr̥ddhiḥ parē parē|  
Line 324: Line 434:
 
teShAmekaguNaH pUrvo [2] guNavRuddhiH pare pare|  
 
teShAmekaguNaH pUrvo [2] guNavRuddhiH pare pare|  
 
pUrvaH pUrvaguNashcaiva [3] kramasho guNiShu smRutaH||28||  
 
pUrvaH pUrvaguNashcaiva [3] kramasho guNiShu smRutaH||28||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The order of ''mahabhutas'' mentioned above is important because, starting with ''akasha'', the number of attributes per ''mahabhuta'' increases in the above order. This increase in number of attributes is cumulative, i.e., the attribute of the preceding ''mahabhutas'' is added to the succeeding one. This process of ''gunantara vriddhi'' in ''mahabhutas'' is aiso known as ''bhutanipravesha'' [28]
+
The order of ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' mentioned above is important because, starting with ''[[akasha]]'', the number of attributes per ''[[mahabhuta]]'' increases in the above order. This increase in number of attributes is cumulative, i.e., the attribute of the preceding ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' is added to the succeeding one. This process of ''gunantara vriddhi'' in ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' is also known as ''bhutanipravesha'' [28]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वं भूजलानिलतेजसाम्|  
 
खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वं भूजलानिलतेजसाम्|  
 
आकाशस्याप्रतीघातो दृष्टं लिङ्गं यथाक्रमम्||२९||
 
आकाशस्याप्रतीघातो दृष्टं लिङ्गं यथाक्रमम्||२९||
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
kharadravacalōṣṇatvaṁ bhūjalānilatējasām|  
 
kharadravacalōṣṇatvaṁ bhūjalānilatējasām|  
Line 335: Line 450:
 
kharadravacaloShNatvaM bhUjalAnilatejasAm|  
 
kharadravacaloShNatvaM bhUjalAnilatejasAm|  
 
AkAshasyApratIghAto dRuShTaM li~ggaM yathAkramam||29||  
 
AkAshasyApratIghAto dRuShTaM li~ggaM yathAkramam||29||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
लक्षणं सर्वमेवैतत् स्पर्शनेन्द्रियगोचरम्|  
 
लक्षणं सर्वमेवैतत् स्पर्शनेन्द्रियगोचरम्|  
 
स्पर्शनेन्द्रियविज्ञेयः स्पर्शो हि सविपर्ययः||३०||  
 
स्पर्शनेन्द्रियविज्ञेयः स्पर्शो हि सविपर्ययः||३०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
lakṣaṇaṁ sarvamēvaitat sparśanēndriyagōcaram|  
 
lakṣaṇaṁ sarvamēvaitat sparśanēndriyagōcaram|  
Line 344: Line 462:
 
lakShaNaM sarvamevaitat sparshanendriyagocaram|  
 
lakShaNaM sarvamevaitat sparshanendriyagocaram|  
 
sparshanendriyavij~jeyaH sparsho hi saviparyayaH||30||  
 
sparshanendriyavij~jeyaH sparsho hi saviparyayaH||30||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Prithvi, jala, agni/tejas, vayu'' and ''akasha'' are characterized by ''kharatva'' (roughness), ''dravatva'' (liquidity), ''ushnatva'' (heat), ''chalatva'' (mobility) and ''apratighatatva'' (unobstructibility) respectively. All these attributes are perceptible by the tactile sense organ. Touch, together with its absence, is perceived by the tactile sense organ. [29-30]
+
''[[Prithvi]], [[jala]], [[agni]]/tejas, [[vayu]]'' and ''[[akasha]]'' are characterized by ''kharatva'' (roughness), ''dravatva'' (liquidity), ''ushnatva'' (heat), ''chalatva'' (mobility) and ''apratighatatva'' (unobstructibility) respectively. All these attributes are perceptible by the tactile sense organ. Touch, together with its absence, is perceived by the tactile sense organ. [29-30]
 
</div>
 
</div>
गुणाः शरीरे गुणिनां निर्दिष्टाश्चिह्नमेव च|३१|
+
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
 +
गुणाः शरीरे गुणिनां निर्दिष्टाश्चिह्नमेव च| ३१|
 +
 
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
 +
 
 +
guṇāḥ śarīrē guṇināṁ nirdiṣṭāścihnamēva ca|  
  
guṇāḥ śarīrē guṇināṁ nirdiṣṭāścihnamēva ca|31|
+
guNAH sharIre guNinAM nirdiShTAshcihnameva ca|  
  
guNAH sharIre guNinAM nirdiShTAshcihnameva ca|31|
+
</div></div>
  
 
Thus the attributes and characteristics of the five physical elements are described. [31-1]
 
Thus the attributes and characteristics of the five physical elements are described. [31-1]
 +
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 +
अर्थाः शब्दादयो ज्ञेया गोचरा विषया गुणाः||३१||
 +
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
 +
 +
arthāḥ śabdādayō jñēyā gōcarā viṣayā guṇāḥ||31||
 +
 +
arthAH shabdAdayo j~jeyA gocarA viShayA guNAH||31||
 +
 +
</div></div>
 +
The objects of sense organs are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell, which constitute the attributes of gross [[mahabhuta]]. [31]
 +
</div>
  
The objects of sense organs are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell, which constitute the attributes of gross ''mahabhutas''. [31]
+
===Process of perception===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
या यदिन्द्रियमाश्रित्य जन्तोर्बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते|  
 
या यदिन्द्रियमाश्रित्य जन्तोर्बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते|  
 
याति सा तेन निर्देशं मनसा च मनोभवा||३२||  
 
याति सा तेन निर्देशं मनसा च मनोभवा||३२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yā yadindriyamāśritya jantōrbuddhiḥ pravartatē|  
 
yā yadindriyamāśritya jantōrbuddhiḥ pravartatē|  
Line 365: Line 507:
 
yA yadindriyamAshritya jantorbuddhiH pravartate|  
 
yA yadindriyamAshritya jantorbuddhiH pravartate|  
 
yAti sA tena nirdeshaM manasA ca manobhavA||32||   
 
yAti sA tena nirdeshaM manasA ca manobhavA||32||   
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
भेदात् कार्येन्द्रियार्थानां बह्व्यो वै बुद्धयः स्मृताः|  
 
भेदात् कार्येन्द्रियार्थानां बह्व्यो वै बुद्धयः स्मृताः|  
 
आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानामेकैका [१] सन्निकर्षजा||३३||  
 
आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानामेकैका [१] सन्निकर्षजा||३३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
bhēdāt kāryēndriyārthānāṁ bahvyō vai buddhayaḥ smr̥tāḥ|  
 
bhēdāt kāryēndriyārthānāṁ bahvyō vai buddhayaḥ smr̥tāḥ|  
Line 374: Line 519:
 
bhedAt kAryendriyArthAnAM bahvyo vai buddhayaH smRutAH|  
 
bhedAt kAryendriyArthAnAM bahvyo vai buddhayaH smRutAH|  
 
AtmendriyamanorthAnAmekaikA [1] sannikarShajA||33||  
 
AtmendriyamanorthAnAmekaikA [1] sannikarShajA||33||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अङ्गुल्यङ्गुष्ठतलजस्तन्त्रीवीणानखोद्भवः|  
 
अङ्गुल्यङ्गुष्ठतलजस्तन्त्रीवीणानखोद्भवः|  
 
दृष्टः शब्दो यथा बुद्धिर्दृष्टा संयोगजा तथा||३४||  
 
दृष्टः शब्दो यथा बुद्धिर्दृष्टा संयोगजा तथा||३४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
aṅgulyaṅguṣṭhatalajastantrīvīṇānakhōdbhavaḥ|  
 
aṅgulyaṅguṣṭhatalajastantrīvīṇānakhōdbhavaḥ|  
Line 383: Line 531:
 
a~ggulya~gguShThatalajastantrIvINAnakhodbhavaH|  
 
a~ggulya~gguShThatalajastantrIvINAnakhodbhavaH|  
 
dRuShTaH shabdo yathA buddhirdRuShTA saMyogajA tathA||34||
 
dRuShTaH shabdo yathA buddhirdRuShTA saMyogajA tathA||34||
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The perceptual faculty of living beings shapes itself depending upon the contact it has with the various sense faculties. Mental perception like anxiety or sorrow is also based on the contact of perceptual faculty with the mental faculty.  
 
The perceptual faculty of living beings shapes itself depending upon the contact it has with the various sense faculties. Mental perception like anxiety or sorrow is also based on the contact of perceptual faculty with the mental faculty.  
Line 388: Line 538:
 
Perceptual faculties are of several types, depending upon the variations in action and objects of sense organs.  
 
Perceptual faculties are of several types, depending upon the variations in action and objects of sense organs.  
  
Just as the same sound differs according to how it is produced out of friction in the finger and the thumb, and the guitar and nail, so does the perceptual faculty differ according to its production from out of the mutual contacts with the soul, sense organs and objects of sense organs. [32-34]
+
Just as the same sound differs according to how it is produced out of friction in the finger and the thumb, and the veena (musical instrument with strings) and nail, so does the perceptual faculty differ according to its production from out of the mutual contacts with the soul, sense organs, mind and objects of sense organs. [32-34]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== Rashi [[purusha]] (Holistic human being)===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
बुद्धीन्द्रियमनोर्थानां विद्याद्योगधरं परम्|  
 
बुद्धीन्द्रियमनोर्थानां विद्याद्योगधरं परम्|  
 
चतुर्विंशतिको ह्येष राशिः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||३५||  
 
चतुर्विंशतिको ह्येष राशिः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||३५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
buddhīndriyamanōrthānāṁ vidyādyōgadharaṁ param|  
 
buddhīndriyamanōrthānāṁ vidyādyōgadharaṁ param|  
Line 398: Line 553:
 
buddhIndriyamanorthAnAM vidyAdyogadharaM param|  
 
buddhIndriyamanorthAnAM vidyAdyogadharaM param|  
 
caturviMshatiko hyeSha rAshiH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||35||  
 
caturviMshatiko hyeSha rAshiH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||35||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Among the various types of ''purusha'' described in the first few verses of this chapter, ''rashipurusha'' is one form that consists of 24 ''tattvas'' i.e. ''avyakata, mahat, ahankara,'' five ''tanmatras,'' five ''mahabhutas'' and ten ''indriyas'' and ''manas''. Since this specific combination is considered superior, a ''purusha'' of this type is called ''rashipurusha'' in Ayurvedic science. Of these ''tattvas, avyakta'' serves as an excellent coordinator of perceptual faculties, sense organs, mind and the objects of the senses.  
+
Among the various types of [[Purusha]] described in the first few verses of this chapter, rashi[[purusha]] is one form that consists of 24 ''tattvas'' i.e. ''avyakata, mahat, ahankara,'' five ''tanmatras'' five [[mahabhuta]] and ten [indriya]] and [[manas]]. Since this specific combination is considered superior, a [[purusha]] of this type is called ''rashi[[purusha]]'' in Ayurvedic science. Of these ''tattvas, avyakta'' serves as an excellent coordinator of perceptual faculties, sense organs, mind and the objects of the senses.  
Thus a combination of the above mentioned (verses 17-35) twenty four elements is known as ''purusha''. [35]
+
Thus a combination of the above mentioned (verses 17-35) twenty four elements is known as [[Purusha]]. [35]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
रजस्तमोभ्यां युक्तस्य संयोगोऽयमनन्तवान्|  
 
रजस्तमोभ्यां युक्तस्य संयोगोऽयमनन्तवान्|  
ताभ्यां निराकृताभ्यां तु सत्त्ववृद्ध्या [२] निवर्तते||३६||  
+
ताभ्यां निराकृताभ्यां तु सत्त्ववृद्ध्या निवर्तते||३६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
rajastamōbhyāṁ yuktasya saṁyōgō'yamanantavān|  
 
rajastamōbhyāṁ yuktasya saṁyōgō'yamanantavān|  
tābhyāṁ nirākr̥tābhyāṁ tu sattvavr̥ddhyā [2] nivartatē||36||  
+
tābhyāṁ nirākr̥tābhyāṁ tu sattvavr̥ddhyā nivartatē||36||  
  
 
rajastamobhyAM yuktasya saMyogo~ayamanantavAn|  
 
rajastamobhyAM yuktasya saMyogo~ayamanantavAn|  
tAbhyAM nirAkRutAbhyAM tu sattvavRuddhyA [2] nivartate||36||  
+
tAbhyAM nirAkRutAbhyAM tu sattvavRuddhyA nivartate||36||  
 +
</div></div>
  
The association of purusha with the 24 tattvas continues so long as it is influenced by ''rajas'' and ''tamas''. If freed from the influence of ''rajas'' and ''tamas'', the ''purusha'' is free from its association with the ''tattvas'' and is said to be liberated. [36]  
+
The association of [[purusha]] with the 24 tattvas continues so long as it is influenced by [[rajas]] and [[tamas]]. If it is freed from this influence (of [[rajas]] and [[tamas]]) by dominance of [[sattva]], the [[purusha]] is said to be liberated (and free from its association with the ''tattvas''). [36]  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अत्र कर्म फलं चात्र ज्ञानं चात्र प्रतिष्ठितम्|  
 
अत्र कर्म फलं चात्र ज्ञानं चात्र प्रतिष्ठितम्|  
 
अत्र मोहः सुखं दुःखं जीवितं मरणं स्वता||३७||  
 
अत्र मोहः सुखं दुःखं जीवितं मरणं स्वता||३७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
atra karma phalaṁ cātra jñānaṁ cātra pratiṣṭhitam|  
 
atra karma phalaṁ cātra jñānaṁ cātra pratiṣṭhitam|  
Line 421: Line 584:
 
atra karma phalaM cAtra j~jAnaM cAtra pratiShThitam|  
 
atra karma phalaM cAtra j~jAnaM cAtra pratiShThitam|  
 
atra mohaH sukhaM duHkhaM jIvitaM maraNaM svatA||37||  
 
atra mohaH sukhaM duHkhaM jIvitaM maraNaM svatA||37||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
एवं [३] यो वेद तत्त्वेन स वेद प्रलयोदयौ|  
 
एवं [३] यो वेद तत्त्वेन स वेद प्रलयोदयौ|  
 
पारम्पर्यं चिकित्सां च ज्ञातव्यं [४] यच्च किञ्चन||३८||  
 
पारम्पर्यं चिकित्सां च ज्ञातव्यं [४] यच्च किञ्चन||३८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ēvaṁ [3] yō vēda tattvēna sa vēda pralayōdayau|  
 
ēvaṁ [3] yō vēda tattvēna sa vēda pralayōdayau|  
Line 430: Line 596:
 
evaM [3] yo veda tattvena sa veda pralayodayau|  
 
evaM [3] yo veda tattvena sa veda pralayodayau|  
 
pAramparyaM cikitsAM ca j~jAtavyaM [4] yacca ki~jcana||38||  
 
pAramparyaM cikitsAM ca j~jAtavyaM [4] yacca ki~jcana||38||  
 +
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 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
It is within this combination of 24 elements (known as the ''purusha''), that action, fruit or consequence of the action, knowledge, ignorance, happiness, misery, life, death and ownership are established. One who duely knows this, knows life, death, continuity of the body, treatment (physical and spiritual) and all other knowable objects. [37-38]
+
It is within this combination of 24 elements (known as the [[Purusha]]), that action, fruit or consequence of the action, knowledge, ignorance, happiness, misery, life, death and ownership are established. One who duely knows this, knows life, death, continuity of the body, treatment (physical and spiritual) and all other knowable objects. [37-38]
  
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] believes that this ''rashipurusha'' is responsible for all deeds in life and has to face the consequences of these deeds. It is also responsible for the (creation/gaining of) knowledge, pleasure, sorrow, and joy. A term for the ''rashipurusha'' is ''karma purusha'' and physicians call it ''chikitsa adhikrita purusha''. The person who knows this ''rashipurusha'' in its true sense also understands the whole process of the genesis and destruction of life. Such an intellectual person becomes well aware of ''chikitsa'' and nothing else remains for him to be learnt.
+
[[Ayurveda]] believes that this ''rashipurusha'' is responsible for all deeds in life and has to face the consequences of these deeds. It is also responsible for the (creation/gaining of) knowledge, pleasure, sorrow, and joy. A term for the ''rashipurusha'' is ''karma purusha'' and physicians call it ''chikitsa adhikrita purusha''. The person who knows this ''rashipurusha'' in its true sense also understands the whole process of the genesis and destruction of life. Such an intellectual person becomes well aware of ''chikitsa'' and nothing else remains for him to be learnt.
 
</div>
 
</div>
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<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
भास्तमः सत्यमनृतं वेदाः कर्म शुभाशुभम्|  
 
भास्तमः सत्यमनृतं वेदाः कर्म शुभाशुभम्|  
 
न स्युः कर्ता [१] च बोद्धा च पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि||३९||  
 
न स्युः कर्ता [१] च बोद्धा च पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि||३९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
bhāstamaḥ satyamanr̥taṁ vēdāḥ karma śubhāśubham|  
 
bhāstamaḥ satyamanr̥taṁ vēdāḥ karma śubhāśubham|  
Line 443: Line 614:
 
bhAstamaH satyamanRutaM vedAH karma shubhAshubham|  
 
bhAstamaH satyamanRutaM vedAH karma shubhAshubham|  
 
na syuH kartA [1] ca boddhA ca puruSho na bhavedyadi||39||  
 
na syuH kartA [1] ca boddhA ca puruSho na bhavedyadi||39||  
 +
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 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
नाश्रयो न सुखं नार्तिर्न गतिर्नागतिर्न वाक्|  
 
नाश्रयो न सुखं नार्तिर्न गतिर्नागतिर्न वाक्|  
 
न विज्ञानं न शास्त्राणि न जन्म मरणं न च||४०||  
 
न विज्ञानं न शास्त्राणि न जन्म मरणं न च||४०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nāśrayō na sukhaṁ nārtirna gatirnāgatirna vāk|  
 
nāśrayō na sukhaṁ nārtirna gatirnāgatirna vāk|  
Line 452: Line 626:
 
nAshrayo na sukhaM nArtirna gatirnAgatirna vAk|  
 
nAshrayo na sukhaM nArtirna gatirnAgatirna vAk|  
 
na vij~jAnaM na shAstrANi na janma maraNaM na ca||40||  
 
na vij~jAnaM na shAstrANi na janma maraNaM na ca||40||  
 +
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 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
न बन्धो न च मोक्षः स्यात् पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि|  
 
न बन्धो न च मोक्षः स्यात् पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि|  
 
कारणं पुरुषस्तस्मात् कारणज्ञैरुदाहृतः||४१||  
 
कारणं पुरुषस्तस्मात् कारणज्ञैरुदाहृतः||४१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
na bandhō na ca mōkṣaḥ syāt puruṣō na bhavēdyadi|  
 
na bandhō na ca mōkṣaḥ syāt puruṣō na bhavēdyadi|  
Line 461: Line 638:
 
na bandho na ca mokShaH syAt puruSho na bhavedyadi|  
 
na bandho na ca mokShaH syAt puruSho na bhavedyadi|  
 
kAraNaM puruShastasmAt kAraNaj~jairudAhRutaH||41||  
 
kAraNaM puruShastasmAt kAraNaj~jairudAhRutaH||41||  
 +
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 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
न चेत् कारणमात्मा स्याद्भादयः [२] स्युरहेतुकाः|  
 
न चेत् कारणमात्मा स्याद्भादयः [२] स्युरहेतुकाः|  
 
न चैषु सम्भवेज् ज्ञानं न च तैः स्यात् प्रयोजनम्||४२||  
 
न चैषु सम्भवेज् ज्ञानं न च तैः स्यात् प्रयोजनम्||४२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
na cēt kāraṇamātmā syādbhādayaḥ [2] syurahētukāḥ|  
 
na cēt kāraṇamātmā syādbhādayaḥ [2] syurahētukāḥ|  
Line 470: Line 650:
 
na cet kAraNamAtmA syAdbhAdayaH [2] syurahetukAH|  
 
na cet kAraNamAtmA syAdbhAdayaH [2] syurahetukAH|  
 
na caiShu sambhavej j~jAnaM na ca taiH syAt prayojanam||42||  
 
na caiShu sambhavej j~jAnaM na ca taiH syAt prayojanam||42||  
 +
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 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
While describing the reason for existence, Charaka says that for anyone not accepting ''purusha'' as the cause or reason for existence (of life), there will be no existence of knowledge, ignorance, truth or falsehood, the ''vedas'', auspicious and non-auspicious deeds, and the agents of action and knowledge. There would be no support, happiness, misery, movement, immobility, speech, knowledge, scriptures, birth, death, bondage or salvation. Thus, the ''purusha'' is recognized as a cause (of creation) by those well versed in the theory of causation. If ''purusha'' is not recognized as a chief cause, then everything mentioned above will be considered as causeless. Then the theory of cause and effect which is a fundamental tenet of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] will fail and no one will put any effort in understanding the cause of any effect. [39-42]
+
While describing the reason for existence, (Charak says that) for anyone not accepting [[purusha]] as the cause or reason for existence (of life), there will be no existence of knowledge, ignorance, truth or falsehood, the ''vedas'', auspicious and non-auspicious deeds, and the agents of action and knowledge. There would be no support, happiness, misery, movement, immobility, speech, knowledge, scriptures, birth, death, bondage or salvation. Thus, the [[Purusha]] is recognized as a cause (of creation) by those well versed in the theory of causation. If [[Purusha]] is not recognized as a chief cause, then everything mentioned above will be considered as causeless. Then the theory of cause and effect which is a fundamental tenet of [[Ayurveda]] will fail and no one will put any effort in understanding the cause of any effect. [39-42]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
कृतं मृद्दण्डचक्रैश्च कुम्भकारादृते घटम्|  
 
कृतं मृद्दण्डचक्रैश्च कुम्भकारादृते घटम्|  
 
कृतं मृत्तृणकाष्ठैश्च गृहकाराद्विना गृहम्||४३||  
 
कृतं मृत्तृणकाष्ठैश्च गृहकाराद्विना गृहम्||४३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
kr̥taṁ mr̥ddaṇḍacakraiśca kumbhakārādr̥tē ghaṭam|  
 
kr̥taṁ mr̥ddaṇḍacakraiśca kumbhakārādr̥tē ghaṭam|  
Line 481: Line 666:
 
kRutaM mRuddaNDacakraishca kumbhakArAdRute ghaTam|  
 
kRutaM mRuddaNDacakraishca kumbhakArAdRute ghaTam|  
 
kRutaM mRuttRuNakAShThaishca gRuhakArAdvinA gRuham||43||  
 
kRutaM mRuttRuNakAShThaishca gRuhakArAdvinA gRuham||43||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
यो वदेत् स वदेद्देहं सम्भूय करणैः कृतम्|  
 
यो वदेत् स वदेद्देहं सम्भूय करणैः कृतम्|  
 
विना कर्तारमज्ञानाद्युक्त्यागमबहिष्कृतः||४४||  
 
विना कर्तारमज्ञानाद्युक्त्यागमबहिष्कृतः||४४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yō vadēt sa vadēddēhaṁ sambhūya karaṇaiḥ kr̥tam|  
 
yō vadēt sa vadēddēhaṁ sambhūya karaṇaiḥ kr̥tam|  
Line 490: Line 678:
 
yo vadet sa vadeddehaM sambhUya karaNaiH kRutam|  
 
yo vadet sa vadeddehaM sambhUya karaNaiH kRutam|  
 
vinA kartAramaj~jAnAdyuktyAgamabahiShkRutaH||44||  
 
vinA kartAramaj~jAnAdyuktyAgamabahiShkRutaH||44||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In support of the causativity of ''purusha'', author has given few practical examples of world where existence of ''karta'' (doer) becomes mandatory.
+
In support of the causativity of [[Purusha]], author has given few practical examples of world where existence of ''karta'' (doer) becomes mandatory.
  
Without a potter, can a pitcher be constructed with materials like earth, rod, and wheel alone? Can a house be constructed with earth, straw, and beams, if there is no mason? If the answer is “no” in both these cases, how can we expect the body to be created just by virtue of the combination of different sense organs, without a conscious agent? It is only an ignorant person devoid of rational outlook and scriptural knowledge who can assume otherwise. [43-44]
+
Without a potter, can a pitcher be constructed with materials like mud, rod, and wheel alone? Can a house be constructed with mud, straw, and beams, if there is no mason? If the answer is “no” in both these cases, how can we expect the body to be created just by virtue of the combination of different sense organs, without a conscious agent? It is only an ignorant person devoid of rational outlook and scriptural knowledge who can assume otherwise. [43-44]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
कारणं पुरुषः सर्वैः प्रमाणैरुपलभ्यते|  
 
कारणं पुरुषः सर्वैः प्रमाणैरुपलभ्यते|  
 
येभ्यः प्रमेयं सर्वेभ्य आगमेभ्यः प्रमीयते||४५||  
 
येभ्यः प्रमेयं सर्वेभ्य आगमेभ्यः प्रमीयते||४५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
kāraṇaṁ puruṣaḥ sarvaiḥ pramāṇairupalabhyatē|  
 
kāraṇaṁ puruṣaḥ sarvaiḥ pramāṇairupalabhyatē|  
Line 503: Line 696:
 
kAraNaM puruShaH sarvaiH pramANairupalabhyate|  
 
kAraNaM puruShaH sarvaiH pramANairupalabhyate|  
 
yebhyaH prameyaM sarvebhya AgamebhyaH pramIyate||45||  
 
yebhyaH prameyaM sarvebhya AgamebhyaH pramIyate||45||  
 +
</div></div>
  
All the sources of knowledge, including scriptures that serve as an instrument for acquiring knowledge of various kinds, establish the causality of ''purusha''. [45]
+
All the sources of knowledge, including scriptures that serve as an instrument for acquiring knowledge of various kinds, establish the causality of [[Purusha]]. [45]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
न ते तत्सदृशास्त्वन्ये पारम्पर्यसमुत्थिताः|  
 
न ते तत्सदृशास्त्वन्ये पारम्पर्यसमुत्थिताः|  
 
सारूप्याद्ये त एवेति निर्दिश्यन्ते नवा नवाः||४६||  
 
सारूप्याद्ये त एवेति निर्दिश्यन्ते नवा नवाः||४६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
na tē tatsadr̥śāstvanyē pāramparyasamutthitāḥ|  
 
na tē tatsadr̥śāstvanyē pāramparyasamutthitāḥ|  
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na te tatsadRushAstvanye pAramparyasamutthitAH|  
 
na te tatsadRushAstvanye pAramparyasamutthitAH|  
 
sArUpyAdye ta eveti nirdishyante navA navAH||46||  
 
sArUpyAdye ta eveti nirdishyante navA navAH||46||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
भावास्तेषां समुदयो निरीशः सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञकः|  
 
भावास्तेषां समुदयो निरीशः सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञकः|  
 
कर्ता भोक्ता न स पुमानिति केचिद्व्यवस्थिताः||४७||  
 
कर्ता भोक्ता न स पुमानिति केचिद्व्यवस्थिताः||४७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
bhāvāstēṣāṁ samudayō nirīśaḥ sattvasañjñakaḥ|  
 
bhāvāstēṣāṁ samudayō nirīśaḥ sattvasañjñakaḥ|  
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bhAvAsteShAM samudayo nirIshaH sattvasa~jj~jakaH|  
 
bhAvAsteShAM samudayo nirIshaH sattvasa~jj~jakaH|  
 
kartA bhoktA na sa pumAniti kecidvyavasthitAH||47||  
 
kartA bhoktA na sa pumAniti kecidvyavasthitAH||47||  
 +
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 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Here, the author has given his opinion on other philosophies that do not accept the causality of ''purusha'' but rather believe that there is always a new doer with every birth. They opine that there is no permanent ''purusha'' as such. They believe that the ''purusha'' is merely a combination of ephemeral elements devoid of any permanent controlling agent or consciousness. Certain schools of thought, including schools within Buddhism share this view. In their opinion, it is ''sattva'' and not the ''atma'' (''purusha'') that becomes the doer and sufferer of its previous deeds. (This is also known as ''kshanabhangavada'') [46-47]
+
Here, the author has given his opinion on other philosophies that do not accept the causality of [[Purusha]] but rather believe that there is always a new doer with every birth. They opine that there is no permanent [[Purusha]] as such. They believe that the [[Purusha]] is merely a combination of ephemeral elements devoid of any permanent controlling agent or consciousness. Certain schools of thought, including schools within Buddhism share this view. In their opinion, it is ''sattva'' and not the ''[[Aatma]]'' ([[Purusha]]) that becomes the doer and sufferer of its previous deeds. (This is also known as ''kshanabhangavada'') [46-47]
 
</div>
 
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 +
 
तेषामन्यैः कृतस्यान्ये भावा [१] भावैर्नवाः फलम्|  
 
तेषामन्यैः कृतस्यान्ये भावा [१] भावैर्नवाः फलम्|  
 
भुञ्जते सदृशाः प्राप्तं यैरात्मा नोपदिश्यते||४८||  
 
भुञ्जते सदृशाः प्राप्तं यैरात्मा नोपदिश्यते||४८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
tēṣāmanyaiḥ kr̥tasyānyē bhāvā [1] bhāvairnavāḥ phalam|  
 
tēṣāmanyaiḥ kr̥tasyānyē bhāvā [1] bhāvairnavāḥ phalam|  
Line 534: Line 738:
 
teShAmanyaiH kRutasyAnye bhAvA [1] bhAvairnavAH phalam|  
 
teShAmanyaiH kRutasyAnye bhAvA [1] bhAvairnavAH phalam|  
 
bhu~jjate sadRushAH prAptaM yairAtmA nopadishyate||48||  
 
bhu~jjate sadRushAH prAptaM yairAtmA nopadishyate||48||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
Those who subscribe to the above theory do not accept the soul as the cause or reason for existence. To them, the results of actions performed by one would be enjoyed by some other similar (momentary) entities. [48]
 
Those who subscribe to the above theory do not accept the soul as the cause or reason for existence. To them, the results of actions performed by one would be enjoyed by some other similar (momentary) entities. [48]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
करणान्यान्यता दृष्टा कर्तुः कर्ता स एव तु|  
 
करणान्यान्यता दृष्टा कर्तुः कर्ता स एव तु|  
 
कर्ता हि करणैर्युक्तः कारणं सर्वकर्मणाम्||४९||  
 
कर्ता हि करणैर्युक्तः कारणं सर्वकर्मणाम्||४९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
karaṇānyānyatā dr̥ṣṭā kartuḥ kartā sa ēva tu|  
 
karaṇānyānyatā dr̥ṣṭā kartuḥ kartā sa ēva tu|  
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karaNAnyAnyatA dRuShTA kartuH kartA sa eva tu|  
 
karaNAnyAnyatA dRuShTA kartuH kartA sa eva tu|  
 
kartA hi karaNairyuktaH kAraNaM sarvakarmaNAm||49||  
 
kartA hi karaNairyuktaH kAraNaM sarvakarmaNAm||49||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The bodily organs of a living being might be different but the soul i.e. the agent of action (deeds) is one and the same. The agent (doer) of action (deed) like a sculptor is an efficient cause of all actions (viz. sculpture etc.) by virtue of his possession of the various ''karana'' (equipment). [49]
 
The bodily organs of a living being might be different but the soul i.e. the agent of action (deeds) is one and the same. The agent (doer) of action (deed) like a sculptor is an efficient cause of all actions (viz. sculpture etc.) by virtue of his possession of the various ''karana'' (equipment). [49]
 
</div>
 
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 +
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 +
 
निमेषकालाद्भावानां कालः शीघ्रतरोऽत्यये|  
 
निमेषकालाद्भावानां कालः शीघ्रतरोऽत्यये|  
 
भग्नानां न [१] पुनर्भावः कृतं नान्यमुपैति च||५०||  
 
भग्नानां न [१] पुनर्भावः कृतं नान्यमुपैति च||५०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nimēṣakālādbhāvānāṁ kālaḥ śīghratarō'tyayē|  
 
nimēṣakālādbhāvānāṁ kālaḥ śīghratarō'tyayē|  
Line 556: Line 768:
 
nimeShakAlAdbhAvAnAM kAlaH shIghrataro~atyaye|  
 
nimeShakAlAdbhAvAnAM kAlaH shIghrataro~atyaye|  
 
bhagnAnAM na [1] punarbhAvaH kRutaM nAnyamupaiti ca||50||  
 
bhagnAnAM na [1] punarbhAvaH kRutaM nAnyamupaiti ca||50||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
मतं तत्त्वविदामेतद्यस्मात्तस्मात् स कारणम्|  
 
मतं तत्त्वविदामेतद्यस्मात्तस्मात् स कारणम्|  
 
क्रियोपभोगे भूतानां नित्यः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||५१||  
 
क्रियोपभोगे भूतानां नित्यः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||५१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
mataṁ tattvavidāmētadyasmāttasmāt sa kāraṇam|  
 
mataṁ tattvavidāmētadyasmāttasmāt sa kāraṇam|  
Line 565: Line 780:
 
mataM tattvavidAmetadyasmAttasmAt sa kAraNam|  
 
mataM tattvavidAmetadyasmAttasmAt sa kAraNam|  
 
kriyopabhoge bhUtAnAM nityaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||51||  
 
kriyopabhoge bhUtAnAM nityaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||51||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Physical elements can get destroyed at a rate faster than the twinkling of an eye. Those destroyed do not come back to their original form again and the results of the deeds (like ''yagna'') of one individual may not be enjoyable to another individual. The learned are, therefore, of the view that there is a permanent entity known as ''purusha'' (soul) who is the causative factor for the action as well as for the enjoyment of the result of deeds. [50-51]
+
Physical elements can get destroyed at a rate faster than the twinkling of an eye. Those destroyed do not come back to their original form again and the results of the deeds (like ''yagna'') of one individual may not be enjoyable to another individual. The learned are, therefore, of the view that there is a permanent entity known as [[Purusha]] (soul) who is the causative factor for the action as well as for the enjoyment of the result of deeds. [50-51]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
अहङ्कारः फलं कर्म देहान्तरगतिः स्मृतिः|  
 
अहङ्कारः फलं कर्म देहान्तरगतिः स्मृतिः|  
 
विद्यते सति भूतानां कारणे देहमन्तरा||५२||  
 
विद्यते सति भूतानां कारणे देहमन्तरा||५२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ahaṅkāraḥ phalaṁ karma dēhāntaragatiḥ smr̥tiḥ|  
 
ahaṅkāraḥ phalaṁ karma dēhāntaragatiḥ smr̥tiḥ|  
Line 576: Line 796:
 
aha~gkAraH phalaM karma dehAntaragatiH smRutiH|  
 
aha~gkAraH phalaM karma dehAntaragatiH smRutiH|  
 
vidyate sati bhUtAnAM kAraNe dehamantarA||52||  
 
vidyate sati bhUtAnAM kAraNe dehamantarA||52||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
In living beings, a factor other than the body (i.e. the soul) is responsible for ego, enjoyment of the result of deeds, engagement in deeds, transmigration from one body to another body, and keeping the memory of the individual alive. [52]
 
In living beings, a factor other than the body (i.e. the soul) is responsible for ego, enjoyment of the result of deeds, engagement in deeds, transmigration from one body to another body, and keeping the memory of the individual alive. [52]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
प्रभवो न ह्यनादित्वाद्विद्यते परमात्मनः|  
 
प्रभवो न ह्यनादित्वाद्विद्यते परमात्मनः|  
 
पुरुषो राशिसञ्ज्ञस्तु मोहेच्छाद्वेषकर्मजः||५३||  
 
पुरुषो राशिसञ्ज्ञस्तु मोहेच्छाद्वेषकर्मजः||५३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
prabhavō na hyanāditvādvidyatē paramātmanaḥ|  
 
prabhavō na hyanāditvādvidyatē paramātmanaḥ|  
Line 587: Line 810:
 
prabhavo na hyanAditvAdvidyate paramAtmanaH|  
 
prabhavo na hyanAditvAdvidyate paramAtmanaH|  
 
puruSho rAshisa~jj~jastu mohecchAdveShakarmajaH||53||  
 
puruSho rAshisa~jj~jastu mohecchAdveShakarmajaH||53||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
answering the question of Agnivesha about the origin of soul, teacher said:  
 
answering the question of Agnivesha about the origin of soul, teacher said:  
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
As the supreme soul is without a beginning (i.e., is eternal), no birth can be ascribed to it. Of course, the ''purusha'' who represents the combination of 24 elements (''rashipurusha'') certainly has its origin born out of its deeds in the previous life due to its delusion, desire and aversion. [53]
+
As the supreme soul is without a beginning (i.e., is eternal), no birth can be ascribed to it. Of course, the [[Purusha]] who represents the combination of 24 elements (''rashipurusha'') certainly has its origin born out of its deeds in the previous life due to its delusion, desire and aversion. [53]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
आत्मा ज्ञः करणैर्योगाज् ज्ञानं त्वस्य प्रवर्तते|  
 
आत्मा ज्ञः करणैर्योगाज् ज्ञानं त्वस्य प्रवर्तते|  
 
करणानामवैमल्यादयोगाद्वा न वर्तते||५४||  
 
करणानामवैमल्यादयोगाद्वा न वर्तते||५४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ātmā jñaḥ karaṇairyōgāj jñānaṁ tvasya pravartatē|  
 
ātmā jñaḥ karaṇairyōgāj jñānaṁ tvasya pravartatē|  
Line 600: Line 827:
 
AtmA j~jaH karaNairyogAj j~jAnaM tvasya pravartate|  
 
AtmA j~jaH karaNairyogAj j~jAnaM tvasya pravartate|  
 
karaNAnAmavaimalyAdayogAdvA na vartate||54||  
 
karaNAnAmavaimalyAdayogAdvA na vartate||54||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पश्यतोऽपि यथाऽऽदर्शे सङ्क्लिष्टे नास्ति दर्शनम्|  
 
पश्यतोऽपि यथाऽऽदर्शे सङ्क्लिष्टे नास्ति दर्शनम्|  
 
तत्त्वं [१] जले वा कलुषे चेतस्युपहते तथा||५५||  
 
तत्त्वं [१] जले वा कलुषे चेतस्युपहते तथा||५५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
paśyatō'pi yathā''darśē saṅkliṣṭē nāsti darśanam|  
 
paśyatō'pi yathā''darśē saṅkliṣṭē nāsti darśanam|  
Line 609: Line 839:
 
pashyato~api yathA~a~adarshe sa~gkliShTe nAsti darshanam|  
 
pashyato~api yathA~a~adarshe sa~gkliShTe nAsti darshanam|  
 
tattvaM [1] jale vA kaluShe cetasyupahate tathA||55||  
 
tattvaM [1] jale vA kaluShe cetasyupahate tathA||55||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The ''purusha'' is endowed with the power of perception. It perceives things when it is associated with the mind, intellect and sense faculties. If these instruments of perception are either absent (i.e., detached from the ''purusha'' or not associated with it) or impeded, then there will be no perception. One cannot get the true reflection of an image from a mirror that is covered with dirt or from dirty water. Similar is the case when the mind gets afflicted. [54-55]
+
The [[Purusha]] is endowed with the power of perception. It perceives things when it is associated with the mind, intellect and sense faculties. If these instruments of perception are either absent (i.e., detached from the [[Purusha]] or not associated with it) or impeded, then there will be no perception. One cannot get the true reflection of an image from a mirror that is covered with dirt or from dirty water. Similar is the case when the mind gets afflicted. [54-55]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
करणानि मनो बुद्धिर्बुद्धिकर्मेन्द्रियाणि च|  
 
करणानि मनो बुद्धिर्बुद्धिकर्मेन्द्रियाणि च|  
 
कर्तुः संयोगजं कर्म वेदना बुद्धिरेव च||५६||  
 
कर्तुः संयोगजं कर्म वेदना बुद्धिरेव च||५६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
karaṇāni manō buddhirbuddhikarmēndriyāṇi ca|  
 
karaṇāni manō buddhirbuddhikarmēndriyāṇi ca|  
Line 620: Line 855:
 
karaNAni mano buddhirbuddhikarmendriyANi ca|  
 
karaNAni mano buddhirbuddhikarmendriyANi ca|  
 
kartuH saMyogajaM karma vedanA buddhireva ca||56||  
 
kartuH saMyogajaM karma vedanA buddhireva ca||56||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
नैकः प्रवर्तते कर्तुं भूतात्मा नाश्नुते फलम्|  
 
नैकः प्रवर्तते कर्तुं भूतात्मा नाश्नुते फलम्|  
 
संयोगाद्वर्तते सर्वं तमृते नास्ति किञ्चन||५७||  
 
संयोगाद्वर्तते सर्वं तमृते नास्ति किञ्चन||५७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
naikaḥ pravartatē kartuṁ bhūtātmā nāśnutē phalam|  
 
naikaḥ pravartatē kartuṁ bhūtātmā nāśnutē phalam|  
Line 629: Line 867:
 
naikaH pravartate kartuM bhUtAtmA nAshnute phalam|  
 
naikaH pravartate kartuM bhUtAtmA nAshnute phalam|  
 
saMyogAdvartate sarvaM tamRute nAsti ki~jcana||57||  
 
saMyogAdvartate sarvaM tamRute nAsti ki~jcana||57||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The instruments of knowledge are mind, intellect and cognitive and conative organs. Their association with the doer (''purusha'') results in action, sensation and understanding. The ''purusha'' alone (soul in the absence of ''mana'' and ''indriyas'') does neither initiate deeds nor enjoy the result of deeds. Combination of all these factors is responsible for the manifestation of every effect and without that nothing exists nor happens. [56-57]
+
The instruments of knowledge are mind, intellect and cognitive and conative organs. Their association with the doer ([[Purusha]]) results in action, sensation and understanding. The [[Purusha]] alone (soul in the absence of ''[[manas]]'' and ''[[indriya]]s'') does neither initiate deeds nor enjoy the result of deeds. Combination of all these factors is responsible for the manifestation of every effect and without that nothing exists nor happens. [56-57]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
न ह्येको वर्तते भावो वर्तते नाप्यहेतुकः|  
 
न ह्येको वर्तते भावो वर्तते नाप्यहेतुकः|  
 
शीघ्रगत्वात्स्वभावात्त्वभावो [४] न व्यतिवर्तते||५८||  
 
शीघ्रगत्वात्स्वभावात्त्वभावो [४] न व्यतिवर्तते||५८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
na hyēkō vartatē bhāvō vartatē nāpyahētukaḥ|  
 
na hyēkō vartatē bhāvō vartatē nāpyahētukaḥ|  
Line 640: Line 883:
 
na hyeko vartate bhAvo vartate nApyahetukaH|  
 
na hyeko vartate bhAvo vartate nApyahetukaH|  
 
shIghragatvAtsvabhAvAttvabhAvo [4] na vyativartate||58||  
 
shIghragatvAtsvabhAvAttvabhAvo [4] na vyativartate||58||  
 +
</div></div>
  
The ''purusha'', not alone but accompanied with ''mana'' and ''indriyas'', is responsible for the manifestation of things. The process of decay on the other hand being too quick in succession does not need any cause as such. [58]
+
The [[Purusha]], not alone but accompanied with ''[[manass]]'' and ''[[indriya]]s'', is responsible for the manifestation of things. The process of decay on the other hand being too quick in succession does not need any cause as such. [58]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अनादिः पुरुषो नित्यो विपरीतस्तु हेतुजः|  
 
अनादिः पुरुषो नित्यो विपरीतस्तु हेतुजः|  
 
सदकारणवन्नित्यं दृष्टं हेतुजमन्यथा||५९||  
 
सदकारणवन्नित्यं दृष्टं हेतुजमन्यथा||५९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
anādiḥ puruṣō nityō viparītastu hētujaḥ|  
 
anādiḥ puruṣō nityō viparītastu hētujaḥ|  
Line 651: Line 897:
 
anAdiH puruSho nityo viparItastu hetujaH|  
 
anAdiH puruSho nityo viparItastu hetujaH|  
 
sadakAraNavannityaM dRuShTaM hetujamanyathA||59||  
 
sadakAraNavannityaM dRuShTaM hetujamanyathA||59||  
 +
</div></div>
  
Thus, the absolute soul is without a beginning or an end, but the ''purusha'' (i.e. the combination of 24 elements) being caused by something is not so i.e. it has a beginning and is ephemeral.  
+
Thus, the absolute soul is without a beginning or an end, but the [[Purusha]] (i.e. the combination of 24 elements) being caused by something is not so i.e. it has a beginning and is ephemeral.  
  
 
All that exists without cause is eternal. Anything produced from a cause is ephemeral. [59]
 
All that exists without cause is eternal. Anything produced from a cause is ephemeral. [59]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
तदेव भावादग्राह्यं नित्यत्व [१] न कुतश्चन|  
 
तदेव भावादग्राह्यं नित्यत्व [१] न कुतश्चन|  
 
भावाज्ज्ञेयं तदव्यक्तमचिन्त्यं व्यक्तमन्यथा||६०||  
 
भावाज्ज्ञेयं तदव्यक्तमचिन्त्यं व्यक्तमन्यथा||६०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
tadēva bhāvādagrāhyaṁ nityatva [1] na kutaścana|  
 
tadēva bhāvādagrāhyaṁ nityatva [1] na kutaścana|  
Line 664: Line 913:
 
tadeva bhAvAdagrAhyaM nityatva [1] na kutashcana|  
 
tadeva bhAvAdagrAhyaM nityatva [1] na kutashcana|  
 
bhAvAjj~jeyaM tadavyaktamacintyaM vyaktamanyathA||60||  
 
bhAvAjj~jeyaM tadavyaktamacintyaM vyaktamanyathA||60||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अव्यक्तमात्मा क्षेत्रज्ञः शाश्वतो विभुरव्ययः|  
 
अव्यक्तमात्मा क्षेत्रज्ञः शाश्वतो विभुरव्ययः|  
 
तस्माद्यदन्यत्तद्व्यक्तं, वक्ष्यते चापरं द्वयम्||६१||  
 
तस्माद्यदन्यत्तद्व्यक्तं, वक्ष्यते चापरं द्वयम्||६१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
avyaktamātmā kṣētrajñaḥ śāśvatō vibhuravyayaḥ|  
 
avyaktamātmā kṣētrajñaḥ śāśvatō vibhuravyayaḥ|  
Line 673: Line 925:
 
avyaktamAtmA kShetraj~jaH shAshvato vibhuravyayaH|  
 
avyaktamAtmA kShetraj~jaH shAshvato vibhuravyayaH|  
 
tasmAdyadanyattadvyaktaM, vakShyate cAparaM dvayam||61||  
 
tasmAdyadanyattadvyaktaM, vakShyate cAparaM dvayam||61||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
व्यक्तमैन्द्रियकं चैव गृह्यते तद्यदिन्द्रियैः|  
 
व्यक्तमैन्द्रियकं चैव गृह्यते तद्यदिन्द्रियैः|  
 
अतोऽन्यत् पुनरव्यक्तं लिङ्गग्राह्यमतीन्द्रियम्||६२||  
 
अतोऽन्यत् पुनरव्यक्तं लिङ्गग्राह्यमतीन्द्रियम्||६२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
vyaktamaindriyakaṁ caiva gr̥hyatē tadyadindriyaiḥ|  
 
vyaktamaindriyakaṁ caiva gr̥hyatē tadyadindriyaiḥ|  
Line 682: Line 937:
 
vyaktamaindriyakaM caiva gRuhyate tadyadindriyaiH|  
 
vyaktamaindriyakaM caiva gRuhyate tadyadindriyaiH|  
 
ato~anyat punaravyaktaM li~ggagrAhyamatIndriyam||62||  
 
ato~anyat punaravyaktaM li~ggagrAhyamatIndriyam||62||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The absolute soul cannot be perceived by anything, for eternity is not caused by anything. So, the absolute soul is unmanifested and imperceptible. The manifested creation is, of course, otherwise.  
 
The absolute soul cannot be perceived by anything, for eternity is not caused by anything. So, the absolute soul is unmanifested and imperceptible. The manifested creation is, of course, otherwise.  
  
The absolute soul is unmanifested, knower of creation, eternal, universal and indestructible. The manifested creation (''purusha'') is, of course, otherwise. Another way of distinguishing manifested things from the unmanifested ones is that the former can be perceived by sense faculties. The latter is transcendental in nature and is not perceptible with the senses. It can only be inferred (rather than perceived). [60-62]
+
The absolute soul is unmanifested, knower of creation, eternal, universal and indestructible. The manifested creation ([[Purusha]]) is, of course, otherwise. Another way of distinguishing manifested things from the unmanifested ones is that the former can be perceived by sense faculties. The latter is transcendental in nature and is not perceptible with the senses. It can only be inferred (rather than perceived). [60-62]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
===Ashta bhuta [[prakriti]] (eight sources of creation) and ''Shodash'' vikara (sixteen elements)===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
खादीनि बुद्धिरव्यक्तमहङ्कारस्तथाऽष्टमः|  
 
खादीनि बुद्धिरव्यक्तमहङ्कारस्तथाऽष्टमः|  
 
भूतप्रकृतिरुद्दिष्टा विकाराश्चैव षोडश||६३||  
 
भूतप्रकृतिरुद्दिष्टा विकाराश्चैव षोडश||६३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
khādīni buddhiravyaktamahaṅkārastathā'ṣṭamaḥ|  
 
khādīni buddhiravyaktamahaṅkārastathā'ṣṭamaḥ|  
Line 695: Line 957:
 
khAdIni buddhiravyaktamaha~gkArastathA~aShTamaH|  
 
khAdIni buddhiravyaktamaha~gkArastathA~aShTamaH|  
 
bhUtaprakRutiruddiShTA vikArAshcaiva ShoDasha||63||  
 
bhUtaprakRutiruddiShTA vikArAshcaiva ShoDasha||63||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
बुद्धीन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पञ्च कर्मेन्द्रियाणि च|  
 
बुद्धीन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पञ्च कर्मेन्द्रियाणि च|  
 
समनस्काश्च पञ्चार्था विकारा इति सञ्ज्ञिताः||६४||  
 
समनस्काश्च पञ्चार्था विकारा इति सञ्ज्ञिताः||६४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
buddhīndriyāṇi pañcaiva pañca karmēndriyāṇi ca|  
 
buddhīndriyāṇi pañcaiva pañca karmēndriyāṇi ca|  
Line 704: Line 969:
 
buddhIndriyANi pa~jcaiva pa~jca karmendriyANi ca|  
 
buddhIndriyANi pa~jcaiva pa~jca karmendriyANi ca|  
 
samanaskAshca pa~jcArthA vikArA iti sa~jj~jitAH||64||  
 
samanaskAshca pa~jcArthA vikArA iti sa~jj~jitAH||64||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The five subtle elements (viz. ''shabdatanmantra, sparshatanmantra, rupatanmantra, rasatanmatra'' and ''gandhatanmatra''), ''buddhi'' (intellect), ''avyakta'' (''prakriti'' or nature) and ''ahamkara'' (ego) are the eight sources of creation. Transformed and bio-transformed elements (''vikara'') are sixteen in number, viz. five sense faculties, five motor faculties, mind and five ''mahabhutas''. [63-64]
+
The five subtle elements (viz. ''shabdatanmantra, sparshatanmantra, rupatanmantra, rasatanmatra'' and ''gandhatanmatra''), ''[[buddhi]]'' (intellect), ''avyakta'' (''[[prakriti]]'' or nature) and ''ahamkara'' (ego) are the eight sources of creation. Transformed and bio-transformed elements (''vikara'') are sixteen in number, viz. five sense faculties, five motor faculties, mind and five ''[[mahabhuta]]s''. [63-64]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
इति क्षेत्रं समुद्दिष्टं सर्वमव्यक्तवर्जितम्|  
 
इति क्षेत्रं समुद्दिष्टं सर्वमव्यक्तवर्जितम्|  
 
अव्यक्तमस्य क्षेत्रस्य क्षेत्रज्ञमृषयो विदुः||६५||  
 
अव्यक्तमस्य क्षेत्रस्य क्षेत्रज्ञमृषयो विदुः||६५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
iti kṣētraṁ samuddiṣṭaṁ sarvamavyaktavarjitam|  
 
iti kṣētraṁ samuddiṣṭaṁ sarvamavyaktavarjitam|  
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iti kShetraM samuddiShTaM sarvamavyaktavarjitam|  
 
iti kShetraM samuddiShTaM sarvamavyaktavarjitam|  
 
avyaktamasya kShetrasya kShetraj~jamRuShayo viduH||65||  
 
avyaktamasya kShetrasya kShetraj~jamRuShayo viduH||65||  
 +
</div></div>
  
All this taken together, except the unmanifested one (''avyakta''), is known as ''kshetra'' i.e. corpus (body). The unmanifested (soul) one is known as ''kshetragna'' (knower of the corpus) which adjoins the body. [65]
+
As explained by wise ones, all this taken together, except the unmanifested one (''avyakta''), is known as ''kshetra'' i.e. corpus (body). The unmanifested (soul) one is known as ''kshetragna'' (knower of the corpus) which adjoins the body. [65]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
जायते बुद्धिरव्यक्ताद्बुद्ध्याऽहमिति मन्यते|  
 
जायते बुद्धिरव्यक्ताद्बुद्ध्याऽहमिति मन्यते|  
 
परं खादीन्यहङ्कारादुत्पद्यन्ते [१] यथाक्रमम्||६६||  
 
परं खादीन्यहङ्कारादुत्पद्यन्ते [१] यथाक्रमम्||६६||  
 +
ततः सम्पूर्णसर्वाङ्गो जातोऽभ्युदित उच्यते|
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
jāyatē buddhiravyaktādbuddhyā'hamiti manyatē|  
 
jāyatē buddhiravyaktādbuddhyā'hamiti manyatē|  
 
paraṁ khādīnyahaṅkārādutpadyantē [1] yathākramam||66||   
 
paraṁ khādīnyahaṅkārādutpadyantē [1] yathākramam||66||   
 
+
tataḥ sampūrṇasarvāṅgō jātō'bhyudita ucyatē|
 
jAyate buddhiravyaktAdbuddhyA~ahamiti manyate|  
 
jAyate buddhiravyaktAdbuddhyA~ahamiti manyate|  
 
paraM khAdInyaha~gkArAdutpadyante [1] yathAkramam||66||  
 
paraM khAdInyaha~gkArAdutpadyante [1] yathAkramam||66||  
 +
tataH sampUrNasarvA~ggo jAto~abhyudita ucyate|
 +
</div></div>
  
ततः सम्पूर्णसर्वाङ्गो जातोऽभ्युदित उच्यते|
 
 
tataḥ sampūrṇasarvāṅgō jātō'bhyudita ucyatē|
 
puruShaH pralaye ceShTaiH punarbhAvairviyujyate||67||
 
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Buddhi'' originates from ''avyakta'', ''ahamkara'' from ''buddhi'', and the five subtle ''mahabhutas'' (''Tanmatras''), viz. ''akashatanmatra'' etc. from ''ahamkara''. These, along with the five gross ''mahabhutas'' (in the right sequence) and the bio-transformed five ''indriyas'', constitute the  ''purusha''. Thus, with this ''purusha'' manifested in its entirety, the body (life) with its all constituents is said to be born (living life). [66-67]
+
''[[Buddhi]]'' originates from ''avyakta'', ''ahamkara'' from ''[[buddhi]]'', and the five subtle ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (''Tanmatras''), viz. ''akashatanmatra'' etc. from ''ahamkara''. These, along with the five gross ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (in the right sequence) and the bio-transformed five ''[[indriya]]s'', constitute the  [[Purusha]]. Thus, with this [[Purusha]] manifested in its entirety, the body (life) with its all constituents is said to be born (living life). [66-67]
 
</div>
 
</div>
पुरुषः प्रलये चेष्टैः पुनर्भावैर्वियुज्यते||६७||
 
  
puruṣaḥ pralayē cēṣṭaiḥ punarbhāvairviyujyatē||67||
+
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
tataH sampUrNasarvA~ggo jAto~abhyudita ucyate|
 
  
 +
पुरुषः प्रलये चेष्टैः पुनर्भावैर्वियुज्यते||६७||
 
अव्यक्ताद्व्यक्ततां याति व्यक्तादव्यक्ततां पुनः|  
 
अव्यक्ताद्व्यक्ततां याति व्यक्तादव्यक्ततां पुनः|  
 
रजस्तमोभ्यामाविष्टश्चक्रवत् परिवर्तते||६८||  
 
रजस्तमोभ्यामाविष्टश्चक्रवत् परिवर्तते||६८||  
 
+
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
 +
puruṣaḥ pralayē cēṣṭaiḥ punarbhāvairviyujyatē||67||
 
avyaktādvyaktatāṁ yāti vyaktādavyaktatāṁ punaḥ|  
 
avyaktādvyaktatāṁ yāti vyaktādavyaktatāṁ punaḥ|  
 
rajastamōbhyāmāviṣṭaścakravat parivartatē||68||  
 
rajastamōbhyāmāviṣṭaścakravat parivartatē||68||  
  
 +
puruShaH pralaye ceShTaiH punarbhAvairviyujyate||67||
 
avyaktAdvyaktatAM yAti vyaktAdavyaktatAM punaH|  
 
avyaktAdvyaktatAM yAti vyaktAdavyaktatAM punaH|  
 
rajastamobhyAmAviShTashcakravat parivartate||68||  
 
rajastamobhyAmAviShTashcakravat parivartate||68||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
येषां द्वन्द्वे परा सक्तिरहङ्कारपराश्च ये|  
 
येषां द्वन्द्वे परा सक्तिरहङ्कारपराश्च ये|  
 
उदयप्रलयौ तेषां न तेषां ये त्वतोऽन्यथा||६९||  
 
उदयप्रलयौ तेषां न तेषां ये त्वतोऽन्यथा||६९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yēṣāṁ dvandvē parā saktirahaṅkāraparāśca yē|  
 
yēṣāṁ dvandvē parā saktirahaṅkāraparāśca yē|  
Line 756: Line 1,032:
 
yeShAM dvandve parA saktiraha~gkAraparAshca ye|  
 
yeShAM dvandve parA saktiraha~gkAraparAshca ye|  
 
udayapralayau teShAM na teShAM ye tvato~anyathA||69||  
 
udayapralayau teShAM na teShAM ye tvato~anyathA||69||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
At the time of destruction of life, the ''purusha'' (soul) again dissociates itself from all the manifestations meant for its enjoyment, viz. ''buddhi'' etc. The universe accompanied with ''rajas'' and ''tamas'' cycles between the unmanifested and the manifested stages.  
+
At the time of destruction of life, the [[Purusha]] (soul) again dissociates itself from all the manifestations meant for its enjoyment, viz. ''[[buddhi]]'' etc. The universe accompanied with ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' cycles between the unmanifested and the manifested stages.  
Those who are attached to ''rajas'' and ''tamas'' and those who are egoistic undergo the process of birth and rebirth. Others that are not, get liberation. [67-69]
+
Those who are attached to ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' and those who are egoistic undergo the process of birth and rebirth. Others that are not, get liberation. [67-69]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
प्राणापानौ निमेषाद्या जीवनं मनसो गतिः|  
 
प्राणापानौ निमेषाद्या जीवनं मनसो गतिः|  
 
इन्द्रियान्तरसञ्चारः प्रेरणं धारणं च यत्||७०||  
 
इन्द्रियान्तरसञ्चारः प्रेरणं धारणं च यत्||७०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
prāṇāpānau nimēṣādyā jīvanaṁ manasō gatiḥ|  
 
prāṇāpānau nimēṣādyā jīvanaṁ manasō gatiḥ|  
Line 768: Line 1,049:
 
prANApAnau nimeShAdyA jIvanaM manaso gatiH|  
 
prANApAnau nimeShAdyA jIvanaM manaso gatiH|  
 
indriyAntarasa~jcAraH preraNaM dhAraNaM ca yat||70||  
 
indriyAntarasa~jcAraH preraNaM dhAraNaM ca yat||70||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
देशान्तरगतिः स्वप्ने पञ्चत्वग्रहणं तथा|  
 
देशान्तरगतिः स्वप्ने पञ्चत्वग्रहणं तथा|  
 
दृष्टस्य दक्षिणेनाक्ष्णा सव्येनावगमस्तथा||७१||  
 
दृष्टस्य दक्षिणेनाक्ष्णा सव्येनावगमस्तथा||७१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
dēśāntaragatiḥ svapnē pañcatvagrahaṇaṁ tathā|  
 
dēśāntaragatiḥ svapnē pañcatvagrahaṇaṁ tathā|  
Line 777: Line 1,061:
 
deshAntaragatiH svapne pa~jcatvagrahaNaM tathA|  
 
deshAntaragatiH svapne pa~jcatvagrahaNaM tathA|  
 
dRuShTasya dakShiNenAkShNA savyenAvagamastathA||71||  
 
dRuShTasya dakShiNenAkShNA savyenAvagamastathA||71||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
इच्छा द्वेषः सुखं दुःखं प्रयत्नश्चेतना धृतिः|  
 
इच्छा द्वेषः सुखं दुःखं प्रयत्नश्चेतना धृतिः|  
 
बुद्धिः स्मृतिरहङ्कारो लिङ्गानि परमात्मनः||७२||  
 
बुद्धिः स्मृतिरहङ्कारो लिङ्गानि परमात्मनः||७२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
icchā dvēṣaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ prayatnaścētanā dhr̥tiḥ|  
 
icchā dvēṣaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ prayatnaścētanā dhr̥tiḥ|  
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cchA dveShaH sukhaM duHkhaM prayatnashcetanA dhRutiH|  
 
cchA dveShaH sukhaM duHkhaM prayatnashcetanA dhRutiH|  
 
buddhiH smRutiraha~gkAro li~ggAni paramAtmanaH||72||  
 
buddhiH smRutiraha~gkAro li~ggAni paramAtmanaH||72||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
यस्मात् समुपलभ्यन्ते लिङ्गान्येतानि जीवतः|  
 
यस्मात् समुपलभ्यन्ते लिङ्गान्येतानि जीवतः|  
 
न मृतस्यात्मलिङ्गानि तस्मादाहुर्महर्षयः||७३||  
 
न मृतस्यात्मलिङ्गानि तस्मादाहुर्महर्षयः||७३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yasmāt samupalabhyantē liṅgānyētāni jīvataḥ|  
 
yasmāt samupalabhyantē liṅgānyētāni jīvataḥ|  
Line 795: Line 1,085:
 
yasmAt samupalabhyante li~ggAnyetAni jIvataH|  
 
yasmAt samupalabhyante li~ggAnyetAni jIvataH|  
 
na mRutasyAtmali~ggAni tasmAdAhurmaharShayaH||73||  
 
na mRutasyAtmali~ggAni tasmAdAhurmaharShayaH||73||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
शरीरं हि गते तस्मिञ् शून्यागारमचेतनम्|  
 
शरीरं हि गते तस्मिञ् शून्यागारमचेतनम्|  
 
पञ्चभूतावशेषत्वात् पञ्चत्वं गतमुच्यते||७४||  
 
पञ्चभूतावशेषत्वात् पञ्चत्वं गतमुच्यते||७४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
śarīraṁ hi gatē tasmiñ śūnyāgāramacētanam|  
 
śarīraṁ hi gatē tasmiñ śūnyāgāramacētanam|  
Line 804: Line 1,097:
 
sharIraM hi gate tasmi~j shUnyAgAramacetanam|  
 
sharIraM hi gate tasmi~j shUnyAgAramacetanam|  
 
pa~jcabhUtAvasheShatvAt pa~jcatvaM gatamucyate||74||  
 
pa~jcabhUtAvasheShatvAt pa~jcatvaM gatamucyate||74||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
In response to the question on the signs and symptoms of a soul in the living body, as well as the proofs of existence of the soul in living animates, Lord Atreya mentions the following as proof:
 
In response to the question on the signs and symptoms of a soul in the living body, as well as the proofs of existence of the soul in living animates, Lord Atreya mentions the following as proof:
Line 812: Line 1,107:
 
# Ability to mentally teleport oneself (e.g. arriving at a distant place like Pataliputra in imagination or dream);
 
# Ability to mentally teleport oneself (e.g. arriving at a distant place like Pataliputra in imagination or dream);
 
# Shift from one object of sense organ to another (e.g. shift from visual perception to tactile perception);
 
# Shift from one object of sense organ to another (e.g. shift from visual perception to tactile perception);
# Inspiration and controlling mind and ''indriyas''
+
# Inspiration and controlling mind and ''[[indriya]]s''
 
# Journey to another country in dreams;
 
# Journey to another country in dreams;
 
# Anticipation of death;
 
# Anticipation of death;
Line 818: Line 1,113:
 
# Desire, envy, happiness, misery, effort, consciousness, stability, intellect, memory and ego.
 
# Desire, envy, happiness, misery, effort, consciousness, stability, intellect, memory and ego.
  
All these are signs of a living person. These signs are not available in a dead body. So, they are considered to be proof of existence of the soul till the living life. When that soul, with all its associates (''indriyas'', ''manas'' and four subtle ''mahabhutas'') departs, the body becomes vacant and is deprived of consciousness. Only the five ''mahabhutas'' remain. So, a dead body is said to have attained the state of five ''mahabhutas'' (''panchtatva'') [70-74]
+
All these are signs of a living person. These signs are not available in a dead body. So, they are considered to be proof of existence of the soul till the living life. When that soul, with all its associates (''[[indriya]]s'', ''[[manas]]'' and four subtle ''[[mahabhuta]]s'') departs, the body becomes vacant and is deprived of consciousness. Only the five ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' remain. So, a dead body is said to have attained the state of five ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' (''panchtatva'') [70-74]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
अचेतनं क्रियावच्च मनश्चेतयिता परः|  
 
अचेतनं क्रियावच्च मनश्चेतयिता परः|  
 
युक्तस्य मनसा तस्य निर्दिश्यन्ते विभोः क्रियाः||७५||  
 
युक्तस्य मनसा तस्य निर्दिश्यन्ते विभोः क्रियाः||७५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
acētanaṁ kriyāvacca manaścētayitā paraḥ|  
 
acētanaṁ kriyāvacca manaścētayitā paraḥ|  
Line 828: Line 1,126:
 
acetanaM kriyAvacca manashcetayitA paraH|  
 
acetanaM kriyAvacca manashcetayitA paraH|  
 
yuktasya manasA tasya nirdishyante vibhoH kriyAH||75||  
 
yuktasya manasA tasya nirdishyante vibhoH kriyAH||75||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
चेतनावान् यतश्चात्मा ततः कर्ता निरुच्यते|  
 
चेतनावान् यतश्चात्मा ततः कर्ता निरुच्यते|  
 
अचेतनत्वाच्च मनः क्रियावदपि नोच्यते||७६||  
 
अचेतनत्वाच्च मनः क्रियावदपि नोच्यते||७६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
cētanāvān yataścātmā tataḥ kartā nirucyatē|  
 
cētanāvān yataścātmā tataḥ kartā nirucyatē|  
Line 837: Line 1,138:
 
cetanAvAn yatashcAtmA tataH kartA nirucyate|  
 
cetanAvAn yatashcAtmA tataH kartA nirucyate|  
 
acetanatvAcca manaH kriyAvadapi nocyate||76||  
 
acetanatvAcca manaH kriyAvadapi nocyate||76||  
 +
</div></div>
  
Mind is active but devoid of consciousness, while the soul is conscious but not active and is considered a doer, or an actor, or an agent of deeds. The mind is not considered as actor. [75-76]  
+
Mind is active, but devoid of consciousness. The omnipresent soul becomes active only when it coordinates with mind. Though the soul is not active, it is conscious and is considered a doer, or an actor, or an agent of deeds. The mind is not considered as actor, because it is  devoid of  Consciousness, though it is responsible  for  activity. [75-76]  
  
 
Thus, the ability to “cause” or “act” resides in the conscious and not in unconscious.
 
Thus, the ability to “cause” or “act” resides in the conscious and not in unconscious.
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
यथास्वेनात्मनाऽऽत्मानं सर्वः सर्वासु योनिषु|  
 
यथास्वेनात्मनाऽऽत्मानं सर्वः सर्वासु योनिषु|  
 
प्राणैस्तन्त्रयते प्राणी नह्यन्योऽस्त्यस्य तन्त्रकः||७७||  
 
प्राणैस्तन्त्रयते प्राणी नह्यन्योऽस्त्यस्य तन्त्रकः||७७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yathāsvēnātmanā''tmānaṁ sarvaḥ sarvāsu yōniṣu|  
 
yathāsvēnātmanā''tmānaṁ sarvaḥ sarvāsu yōniṣu|  
Line 850: Line 1,154:
 
yathAsvenAtmanA~a~atmAnaM sarvaH sarvAsu yoniShu|  
 
yathAsvenAtmanA~a~atmAnaM sarvaH sarvAsu yoniShu|  
 
prANaistantrayate prANI nahyanyo~astyasya tantrakaH||77||  
 
prANaistantrayate prANI nahyanyo~astyasya tantrakaH||77||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
वशी तत् कुरुते कर्म यत् कृत्वा फलमश्नुते|  
 
वशी तत् कुरुते कर्म यत् कृत्वा फलमश्नुते|  
 
वशी चेतः समाधत्ते वशी सर्वं निरस्यति||७८||  
 
वशी चेतः समाधत्ते वशी सर्वं निरस्यति||७८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
vaśī tat kurutē karma yat kr̥tvā phalamaśnutē|  
 
vaśī tat kurutē karma yat kr̥tvā phalamaśnutē|  
Line 859: Line 1,166:
 
vashI tat kurute karma yat kRutvA phalamashnute|  
 
vashI tat kurute karma yat kRutvA phalamashnute|  
 
vashI cetaH samAdhatte vashI sarvaM nirasyati||78||  
 
vashI cetaH samAdhatte vashI sarvaM nirasyati||78||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The soul can independently enter any animate body. There is no other controller of soul, hence, it is considered a self controller. It is to said that the soul is free and independent to do its deeds but it is not free to get result of its deeds as per its own wish. Here it can be understood that the control of its activities and its entry into the body is governed by the result of its deeds.  
 
The soul can independently enter any animate body. There is no other controller of soul, hence, it is considered a self controller. It is to said that the soul is free and independent to do its deeds but it is not free to get result of its deeds as per its own wish. Here it can be understood that the control of its activities and its entry into the body is governed by the result of its deeds.  
The soul is absolutely free to act as it pleases. It is however obliged to enjoy the results of its own deeds. It is also free to control the mind associated with it, and get rid of the results of good or bad acts of its own. [78]
+
The soul is absolutely free to act as it pleases. It is however obliged to enjoy the results of its own deeds. It is also free to control the mind associated with it. And the free soul, when meditates, get rid of the results of good or bad acts of its own. [78]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
देही सर्वगतोऽप्यात्मा [१] स्वे स्वे संस्पर्शनेन्द्रिये|  
 
देही सर्वगतोऽप्यात्मा [१] स्वे स्वे संस्पर्शनेन्द्रिये|  
 
सर्वाः सर्वाश्रयस्थास्तु नात्माऽतो वेत्ति वेदनाः||७९||  
 
सर्वाः सर्वाश्रयस्थास्तु नात्माऽतो वेत्ति वेदनाः||७९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
dēhī sarvagatō'pyātmā [1] svē svē saṁsparśanēndriyē|  
 
dēhī sarvagatō'pyātmā [1] svē svē saṁsparśanēndriyē|  
Line 871: Line 1,183:
 
dehI sarvagato~apyAtmA [1] sve sve saMsparshanendriye|  
 
dehI sarvagato~apyAtmA [1] sve sve saMsparshanendriye|  
 
sarvAH sarvAshrayasthAstu nAtmA~ato vetti vedanAH||79||  
 
sarvAH sarvAshrayasthAstu nAtmA~ato vetti vedanAH||79||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Even though the soul is all pervasive, it can perceive sensations in its associated physical body through the contact of sense organs with their respective objects. (Being limited by the contacts of the bodily sense organs with their objects), the soul cannot have all sensations [79]
 
Even though the soul is all pervasive, it can perceive sensations in its associated physical body through the contact of sense organs with their respective objects. (Being limited by the contacts of the bodily sense organs with their objects), the soul cannot have all sensations [79]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
विभुत्वमत एवास्य यस्मात् सर्वगतो महान्|  
 
विभुत्वमत एवास्य यस्मात् सर्वगतो महान्|  
 
मनसश्च समाधानात् पश्यत्यात्मा तिरस्कृतम्||८०||  
 
मनसश्च समाधानात् पश्यत्यात्मा तिरस्कृतम्||८०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
vibhutvamata ēvāsya yasmāt sarvagatō mahān|  
 
vibhutvamata ēvāsya yasmāt sarvagatō mahān|  
Line 882: Line 1,199:
 
vibhutvamata evAsya yasmAt sarvagato mahAn|  
 
vibhutvamata evAsya yasmAt sarvagato mahAn|  
 
manasashca samAdhAnAt pashyatyAtmA tiraskRutam||80||  
 
manasashca samAdhAnAt pashyatyAtmA tiraskRutam||80||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
नित्यानुबन्धं मनसा देहकर्मानुपातिना|  
 
नित्यानुबन्धं मनसा देहकर्मानुपातिना|  
 
सर्वयोनिगतं विद्यादेकयोनावपि स्थितम्||८१||  
 
सर्वयोनिगतं विद्यादेकयोनावपि स्थितम्||८१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nityānubandhaṁ manasā dēhakarmānupātinā|  
 
nityānubandhaṁ manasā dēhakarmānupātinā|  
Line 891: Line 1,211:
 
nityAnubandhaM manasA dehakarmAnupAtinA|  
 
nityAnubandhaM manasA dehakarmAnupAtinA|  
 
sarvayonigataM vidyAdekayonAvapi sthitam||81||  
 
sarvayonigataM vidyAdekayonAvapi sthitam||81||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
When the omnipresent, supreme soul gets combined with ''manas'' and other senses, it becomes ''kshetragya'' i.e., one that has the power to go anywhere in the universe and become a knower of that body. It can perceive objects inspite of (spatial, temporal or material) obstructions. Even though it is located in one body when associated with the mind through physical actions, it is still present in all other bodies. Conversely, in spite of it being present in all bodies, its field of action is limited to one body alone because of its contact with the mind. [80-81]
+
When the omnipresent, supreme soul gets combined with ''[[manas]]'' and other senses, it becomes ''kshetragya'' i.e., one that has the power to go anywhere in the universe and become a knower of that body. It can perceive objects inspite of (spatial, temporal or material) obstructions. Even though it is located in one body when associated with the mind through physical actions, it is still present in all other bodies. Conversely, in spite of it being present in all bodies, its field of action is limited to one body alone because of its contact with the mind. [80-81]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
आदिर्नास्त्यात्मनः [१] क्षेत्रपारम्पर्यमनादिकम्|  
 
आदिर्नास्त्यात्मनः [१] क्षेत्रपारम्पर्यमनादिकम्|  
 
अतस्तयोरनादित्वात् किं पूर्वमिति नोच्यते||८२||  
 
अतस्तयोरनादित्वात् किं पूर्वमिति नोच्यते||८२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ādirnāstyātmanaḥ [1] kṣētrapāramparyamanādikam|  
 
ādirnāstyātmanaḥ [1] kṣētrapāramparyamanādikam|  
Line 902: Line 1,227:
 
AdirnAstyAtmanaH [1] kShetrapAramparyamanAdikam|  
 
AdirnAstyAtmanaH [1] kShetrapAramparyamanAdikam|  
 
atastayoranAditvAt kiM pUrvamiti nocyate||82||  
 
atastayoranAditvAt kiM pUrvamiti nocyate||82||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
ज्ञः साक्षीत्युच्यते नाज्ञः साक्षी त्वात्मा यतः स्मृतः|  
 
ज्ञः साक्षीत्युच्यते नाज्ञः साक्षी त्वात्मा यतः स्मृतः|  
 
सर्वे भावा हि सर्वेषां भूतानामात्मसाक्षिकाः||८३||  
 
सर्वे भावा हि सर्वेषां भूतानामात्मसाक्षिकाः||८३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
jñaḥ sākṣītyucyatē nājñaḥ sākṣī tvātmā yataḥ smr̥taḥ|  
 
jñaḥ sākṣītyucyatē nājñaḥ sākṣī tvātmā yataḥ smr̥taḥ|  
Line 911: Line 1,239:
 
j~jaH sAkShItyucyate nAj~jaH sAkShI tvAtmA yataH smRutaH|  
 
j~jaH sAkShItyucyate nAj~jaH sAkShI tvAtmA yataH smRutaH|  
 
sarve bhAvA hi sarveShAM bhUtAnAmAtmasAkShikAH||83||  
 
sarve bhAvA hi sarveShAM bhUtAnAmAtmasAkShikAH||83||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Atma'' (soul) does not have a beginning, and similarly, the corpus (combination of ayu elements) also does not have a beginning. The continuity of ''kshetra'' and ''kshetragya'' is so long that it is not possible to say which came earlier (''kshetra'' or ''kshetragya'')
+
''[[Aatma]]'' (soul) does not have a beginning, and similarly, the corpus (combination of [[ayu]] elements) also does not have a beginning. The continuity of ''kshetra'' and ''kshetragya'' is so long that it is not possible to say which came earlier (''kshetra'' or ''kshetragya'')
 
[82]
 
[82]
  
It is only he who knows things that can stand as a witness. So, all attributes, actions etc., of ''bhutas'' are witnessed by the soul (who alone is the knower of things). Things cannot be witnessed by unconscious objects like stone). [83]
+
It is only he who knows things that can stand as a witness. So, all attributes, actions etc., of [[bhuta]]s are witnessed by the [[soul]] (who alone is the knower of things). Things cannot be witnessed by unconscious objects (like stone). [83]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
नैकः कदाचिद्भूतात्मा लक्षणैरुपलभ्यते|  
 
नैकः कदाचिद्भूतात्मा लक्षणैरुपलभ्यते|  
 
विशेषोऽनुपलभ्यस्य तस्य नैकस्य विद्यते||८४||  
 
विशेषोऽनुपलभ्यस्य तस्य नैकस्य विद्यते||८४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
naikaḥ kadācidbhūtātmā lakṣaṇairupalabhyatē|  
 
naikaḥ kadācidbhūtātmā lakṣaṇairupalabhyatē|  
Line 925: Line 1,258:
 
naikaH kadAcidbhUtAtmA lakShaNairupalabhyate|  
 
naikaH kadAcidbhUtAtmA lakShaNairupalabhyate|  
 
visheSho~anupalabhyasya tasya naikasya vidyate||84||  
 
visheSho~anupalabhyasya tasya naikasya vidyate||84||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
संयोगपुरुषस्येष्टो विशेषो वेदनाकृतः|  
 
संयोगपुरुषस्येष्टो विशेषो वेदनाकृतः|  
 
वेदना यत्र नियता विशेषस्तत्र तत्कृतः||८५||  
 
वेदना यत्र नियता विशेषस्तत्र तत्कृतः||८५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
saṁyōgapuruṣasyēṣṭō viśēṣō vēdanākr̥taḥ|  
 
saṁyōgapuruṣasyēṣṭō viśēṣō vēdanākr̥taḥ|  
Line 934: Line 1,270:
 
saMyogapuruShasyeShTo visheSho vedanAkRutaH|  
 
saMyogapuruShasyeShTo visheSho vedanAkRutaH|  
 
vedanA yatra niyatA visheShastatra tatkRutaH||85||  
 
vedanA yatra niyatA visheShastatra tatkRutaH||85||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The absolute soul is unity and singular. It does not have signs or symptoms. Since it is inaccessible, it has no sensation. It is only the ''purusha'' that has sensations. These sensations do not constitute the attributes of the soul as such, but arise out of contact (of the sense organs with their objects). [84-85]
+
The absolute soul is unity and singular. It does not have signs or symptoms. Since it is inaccessible, it has no sensation. It is only the samyoga [[purusha]] (24 tattvatmaka purusha) that has sensations. These sensations do not constitute the attributes of the soul as such, but arise out of contact (of the sense organs with their objects). [84-85]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
चिकित्सति भिषक् सर्वास्त्रिकाला वेदना इति|  
 
चिकित्सति भिषक् सर्वास्त्रिकाला वेदना इति|  
 
यया युक्त्या वदन्त्येके सा युक्तिरुपधार्यताम्||८६||  
 
यया युक्त्या वदन्त्येके सा युक्तिरुपधार्यताम्||८६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
cikitsati bhiṣak sarvāstrikālā vēdanā iti|  
 
cikitsati bhiṣak sarvāstrikālā vēdanā iti|  
Line 945: Line 1,286:
 
cikitsati bhiShak sarvAstrikAlA vedanA iti|  
 
cikitsati bhiShak sarvAstrikAlA vedanA iti|  
 
yayA yuktyA vadantyeke sA yuktirupadhAryatAm||86||  
 
yayA yuktyA vadantyeke sA yuktirupadhAryatAm||86||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पुनस्तच्छिरसः शूलं ज्वरः स पुनरागतः|  
 
पुनस्तच्छिरसः शूलं ज्वरः स पुनरागतः|  
 
पुनः स कासो बलवांश्छर्दिः सा पुनरागता||८७||  
 
पुनः स कासो बलवांश्छर्दिः सा पुनरागता||८७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
punastacchirasaḥ śūlaṁ jvaraḥ sa punarāgataḥ|  
 
punastacchirasaḥ śūlaṁ jvaraḥ sa punarāgataḥ|  
 
punaḥ sa kāsō balavāṁśchardiḥ sā punarāgatā||87||
 
punaḥ sa kāsō balavāṁśchardiḥ sā punarāgatā||87||
 +
 
punastacchirasaH shUlaM jvaraH sa punarAgataH|  
 
punastacchirasaH shUlaM jvaraH sa punarAgataH|  
 
punaH sa kAso balavAMshchardiH sA punarAgatA||87||  
 
punaH sa kAso balavAMshchardiH sA punarAgatA||87||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
एभिः प्रसिद्धवचनैरतीतागमनं मतम्|  
 
एभिः प्रसिद्धवचनैरतीतागमनं मतम्|  
 
कालश्चायमतीतानामर्तीनां पुनरागतः||८८||  
 
कालश्चायमतीतानामर्तीनां पुनरागतः||८८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ēbhiḥ prasiddhavacanairatītāgamanaṁ matam|  
 
ēbhiḥ prasiddhavacanairatītāgamanaṁ matam|  
Line 962: Line 1,310:
 
ebhiH prasiddhavacanairatItAgamanaM matam|  
 
ebhiH prasiddhavacanairatItAgamanaM matam|  
 
kAlashcAyamatItAnAmartInAM punarAgataH||88||  
 
kAlashcAyamatItAnAmartInAM punarAgataH||88||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
तमर्तिकालमुद्दिश्य भेषजं यत् प्रयुज्यते|  
 
तमर्तिकालमुद्दिश्य भेषजं यत् प्रयुज्यते|  
 
अतीतानां प्रशमनं वेदनानां तदुच्यते||८९||  
 
अतीतानां प्रशमनं वेदनानां तदुच्यते||८९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
tamartikālamuddiśya bhēṣajaṁ yat prayujyatē|  
 
tamartikālamuddiśya bhēṣajaṁ yat prayujyatē|  
Line 971: Line 1,322:
 
tamartikAlamuddishya bheShajaM yat prayujyate|  
 
tamartikAlamuddishya bheShajaM yat prayujyate|  
 
atItAnAM prashamanaM vedanAnAM taducyate||89||
 
atItAnAM prashamanaM vedanAnAM taducyate||89||
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
आपस्ताः पुनरागुर्मा याभिः शस्यं पुरा हतम्|  
 
आपस्ताः पुनरागुर्मा याभिः शस्यं पुरा हतम्|  
 
यथा प्रक्रियते सेतुः प्रतिकर्म तथाऽऽश्रये||९०||  
 
यथा प्रक्रियते सेतुः प्रतिकर्म तथाऽऽश्रये||९०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
āpastāḥ punarāgurmā yābhiḥ śasyaṁ purā hatam|  
 
āpastāḥ punarāgurmā yābhiḥ śasyaṁ purā hatam|  
Line 980: Line 1,334:
 
ApastAH punarAgurmA yAbhiH shasyaM purA hatam|  
 
ApastAH punarAgurmA yAbhiH shasyaM purA hatam|  
 
yathA prakriyate setuH pratikarma tathA~a~ashraye||90||  
 
yathA prakriyate setuH pratikarma tathA~a~ashraye||90||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पूर्वरूपं विकाराणां दृष्ट्वा प्रादुर्भविष्यताम्|  
 
पूर्वरूपं विकाराणां दृष्ट्वा प्रादुर्भविष्यताम्|  
 
या क्रिया क्रियते सा च वेदनां हन्त्यनागताम्||९१||  
 
या क्रिया क्रियते सा च वेदनां हन्त्यनागताम्||९१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
pūrvarūpaṁ vikārāṇāṁ dr̥ṣṭvā prādurbhaviṣyatām|  
 
pūrvarūpaṁ vikārāṇāṁ dr̥ṣṭvā prādurbhaviṣyatām|  
Line 989: Line 1,346:
 
pUrvarUpaM vikArANAM dRuShTvA prAdurbhaviShyatAm|  
 
pUrvarUpaM vikArANAM dRuShTvA prAdurbhaviShyatAm|  
 
yA kriyA kriyate sA ca vedanAM hantyanAgatAm||91||
 
yA kriyA kriyate sA ca vedanAM hantyanAgatAm||91||
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पारम्पर्यानबन्धस्तु दुःखानां विनिवर्तते|  
 
पारम्पर्यानबन्धस्तु दुःखानां विनिवर्तते|  
 
सुखहेतूपचारेण सुखं चापि प्रवर्तते||९२||  
 
सुखहेतूपचारेण सुखं चापि प्रवर्तते||९२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
pāramparyānabandhastu duḥkhānāṁ vinivartatē|  
 
pāramparyānabandhastu duḥkhānāṁ vinivartatē|  
Line 998: Line 1,358:
 
pAramparyAnabandhastu duHkhAnAM vinivartate|  
 
pAramparyAnabandhastu duHkhAnAM vinivartate|  
 
sukhahetUpacAreNa sukhaM cApi pravartate||92||  
 
sukhahetUpacAreNa sukhaM cApi pravartate||92||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
न समा यान्ति वैषम्यं विषमाः समतां न च|  
 
न समा यान्ति वैषम्यं विषमाः समतां न च|  
 
हेतुभिः सदृशा नित्यं जायन्ते देहधातवः||९३||  
 
हेतुभिः सदृशा नित्यं जायन्ते देहधातवः||९३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
na samā yānti vaiṣamyaṁ viṣamāḥ samatāṁ na ca|  
 
na samā yānti vaiṣamyaṁ viṣamāḥ samatāṁ na ca|  
Line 1,007: Line 1,370:
 
na samA yAnti vaiShamyaM viShamAH samatAM na ca|  
 
na samA yAnti vaiShamyaM viShamAH samatAM na ca|  
 
hetubhiH sadRushA nityaM jAyante dehadhAtavaH||93||  
 
hetubhiH sadRushA nityaM jAyante dehadhAtavaH||93||  
 +
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 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
युक्तिमेतां पुरस्कृत्य त्रिकालां वेदनां भिषक्|  
 
युक्तिमेतां पुरस्कृत्य त्रिकालां वेदनां भिषक्|  
 
हन्तीत्युक्तं चिकित्सा तु नैष्ठिकी या विनोपधाम्||९४||  
 
हन्तीत्युक्तं चिकित्सा तु नैष्ठिकी या विनोपधाम्||९४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yuktimētāṁ puraskr̥tya trikālāṁ vēdanāṁ bhiṣak|  
 
yuktimētāṁ puraskr̥tya trikālāṁ vēdanāṁ bhiṣak|  
Line 1,016: Line 1,382:
 
yuktimetAM puraskRutya trikAlAM vedanAM bhiShak|  
 
yuktimetAM puraskRutya trikAlAM vedanAM bhiShak|  
 
hantItyuktaM cikitsA tu naiShThikI yA vinopadhAm||94||  
 
hantItyuktaM cikitsA tu naiShThikI yA vinopadhAm||94||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The following logic is given here while responding to the question on the management of illnesses of the past, the present and the future.
 
The following logic is given here while responding to the question on the management of illnesses of the past, the present and the future.
 
Recurrence of headache, fever, cough and vomiting establishes the fact that diseases of the past do relapse. That is to say, the time of occurrence of the various diseases in the past repeats itself. The therapeutic devices meant for alleviating such recurring diseases verily take the past history (of such diseases) into consideration.
 
Recurrence of headache, fever, cough and vomiting establishes the fact that diseases of the past do relapse. That is to say, the time of occurrence of the various diseases in the past repeats itself. The therapeutic devices meant for alleviating such recurring diseases verily take the past history (of such diseases) into consideration.
  
In order that flood waters may not damage crops as they did in the past, a dam is constructed as a preventive measure. So are some therapeutic devices prescribed to prevent certain diseases which are likely to attack living beings in future. This treatment relates to prevention of future diseases.
+
In order that flood waters may not damage crops as they did in the past, a dam is constructed as a preventive measure. By  observing  premonitory  symptoms, some therapies are prescribed to prevent certain diseases which are likely to attack living beings in future. This treatment relates to prevention of future diseases.
 
   
 
   
 
A continuity of ailments is checked by treatments that are conducive to the continuity of happiness.  
 
A continuity of ailments is checked by treatments that are conducive to the continuity of happiness.  
The state of equilibrium of ''dhatus'' is not disturbed nor is the imbalanced state brought to normalcy without some causative factors. It is the causative factors which determine the equilibrium or imbalance of the ''dhatus''.  
+
The state of equilibrium of [[dhatu]] is not disturbed nor is the imbalanced state brought to normalcy without some causative factors. It is the causative factors which determine the equilibrium or imbalance of the [[dhatu]].  
So a physician treats the diseases pertaining to the past, present and future. [86-94]
+
So a physician treats the diseases pertaining to the past, present and future. The treatment that is devoid of desires (upadha) is called as complete treatment or supreme treatment (naishthiki  chikitsa). [86-94]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
उपधा हि परो हेतुर्दुःखदुःखाश्रयप्रदः|  
 
उपधा हि परो हेतुर्दुःखदुःखाश्रयप्रदः|  
 
त्यागः सर्वोपधानां च सर्वदुःखव्यपोहकः||९५||  
 
त्यागः सर्वोपधानां च सर्वदुःखव्यपोहकः||९५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
upadhā hi parō hēturduḥkhaduḥkhāśrayapradaḥ|  
 
upadhā hi parō hēturduḥkhaduḥkhāśrayapradaḥ|  
Line 1,034: Line 1,405:
 
upadhA hi paro heturduHkhaduHkhAshrayapradaH|  
 
upadhA hi paro heturduHkhaduHkhAshrayapradaH|  
 
tyAgaH sarvopadhAnAM ca sarvaduHkhavyapohakaH||95||  
 
tyAgaH sarvopadhAnAM ca sarvaduHkhavyapohakaH||95||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
कोषकारो यथा ह्यंशूनुपादत्ते वधप्रदान् [३] |  
 
कोषकारो यथा ह्यंशूनुपादत्ते वधप्रदान् [३] |  
 
उपादत्ते तथाऽर्थेभ्यस्तृष्णामज्ञः सदाऽऽतुरः||९६||  
 
उपादत्ते तथाऽर्थेभ्यस्तृष्णामज्ञः सदाऽऽतुरः||९६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
kōṣakārō yathā hyaṁśūnupādattē vadhapradān [3] |  
 
kōṣakārō yathā hyaṁśūnupādattē vadhapradān [3] |  
Line 1,043: Line 1,417:
 
koShakAro yathA hyaMshUnupAdatte vadhapradAn [3] |  
 
koShakAro yathA hyaMshUnupAdatte vadhapradAn [3] |  
 
upAdatte tathA~arthebhyastRuShNAmaj~jaH sadA~a~aturaH||96||  
 
upAdatte tathA~arthebhyastRuShNAmaj~jaH sadA~a~aturaH||96||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
यस्त्वग्निकल्पानर्थाञ् ज्ञो ज्ञात्वा तेभ्यो निवर्तते|  
 
यस्त्वग्निकल्पानर्थाञ् ज्ञो ज्ञात्वा तेभ्यो निवर्तते|  
 
अनारम्भादसंयोगात्तं दुःखं नोपतिष्ठते||९७||  
 
अनारम्भादसंयोगात्तं दुःखं नोपतिष्ठते||९७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yastvagnikalpānarthāñ jñō jñātvā tēbhyō nivartatē|  
 
yastvagnikalpānarthāñ jñō jñātvā tēbhyō nivartatē|  
Line 1,052: Line 1,429:
 
yastvagnikalpAnarthA~j j~jo j~jAtvA tebhyo nivartate|  
 
yastvagnikalpAnarthA~j j~jo j~jAtvA tebhyo nivartate|  
 
anArambhAdasaMyogAttaM duHkhaM nopatiShThate||97||  
 
anArambhAdasaMyogAttaM duHkhaM nopatiShThate||97||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Absolute eradication of miseries is obtained by the elimination of desires. Desire is the root cause of all miseries. Elimination of desires leads to the eradication of all miseries. A silk worm provides for itself suicidal threads. So, does an ignorant person. Bound by worldly miseries, he provides for himself desires arising out of the various objects. A wise person who abstains from the objects of senses, considering them as dangerous as burning fire, does not subject himself to any wishful acts and attachments with the result that miseries never overcome him. [94-97]
 
Absolute eradication of miseries is obtained by the elimination of desires. Desire is the root cause of all miseries. Elimination of desires leads to the eradication of all miseries. A silk worm provides for itself suicidal threads. So, does an ignorant person. Bound by worldly miseries, he provides for himself desires arising out of the various objects. A wise person who abstains from the objects of senses, considering them as dangerous as burning fire, does not subject himself to any wishful acts and attachments with the result that miseries never overcome him. [94-97]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== Basic causes of miseries in life===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रंशः सम्प्राप्तिः कालकर्मणाम्|  
 
धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रंशः सम्प्राप्तिः कालकर्मणाम्|  
 
असात्म्यार्थागमश्चेति ज्ञातव्या दुःखहेतवः||९८||  
 
असात्म्यार्थागमश्चेति ज्ञातव्या दुःखहेतवः||९८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṁśaḥ samprāptiḥ kālakarmaṇām|  
 
dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṁśaḥ samprāptiḥ kālakarmaṇām|  
Line 1,063: Line 1,447:
 
dhIdhRutismRutivibhraMshaH samprAptiH kAlakarmaNAm|  
 
dhIdhRutismRutivibhraMshaH samprAptiH kAlakarmaNAm|  
 
asAtmyArthAgamashceti j~jAtavyA duHkhahetavaH||98||  
 
asAtmyArthAgamashceti j~jAtavyA duHkhahetavaH||98||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Impairment of intellect (grasping and keeping power), ''dhriti'' (controlling power) and memory (recalling power), ageing/advent of maturity, unwholesome contact with objects of senses, and deeds could be counted as factors responsible for causing miseries. [98]
+
Impairment of intellect (grasping and keeping power), ''dhriti'' (controlling power) and memory (recalling power), ageing/advent of maturity, deeds and unwholesome contact with objects of senses could be counted as factors responsible for causing miseries. [98]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
विषमाभिनिवेशो यो नित्यानित्ये हिताहिते|  
 
विषमाभिनिवेशो यो नित्यानित्ये हिताहिते|  
 
ज्ञेयः स बुद्धिविभ्रंशः समं बुद्धिर्हि पश्यति||९९||  
 
ज्ञेयः स बुद्धिविभ्रंशः समं बुद्धिर्हि पश्यति||९९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
viṣamābhinivēśō yō nityānityē hitāhitē|  
 
viṣamābhinivēśō yō nityānityē hitāhitē|  
Line 1,074: Line 1,463:
 
viShamAbhinivesho yo nityAnitye hitAhite|  
 
viShamAbhinivesho yo nityAnitye hitAhite|  
 
j~jeyaH sa buddhivibhraMshaH samaM buddhirhi pashyati||99||  
 
j~jeyaH sa buddhivibhraMshaH samaM buddhirhi pashyati||99||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
If something eternal is viewed as ephemeral and something harmful as useful, and vice versa, this is indicative of the impairment of intellect. For, the normal intellect views things as they are. [99]
 
If something eternal is viewed as ephemeral and something harmful as useful, and vice versa, this is indicative of the impairment of intellect. For, the normal intellect views things as they are. [99]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
विषयप्रवणं सत्त्वं धृतिभ्रंशान्न शक्यते|  
 
विषयप्रवणं सत्त्वं धृतिभ्रंशान्न शक्यते|  
 
नियन्तुमहितादर्थाद्धृतिर्हि नियमात्मिका||१००||  
 
नियन्तुमहितादर्थाद्धृतिर्हि नियमात्मिका||१००||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
viṣayapravaṇaṁ sattvaṁ dhr̥tibhraṁśānna śakyatē|  
 
viṣayapravaṇaṁ sattvaṁ dhr̥tibhraṁśānna śakyatē|  
Line 1,085: Line 1,477:
 
viShayapravaNaM sattvaM dhRutibhraMshAnna shakyate|  
 
viShayapravaNaM sattvaM dhRutibhraMshAnna shakyate|  
 
niyantumahitAdarthAddhRutirhi niyamAtmikA||100||  
 
niyantumahitAdarthAddhRutirhi niyamAtmikA||100||  
 +
</div></div>
  
A mind indulging in worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects due to the impairment of ''dhriti'' (controlling power). It is ''dhriti'' that can restrain the mind (from its harmful objects) [100]
+
A mind indulging in worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects due to the impairment of ''dhriti'' (controlling power). It is ''dhriti'' that can restrain the mind (from its harmful objects). [100]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
तत्त्वज्ञाने स्मृतिर्यस्य रजोमोहावृतात्मनः|  
 
तत्त्वज्ञाने स्मृतिर्यस्य रजोमोहावृतात्मनः|  
 
भ्रश्यते स स्मृतिभ्रंशः स्मर्तव्यं हि स्मृतौ स्थितम्||१०१||  
 
भ्रश्यते स स्मृतिभ्रंशः स्मर्तव्यं हि स्मृतौ स्थितम्||१०१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
tattvajñānē smr̥tiryasya rajōmōhāvr̥tātmanaḥ|  
 
tattvajñānē smr̥tiryasya rajōmōhāvr̥tātmanaḥ|  
 
bhraśyatē sa smr̥tibhraṁśaḥ smartavyaṁ hi smr̥tau sthitam||101||  
 
bhraśyatē sa smr̥tibhraṁśaḥ smartavyaṁ hi smr̥tau sthitam||101||  
 +
 
tattvaj~jAne smRutiryasya rajomohAvRutAtmanaH|  
 
tattvaj~jAne smRutiryasya rajomohAvRutAtmanaH|  
 
bhrashyate sa smRutibhraMshaH smartavyaM hi smRutau sthitam||101||  
 
bhrashyate sa smRutibhraMshaH smartavyaM hi smRutau sthitam||101||  
 +
</div></div>
  
If the memory is impaired due to a person being overcome by ''rajas'' and ''tamas'', this is known as the impairment of ''smriti''. Normally ''smriti'' contains everything memorable. [101]
+
If the memory is impaired due to a person being overcome by [[rajas]] and [[tamas]], the recollection of knowledge of reality or self is impaired. This is known as the impairment of [[smriti]]. Normally [[smriti]] contains everything memorable. [101]
 +
 
 +
=== [[Prajnaparadha]] (intellectual defect) and its consequences ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रष्टः कर्म यत् कुरुतेऽशुभम्|  
 
धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रष्टः कर्म यत् कुरुतेऽशुभम्|  
 
प्रज्ञापराधं तं विद्यात् सर्वदोषप्रकोपणम्||१०२||  
 
प्रज्ञापराधं तं विद्यात् सर्वदोषप्रकोपणम्||१०२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṣṭaḥ karma yat kurutē'śubham|  
 
dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṣṭaḥ karma yat kurutē'śubham|  
Line 1,106: Line 1,507:
 
dhIdhRutismRutivibhraShTaH karma yat kurute~ashubham|  
 
dhIdhRutismRutivibhraShTaH karma yat kurute~ashubham|  
 
praj~jAparAdhaM taM vidyAt sarvadoShaprakopaNam||102||  
 
praj~jAparAdhaM taM vidyAt sarvadoShaprakopaNam||102||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
उदीरणं गतिमतामुदीर्णानां च निग्रहः|  
 
उदीरणं गतिमतामुदीर्णानां च निग्रहः|  
 
सेवनं साहसानां च नारीणां चातिसेवनम्||१०३||  
 
सेवनं साहसानां च नारीणां चातिसेवनम्||१०३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
udīraṇaṁ gatimatāmudīrṇānāṁ ca nigrahaḥ|  
 
udīraṇaṁ gatimatāmudīrṇānāṁ ca nigrahaḥ|  
Line 1,115: Line 1,519:
 
udIraNaM gatimatAmudIrNAnAM ca nigrahaH|  
 
udIraNaM gatimatAmudIrNAnAM ca nigrahaH|  
 
sevanaM sAhasAnAM ca nArINAM cAtisevanam||103||  
 
sevanaM sAhasAnAM ca nArINAM cAtisevanam||103||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
कर्मकालातिपातश्च मिथ्यारम्भश्च कर्मणाम्|  
 
कर्मकालातिपातश्च मिथ्यारम्भश्च कर्मणाम्|  
 
विनयाचारलोपश्च पूज्यानां चाभिधर्षणम्||१०४||  
 
विनयाचारलोपश्च पूज्यानां चाभिधर्षणम्||१०४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
karmakālātipātaśca mithyārambhaśca karmaṇām|  
 
karmakālātipātaśca mithyārambhaśca karmaṇām|  
Line 1,124: Line 1,531:
 
karmakAlAtipAtashca mithyArambhashca karmaNAm|  
 
karmakAlAtipAtashca mithyArambhashca karmaNAm|  
 
vinayAcAralopashca pUjyAnAM cAbhidharShaNam||104||  
 
vinayAcAralopashca pUjyAnAM cAbhidharShaNam||104||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
ज्ञातानां स्वयमर्थानामहितानां निषेवणम्|  
 
ज्ञातानां स्वयमर्थानामहितानां निषेवणम्|  
 
परमौन्मादिकानां च प्रत्ययानां निषेवणम्||१०५||  
 
परमौन्मादिकानां च प्रत्ययानां निषेवणम्||१०५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
jñātānāṁ svayamarthānāmahitānāṁ niṣēvaṇam|  
 
jñātānāṁ svayamarthānāmahitānāṁ niṣēvaṇam|  
Line 1,133: Line 1,543:
 
j~jAtAnAM svayamarthAnAmahitAnAM niShevaNam|  
 
j~jAtAnAM svayamarthAnAmahitAnAM niShevaNam|  
 
paramaunmAdikAnAM ca pratyayAnAM niShevaNam||105||  
 
paramaunmAdikAnAM ca pratyayAnAM niShevaNam||105||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अकालादेशसञ्चारौ मैत्री सङ्क्लिष्टकर्मभिः|  
 
अकालादेशसञ्चारौ मैत्री सङ्क्लिष्टकर्मभिः|  
 
इन्द्रियोपक्रमोक्तस्य सद्वृत्तस्य च वर्जनम्||१०६||  
 
इन्द्रियोपक्रमोक्तस्य सद्वृत्तस्य च वर्जनम्||१०६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
akālādēśasañcārau maitrī saṅkliṣṭakarmabhiḥ|  
 
akālādēśasañcārau maitrī saṅkliṣṭakarmabhiḥ|  
Line 1,142: Line 1,555:
 
akAlAdeshasa~jcArau maitrI sa~gkliShTakarmabhiH|  
 
akAlAdeshasa~jcArau maitrI sa~gkliShTakarmabhiH|  
 
indriyopakramoktasya sadvRuttasya ca varjanam||106||  
 
indriyopakramoktasya sadvRuttasya ca varjanam||106||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
ईर्ष्यामानभयक्रोधलोभमोहमदभ्रमाः|  
 
ईर्ष्यामानभयक्रोधलोभमोहमदभ्रमाः|  
 
तज्जं वा कर्म यत् क्लिष्टं क्लिष्टं यद्देहकर्म च||१०७||  
 
तज्जं वा कर्म यत् क्लिष्टं क्लिष्टं यद्देहकर्म च||१०७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
īrṣyāmānabhayakrōdhalōbhamōhamadabhramāḥ|  
 
īrṣyāmānabhayakrōdhalōbhamōhamadabhramāḥ|  
Line 1,151: Line 1,567:
 
IrShyAmAnabhayakrodhalobhamohamadabhramAH|  
 
IrShyAmAnabhayakrodhalobhamohamadabhramAH|  
 
tajjaM vA karma yat kliShTaM kliShTaM yaddehakarma ca||107||  
 
tajjaM vA karma yat kliShTaM kliShTaM yaddehakarma ca||107||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
यच्चान्यदीदृशं कर्म रजोमोहसमुत्थितम्|  
 
यच्चान्यदीदृशं कर्म रजोमोहसमुत्थितम्|  
 
प्रज्ञापराधं तं शिष्टा ब्रुवते व्याधिकारणम् [१] ||१०८||  
 
प्रज्ञापराधं तं शिष्टा ब्रुवते व्याधिकारणम् [१] ||१०८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yaccānyadīdr̥śaṁ karma rajōmōhasamutthitam|  
 
yaccānyadīdr̥śaṁ karma rajōmōhasamutthitam|  
Line 1,160: Line 1,579:
 
yaccAnyadIdRushaM karma rajomohasamutthitam|  
 
yaccAnyadIdRushaM karma rajomohasamutthitam|  
 
praj~jAparAdhaM taM shiShTA bruvate vyAdhikAraNam [1] ||108||  
 
praj~jAparAdhaM taM shiShTA bruvate vyAdhikAraNam [1] ||108||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
When a person’s ''dhi'' (ability to comprehend), ''dhriti'' (controlling power), and ''smriti'' (power to recall memories, or reminisce) get impaired, he performs inauspicious deeds that lead to aggravation of all ''doshas''. This is called ''pragyaparadha'' (mistake of the intellect, knowingly committing crime or unwholesome/sinful acts).
+
When a person’s ''dhi'' (ability to comprehend), ''dhriti'' (controlling power), and [[smriti]] (power to recall memories, or reminisce) get impaired, he performs inauspicious deeds that lead to aggravation of all [[dosha]]. This is called [[prajnaparadha]] (mistake of the intellect, knowingly committing crime or unwholesome/sinful acts).
  
Forcible stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones, exhibition of undue strength, over indulgence in sexual acts, negligence of the time and method of administering of treatment (i.e. non utilization, excessive utilization, and impaired utilization of therapies), initiation of action in improper time, loss of modesty and good conduct, disrespecting those that deserve respect, enjoyment of harmful objects, resorting to the factors that are responsible for the causation of madness, scant regard to temporal or local propriety (e.g., doing things that are out of place or out of season), friendship with persons of bad character, avoidance of healthy activities described in ''sadvritta'' or harboring malice, vanity, fear, anger, greed, ignorance, intoxication and bewilderment or bad actions arising out of any of them, and/or physical evil acts arising out of rajas and ''tamas'' constitute ''pragyaparadha'', the root cause of several diseases told by learned seers of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda]. [102-108]
+
Forcible stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones, exhibition of undue strength, over indulgence in sexual acts, negligence of the time and method of administering of treatment (i.e. non utilization, excessive utilization, and impaired utilization of therapies), initiation of action in improper time, loss of modesty and good conduct, disrespecting those that deserve respect, enjoyment of harmful objects, resorting to the factors that are responsible for the causation of madness, walking and travelling at improper time and places, friendship with persons of bad character, avoidance of ''sadvritta'' (noble code of conduct) described in  [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]] ([[Sutra Sthana]] 8th chapter) or harboring malice, vanity, fear, anger, greed, ignorance, intoxication and bewilderment or bad actions arising out of any of them, and/or physical evil acts arising out of [[rajas]] and ''[[tamas]]'' constitute [[prajnaparadha]], the root cause of several diseases told by learned seers of [[Ayurveda]]. [102-108]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
बुद्ध्या विषमविज्ञानं विषमं च प्रवर्तनम्|  
 
बुद्ध्या विषमविज्ञानं विषमं च प्रवर्तनम्|  
 
प्रज्ञापराधं जानीयान्मनसो गोचरं हि तत्||१०९||  
 
प्रज्ञापराधं जानीयान्मनसो गोचरं हि तत्||१०९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
buddhyā viṣamavijñānaṁ viṣamaṁ ca pravartanam|  
 
buddhyā viṣamavijñānaṁ viṣamaṁ ca pravartanam|  
Line 1,173: Line 1,597:
 
buddhyA viShamavij~jAnaM viShamaM ca pravartanam|  
 
buddhyA viShamavij~jAnaM viShamaM ca pravartanam|  
 
praj~jAparAdhaM jAnIyAnmanaso gocaraM hi tat||109||  
 
praj~jAparAdhaM jAnIyAnmanaso gocaraM hi tat||109||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Understanding the subjects in improper way due to the impairment of intellect and, at the same time, executing this improper knowledge in the wrong way is also termed as ''pragyaparadha'' which makes improper cognition of ''manasa'', ''indriyas'' with their objects and subjects. [109]
+
Understanding the subjects in improper way due to the impairment of intellect and, at the same time, executing this improper knowledge in the wrong way is also termed as [[prajnaparadha]] which makes improper cognition of [[manasa]], [[indriya]] with their objects and subjects. [109]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== Importance of ''[[Kala]]'' (time factor)===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
निर्दिष्टा कालसम्प्राप्तिर्व्याधीनां व्याधिसङ्ग्रहे|  
 
निर्दिष्टा कालसम्प्राप्तिर्व्याधीनां व्याधिसङ्ग्रहे|  
 
चयप्रकोपप्रशमाः पित्तादीनां यथा पुरा||११०||  
 
चयप्रकोपप्रशमाः पित्तादीनां यथा पुरा||११०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nirdiṣṭā kālasamprāptirvyādhīnāṁ vyādhisaṅgrahē|  
 
nirdiṣṭā kālasamprāptirvyādhīnāṁ vyādhisaṅgrahē|  
Line 1,184: Line 1,615:
 
nirdiShTA kAlasamprAptirvyAdhInAM vyAdhisa~ggrahe|  
 
nirdiShTA kAlasamprAptirvyAdhInAM vyAdhisa~ggrahe|  
 
cayaprakopaprashamAH pittAdInAM yathA purA||110||  
 
cayaprakopaprashamAH pittAdInAM yathA purA||110||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
मिथ्यातिहीनलिङ्गाश्च वर्षान्ता रोगहेतवः|  
 
मिथ्यातिहीनलिङ्गाश्च वर्षान्ता रोगहेतवः|  
 
जीर्णभुक्तप्रजीर्णान्नकालाकालस्थितिश्च [१] या||१११||  
 
जीर्णभुक्तप्रजीर्णान्नकालाकालस्थितिश्च [१] या||१११||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
mithyātihīnaliṅgāśca varṣāntā rōgahētavaḥ|  
 
mithyātihīnaliṅgāśca varṣāntā rōgahētavaḥ|  
Line 1,193: Line 1,627:
 
mithyAtihInali~ggAshca varShAntA rogahetavaH|  
 
mithyAtihInali~ggAshca varShAntA rogahetavaH|  
 
jIrNabhuktaprajIrNAnnakAlAkAlasthitishca [1] yA||111||  
 
jIrNabhuktaprajIrNAnnakAlAkAlasthitishca [1] yA||111||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पूर्वमध्यापराह्णाश्च रात्र्या यामास्त्रयश्च ये|  
 
पूर्वमध्यापराह्णाश्च रात्र्या यामास्त्रयश्च ये|  
 
एषु कालेषु नियता ये रोगास्ते च कालजाः||११२||  
 
एषु कालेषु नियता ये रोगास्ते च कालजाः||११२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
pūrvamadhyāparāhṇāśca rātryā yāmāstrayaśca yē|  
 
pūrvamadhyāparāhṇāśca rātryā yāmāstrayaśca yē|  
Line 1,202: Line 1,639:
 
pUrvamadhyAparAhNAshca rAtryA yAmAstrayashca ye|  
 
pUrvamadhyAparAhNAshca rAtryA yAmAstrayashca ye|  
 
eShu kAleShu niyatA ye rogAste ca kAlajAH||112||  
 
eShu kAleShu niyatA ye rogAste ca kAlajAH||112||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Ailments due to the advent of the season are already described in Sutra 17:114. It has been explained there, how ''pitta'' and other ''doshas'' get accumulated, aggravated and alleviated (depending on seasonal variation).
+
Ailments due to the advent of the season are already described in Sutra 17:114. It has been explained there, how ''[[pitta]]'' and other ''[[dosha]]s'' get accumulated, aggravated and alleviated (depending on seasonal variation).
  
 
This category includes causative factors of diseases marked by wrong manifestation, over manifestation and under manifestation of their symptoms during seasons ending with the rains; during various stages of digestion viz. time of final digestion, time of intake of food and time of initial digestion; during different times of the day, viz. forenoon, mid-day and afternoon and during different hours of the night, viz. pre-midnight, midnight and post mid night. Diseases which as a rule manifest themselves during these times are also known as ''kalaja'' diseases. [110-112]
 
This category includes causative factors of diseases marked by wrong manifestation, over manifestation and under manifestation of their symptoms during seasons ending with the rains; during various stages of digestion viz. time of final digestion, time of intake of food and time of initial digestion; during different times of the day, viz. forenoon, mid-day and afternoon and during different hours of the night, viz. pre-midnight, midnight and post mid night. Diseases which as a rule manifest themselves during these times are also known as ''kalaja'' diseases. [110-112]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
अन्येद्युष्को द्व्यहग्राही तृतीयकचतुर्थकौ|  
 
अन्येद्युष्को द्व्यहग्राही तृतीयकचतुर्थकौ|  
 
स्वे स्वे काले प्रवर्तन्ते काले ह्येषां बलागमः||११३||  
 
स्वे स्वे काले प्रवर्तन्ते काले ह्येषां बलागमः||११३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
anyēdyuṣkō dvyahagrāhī tr̥tīyakacaturthakau|  
 
anyēdyuṣkō dvyahagrāhī tr̥tīyakacaturthakau|  
Line 1,215: Line 1,657:
 
anyedyuShko dvyahagrAhI tRutIyakacaturthakau|  
 
anyedyuShko dvyahagrAhI tRutIyakacaturthakau|  
 
sve sve kAle pravartante kAle hyeShAM balAgamaH||113||  
 
sve sve kAle pravartante kAle hyeShAM balAgamaH||113||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Diseases like ''anyedyska'' (quotidian fever which occurs at a fixed time every day), ''dvyahagrahi'' (reverse quotidian fever), ''tritiyaka'' (tertian fever which occurs at an interval of one day) and ''chaturthaka'' (quartan fever which occurs at an interval of two days) manifest themselves at fixed hours in as much as they get strength only at such hours. [113]
+
Diseases like ''anyedyushka'' (quotidian fever which occurs at a fixed time every day), ''dvyahagrahi'' (reverse quotidian fever), ''tritiyaka'' (tertian fever which occurs at an interval of one day) and ''chaturthaka'' (quartan fever which occurs at an interval of two days) manifest themselves at fixed hours in as much as they get strength only at such hours. [113]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
एते चान्ये [६] च ये केचित् कालजा विविधा गदाः|  
 
एते चान्ये [६] च ये केचित् कालजा विविधा गदाः|  
 
अनागते चिकित्स्यास्ते बलकालौ विजानता||११४||  
 
अनागते चिकित्स्यास्ते बलकालौ विजानता||११४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ētē cānyē [6] ca yē kēcit kālajā vividhā gadāḥ|  
 
ētē cānyē [6] ca yē kēcit kālajā vividhā gadāḥ|  
Line 1,226: Line 1,673:
 
ete cAnye [6] ca ye kecit kAlajA vividhA gadAH|  
 
ete cAnye [6] ca ye kecit kAlajA vividhA gadAH|  
 
anAgate cikitsyAste balakAlau vijAnatA||114||  
 
anAgate cikitsyAste balakAlau vijAnatA||114||  
 +
</div></div>
  
A physician acquainted with the knowledge of ''dosha bala'' and ''kala bala'' should treat this and other similar diseases prior to their actual manifestations. [114]
+
A physician acquainted with the knowledge of ''[[dosha]] bala'' and ''[[kala]] bala'' should treat this and other similar diseases prior to their actual manifestations. [114]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
कालस्य परिणामेन जरामृत्युनिमित्तजाः|  
 
कालस्य परिणामेन जरामृत्युनिमित्तजाः|  
 
रोगाः स्वाभाविका दृष्टाः स्वभावो निष्प्रतिक्रियः||११५||  
 
रोगाः स्वाभाविका दृष्टाः स्वभावो निष्प्रतिक्रियः||११५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
kālasya pariṇāmēna jarāmr̥tyunimittajāḥ|  
 
kālasya pariṇāmēna jarāmr̥tyunimittajāḥ|  
Line 1,237: Line 1,687:
 
kAlasya pariNAmena jarAmRutyunimittajAH|  
 
kAlasya pariNAmena jarAmRutyunimittajAH|  
 
rogAH svAbhAvikA dRuShTAH svabhAvo niShpratikriyaH||115||  
 
rogAH svAbhAvikA dRuShTAH svabhAvo niShpratikriyaH||115||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
The diseases arising out of temporal factors that bring about old age and death are to be considered as natural ones, which affect everyone, and these such natural manifestations are irremediable. [115]
 
The diseases arising out of temporal factors that bring about old age and death are to be considered as natural ones, which affect everyone, and these such natural manifestations are irremediable. [115]
 +
 +
=== ''Daiva'' (fate/destiny) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
निर्दिष्टं दैवशब्देन कर्म यत् पौर्वदेहिकम्|  
 
निर्दिष्टं दैवशब्देन कर्म यत् पौर्वदेहिकम्|  
 
हेतुस्तदपि कालेन रोगाणामुपलभ्यते||११६||  
 
हेतुस्तदपि कालेन रोगाणामुपलभ्यते||११६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nirdiṣṭaṁ daivaśabdēna karma yat paurvadēhikam|  
 
nirdiṣṭaṁ daivaśabdēna karma yat paurvadēhikam|  
Line 1,248: Line 1,703:
 
nirdiShTaM daivashabdena karma yat paurvadehikam|  
 
nirdiShTaM daivashabdena karma yat paurvadehikam|  
 
hetustadapi kAlena rogANAmupalabhyate||116||  
 
hetustadapi kAlena rogANAmupalabhyate||116||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The deeds performed in the previous life or past time are known as ''daiva'' (fate) also constitutes in due course causative factors for the manifestation of diseases. [116] In other words it could be also said that some causes do not produce disease at the same time because they have less strength (''karmaja roga'').
 
The deeds performed in the previous life or past time are known as ''daiva'' (fate) also constitutes in due course causative factors for the manifestation of diseases. [116] In other words it could be also said that some causes do not produce disease at the same time because they have less strength (''karmaja roga'').
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
न हि कर्म महत् किञ्चित् फलं यस्य न भुज्यते|  
 
न हि कर्म महत् किञ्चित् फलं यस्य न भुज्यते|  
 
क्रियाघ्नाः कर्मजा रोगाः प्रशमं यान्ति तत्क्षयात्||११७||  
 
क्रियाघ्नाः कर्मजा रोगाः प्रशमं यान्ति तत्क्षयात्||११७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
na hi karma mahat kiñcit phalaṁ yasya na bhujyatē|  
 
na hi karma mahat kiñcit phalaṁ yasya na bhujyatē|  
Line 1,259: Line 1,719:
 
na hi karma mahat ki~jcit phalaM yasya na bhujyate|  
 
na hi karma mahat ki~jcit phalaM yasya na bhujyate|  
 
kriyAghnAH karmajA rogAH prashamaM yAnti tatkShayAt||117||  
 
kriyAghnAH karmajA rogAH prashamaM yAnti tatkShayAt||117||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
There is no such major action/deed (performed in the previous life/past time) which does not lead to the corresponding results. Diseases arising out of such actions/deeds are not amenable to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the effects of past actions/deeds are exhausted i.e. fully enjoyed. [117]
 
There is no such major action/deed (performed in the previous life/past time) which does not lead to the corresponding results. Diseases arising out of such actions/deeds are not amenable to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the effects of past actions/deeds are exhausted i.e. fully enjoyed. [117]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== ''Asatmya indriyartha samyoga'' (improper use of senses) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
अत्युग्रशब्दश्रवणाच्छ्रवणात् सर्वशो न च|  
 
अत्युग्रशब्दश्रवणाच्छ्रवणात् सर्वशो न च|  
 
शब्दानां चातिहीनानां भवन्ति श्रवणाज्जडाः||११८||  
 
शब्दानां चातिहीनानां भवन्ति श्रवणाज्जडाः||११८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
atyugraśabdaśravaṇācchravaṇāt sarvaśō na ca|  
 
atyugraśabdaśravaṇācchravaṇāt sarvaśō na ca|  
Line 1,270: Line 1,737:
 
atyugrashabdashravaNAcchravaNAt sarvasho na ca|  
 
atyugrashabdashravaNAcchravaNAt sarvasho na ca|  
 
shabdAnAM cAtihInAnAM bhavanti shravaNAjjaDAH||118||  
 
shabdAnAM cAtihInAnAM bhavanti shravaNAjjaDAH||118||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
परुषोद्भीषणाशस्ताप्रियव्यसनसूचकैः|  
 
परुषोद्भीषणाशस्ताप्रियव्यसनसूचकैः|  
 
शब्दैः श्रवणसंयोगो मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||११९||  
 
शब्दैः श्रवणसंयोगो मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||११९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
paruṣōdbhīṣaṇāśastāpriyavyasanasūcakaiḥ|  
 
paruṣōdbhīṣaṇāśastāpriyavyasanasūcakaiḥ|  
Line 1,279: Line 1,749:
 
paruShodbhIShaNAshastApriyavyasanasUcakaiH|  
 
paruShodbhIShaNAshastApriyavyasanasUcakaiH|  
 
shabdaiH shravaNasaMyogo mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||119||  
 
shabdaiH shravaNasaMyogo mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||119||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
असंस्पर्शोऽतिसंस्पर्शो हीनसंस्पर्श एव च|  
 
असंस्पर्शोऽतिसंस्पर्शो हीनसंस्पर्श एव च|  
 
स्पृश्यानां सङ्ग्रहेणोक्तः स्पर्शनेन्द्रियबाधकः||१२०||  
 
स्पृश्यानां सङ्ग्रहेणोक्तः स्पर्शनेन्द्रियबाधकः||१२०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
asaṁsparśō'tisaṁsparśō hīnasaṁsparśa ēva ca|  
 
asaṁsparśō'tisaṁsparśō hīnasaṁsparśa ēva ca|  
Line 1,288: Line 1,761:
 
asaMsparsho~atisaMsparsho hInasaMsparsha eva ca|  
 
asaMsparsho~atisaMsparsho hInasaMsparsha eva ca|  
 
spRushyAnAM sa~ggraheNoktaH sparshanendriyabAdhakaH||120||
 
spRushyAnAM sa~ggraheNoktaH sparshanendriyabAdhakaH||120||
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
यो भूतविषवातानामकालेनागतश्च यः|  
 
यो भूतविषवातानामकालेनागतश्च यः|  
 
स्नेहशीतोष्णसंस्पर्शो मिथ्यायोग स उच्यते||१२१||  
 
स्नेहशीतोष्णसंस्पर्शो मिथ्यायोग स उच्यते||१२१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yō bhūtaviṣavātānāmakālēnāgataśca yaḥ|  
 
yō bhūtaviṣavātānāmakālēnāgataśca yaḥ|  
Line 1,297: Line 1,773:
 
yo bhUtaviShavAtAnAmakAlenAgatashca yaH|  
 
yo bhUtaviShavAtAnAmakAlenAgatashca yaH|  
 
snehashItoShNasaMsparsho mithyAyoga sa ucyate||121||  
 
snehashItoShNasaMsparsho mithyAyoga sa ucyate||121||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
रूपाणां भास्वतां दृष्टिर्विनश्यत्यतिदर्शनात्|  
 
रूपाणां भास्वतां दृष्टिर्विनश्यत्यतिदर्शनात्|  
 
दर्शनाच्चातिसूक्ष्माणां सर्वशश्चाप्यदर्शनात्||१२२||  
 
दर्शनाच्चातिसूक्ष्माणां सर्वशश्चाप्यदर्शनात्||१२२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
rūpāṇāṁ bhāsvatāṁ dr̥ṣṭirvinaśyatyatidarśanāt|  
 
rūpāṇāṁ bhāsvatāṁ dr̥ṣṭirvinaśyatyatidarśanāt|  
Line 1,306: Line 1,785:
 
rUpANAM bhAsvatAM dRuShTirvinashyatyatidarshanAt|  
 
rUpANAM bhAsvatAM dRuShTirvinashyatyatidarshanAt|  
 
darshanAccAtisUkShmANAM sarvashashcApyadarshanAt||122||  
 
darshanAccAtisUkShmANAM sarvashashcApyadarshanAt||122||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
द्विष्टभैरवबीभत्सदूरातिश्लिष्टदर्शनात् [१] |  
 
द्विष्टभैरवबीभत्सदूरातिश्लिष्टदर्शनात् [१] |  
 
तामसानां च रूपाणां मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||१२३||  
 
तामसानां च रूपाणां मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||१२३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
dviṣṭabhairavabībhatsadūrātiśliṣṭadarśanāt [1] |  
 
dviṣṭabhairavabībhatsadūrātiśliṣṭadarśanāt [1] |  
Line 1,315: Line 1,797:
 
dviShTabhairavabIbhatsadUrAtishliShTadarshanAt [1] |  
 
dviShTabhairavabIbhatsadUrAtishliShTadarshanAt [1] |  
 
tAmasAnAM ca rUpANAM mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||123||  
 
tAmasAnAM ca rUpANAM mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||123||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अत्यादानमनादानमोकसात्म्यादिभिश्च यत्|  
 
अत्यादानमनादानमोकसात्म्यादिभिश्च यत्|  
 
रसानां विषमादानमल्पादानं च दूषणम्||१२४||  
 
रसानां विषमादानमल्पादानं च दूषणम्||१२४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
atyādānamanādānamōkasātmyādibhiśca yat|  
 
atyādānamanādānamōkasātmyādibhiśca yat|  
Line 1,324: Line 1,809:
 
atyAdAnamanAdAnamokasAtmyAdibhishca yat|  
 
atyAdAnamanAdAnamokasAtmyAdibhishca yat|  
 
rasAnAM viShamAdAnamalpAdAnaM ca dUShaNam||124||  
 
rasAnAM viShamAdAnamalpAdAnaM ca dUShaNam||124||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अतिमृद्वतितीक्ष्णानां गन्धानामुपसेवनम्|  
 
अतिमृद्वतितीक्ष्णानां गन्धानामुपसेवनम्|  
 
असेवनं सर्वशश्च घ्राणेन्द्रियविनाशनम्||१२५||  
 
असेवनं सर्वशश्च घ्राणेन्द्रियविनाशनम्||१२५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
atimr̥dvatitīkṣṇānāṁ gandhānāmupasēvanam|  
 
atimr̥dvatitīkṣṇānāṁ gandhānāmupasēvanam|  
Line 1,333: Line 1,821:
 
atimRudvatitIkShNAnAM gandhAnAmupasevanam|  
 
atimRudvatitIkShNAnAM gandhAnAmupasevanam|  
 
asevanaM sarvashashca ghrANendriyavinAshanam||125||  
 
asevanaM sarvashashca ghrANendriyavinAshanam||125||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
पूतिभूतविषद्विष्टा गन्धा ये चाप्यनार्तवाः|  
 
पूतिभूतविषद्विष्टा गन्धा ये चाप्यनार्तवाः|  
 
तैर्गन्धैर्घ्राणसंयोगो मिथ्यायोगः स उच्यते||१२६||  
 
तैर्गन्धैर्घ्राणसंयोगो मिथ्यायोगः स उच्यते||१२६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
pūtibhūtaviṣadviṣṭā gandhā yē cāpyanārtavāḥ|  
 
pūtibhūtaviṣadviṣṭā gandhā yē cāpyanārtavāḥ|  
Line 1,342: Line 1,833:
 
pUtibhUtaviShadviShTA gandhA ye cApyanArtavAH|  
 
pUtibhUtaviShadviShTA gandhA ye cApyanArtavAH|  
 
tairgandhairghrANasaMyogo mithyAyogaH sa ucyate||126||  
 
tairgandhairghrANasaMyogo mithyAyogaH sa ucyate||126||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
इत्यसात्म्यार्थसंयोगस्त्रिविधो दोषकोपनः|
 
इत्यसात्म्यार्थसंयोगस्त्रिविधो दोषकोपनः|
 
असात्म्यमिति तद्विद्याद्यन्न याति सहात्मताम्||१२७||  
 
असात्म्यमिति तद्विद्याद्यन्न याति सहात्मताम्||१२७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ityasātmyārthasaṁyōgastrividhō dōṣakōpanaḥ|
 
ityasātmyārthasaṁyōgastrividhō dōṣakōpanaḥ|
Line 1,351: Line 1,845:
 
ityasAtmyArthasaMyogastrividho doShakopanaH|
 
ityasAtmyArthasaMyogastrividho doShakopanaH|
 
asAtmyamiti tadvidyAdyanna yAti sahAtmatAm||127||
 
asAtmyamiti tadvidyAdyanna yAti sahAtmatAm||127||
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The auditory sense faculty is impaired by the hearing of excessively loud or low sound (even by not hearing excessively loud sound) or by the absolute non – utilization of this sense faculty. Auditory contact with sounds indicating roughness, terror, inauspiciousness, distate and misery constitute the wrong utilization of the auditory sense organ.
 
The auditory sense faculty is impaired by the hearing of excessively loud or low sound (even by not hearing excessively loud sound) or by the absolute non – utilization of this sense faculty. Auditory contact with sounds indicating roughness, terror, inauspiciousness, distate and misery constitute the wrong utilization of the auditory sense organ.
Line 1,360: Line 1,856:
  
 
Visual contact with undesirable, terrific, despicable objects and objects placed at a distance or in close proximity constitutes the wrong utilization of visual faculty. Vision is also impaired by the contact of the visual faculty with faint objects.  
 
Visual contact with undesirable, terrific, despicable objects and objects placed at a distance or in close proximity constitutes the wrong utilization of visual faculty. Vision is also impaired by the contact of the visual faculty with faint objects.  
Excessive intake, absence of intake, intake in utter disregard to the wholesomeness of addiction and inadequate intake of ''rasas'' (tastes) vitiate the gaustatory faculty.  
+
Excessive intake, absence of intake, intake in utter disregard to the wholesomeness of addiction and inadequate intake of ''rasas'' (tastes) vitiate the gustatory faculty.  
  
 
Olfactory faculty also gets impaired by the enjoyment of smells too mild and too sharp or by absolute nonutilization of this faculty.  
 
Olfactory faculty also gets impaired by the enjoyment of smells too mild and too sharp or by absolute nonutilization of this faculty.  
 
Inhalation of the smell of putrified objects, germs and poisonous as well as unseasonal smells constitutes wrong utilization of olfactory faculty.  
 
Inhalation of the smell of putrified objects, germs and poisonous as well as unseasonal smells constitutes wrong utilization of olfactory faculty.  
  
These are the three types of unwholesome contact of sense with their respective objects which aggravate the ''doshas''. A thing which is not conducive to the body is regarded as asatmya or unwholesome and which becomes responsible to provoke all the ''doshas''. [118-127]
+
These are the three types of unwholesome contact of sense with their respective objects which aggravate the ''[[dosha]]s''. A thing which is not conducive to the body is regarded as asatmya or unwholesome and which becomes responsible to provoke all the ''[[dosha]]s''. [118-127]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
मिथ्यातिहीनयोगेभ्यो यो व्याधिरुपजायते|  
 
मिथ्यातिहीनयोगेभ्यो यो व्याधिरुपजायते|  
 
शब्दादीनां स विज्ञेयो व्याधिरैन्द्रियको बुधैः||१२८||  
 
शब्दादीनां स विज्ञेयो व्याधिरैन्द्रियको बुधैः||१२८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
mithyātihīnayōgēbhyō yō vyādhirupajāyatē|  
 
mithyātihīnayōgēbhyō yō vyādhirupajāyatē|  
Line 1,376: Line 1,875:
 
mithyAtihInayogebhyo yo vyAdhirupajAyate|  
 
mithyAtihInayogebhyo yo vyAdhirupajAyate|  
 
shabdAdInAM sa vij~jeyo vyAdhiraindriyako budhaiH||128||  
 
shabdAdInAM sa vij~jeyo vyAdhiraindriyako budhaiH||128||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
When a disease is caused by wrong utilization, excessive, utilization and inadequate utilization (non – utilization) of sense faculties, viz. auditory etc, it is known as ''Aindriyaka''(sensorial diseases) i.e. a disease caused by the impairment of senses. [128]
 
When a disease is caused by wrong utilization, excessive, utilization and inadequate utilization (non – utilization) of sense faculties, viz. auditory etc, it is known as ''Aindriyaka''(sensorial diseases) i.e. a disease caused by the impairment of senses. [128]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
वेदनानामशान्तानामित्येते [३] हेतवः स्मृताः|  
 
वेदनानामशान्तानामित्येते [३] हेतवः स्मृताः|  
 
सुखहेतुः समस्त्वेकः समयोगः सुदुर्लभः||१२९||  
 
सुखहेतुः समस्त्वेकः समयोगः सुदुर्लभः||१२९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
vēdanānāmaśāntānāmityētē [3] hētavaḥ smr̥tāḥ|  
 
vēdanānāmaśāntānāmityētē [3] hētavaḥ smr̥tāḥ|  
Line 1,387: Line 1,889:
 
vedanAnAmashAntAnAmityete [3] hetavaH smRutAH|  
 
vedanAnAmashAntAnAmityete [3] hetavaH smRutAH|  
 
sukhahetuH samastvekaH samayogaH sudurlabhaH||129||  
 
sukhahetuH samastvekaH samayogaH sudurlabhaH||129||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
These are the causative factors of the diseases which do not subside easily. But for a blissful life or a life without misery i.e. ''samayoga'' i.e. very much proper contact of the sensory organ with their objects is needed though it is very difficult to keep in practice. These are the factors responsible for miseries. Equitable utilization (of time, intellect and objects of sense faculties) brings about happiness. This equitable utilization is difficult to attain. [129]
 
These are the causative factors of the diseases which do not subside easily. But for a blissful life or a life without misery i.e. ''samayoga'' i.e. very much proper contact of the sensory organ with their objects is needed though it is very difficult to keep in practice. These are the factors responsible for miseries. Equitable utilization (of time, intellect and objects of sense faculties) brings about happiness. This equitable utilization is difficult to attain. [129]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== Causes of happiness and miseries ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
नेन्द्रियाणि न चैवार्थाः सुखदुःखस्य हेतवः|  
 
नेन्द्रियाणि न चैवार्थाः सुखदुःखस्य हेतवः|  
 
हेतुस्तु सुखदुःखस्य योगो दृष्टश्चतुर्विधः||१३०||  
 
हेतुस्तु सुखदुःखस्य योगो दृष्टश्चतुर्विधः||१३०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nēndriyāṇi na caivārthāḥ sukhaduḥkhasya hētavaḥ|  
 
nēndriyāṇi na caivārthāḥ sukhaduḥkhasya hētavaḥ|  
Line 1,398: Line 1,907:
 
nendriyANi na caivArthAH sukhaduHkhasya hetavaH|  
 
nendriyANi na caivArthAH sukhaduHkhasya hetavaH|  
 
hetustu sukhaduHkhasya yogo dRuShTashcaturvidhaH||130||  
 
hetustu sukhaduHkhasya yogo dRuShTashcaturvidhaH||130||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
सन्तीन्द्रियाणि सन्त्यर्था योगो न [१] च न चास्ति रुक्|  
 
सन्तीन्द्रियाणि सन्त्यर्था योगो न [१] च न चास्ति रुक्|  
 
न सुखं, कारणं तस्माद्योग एव चतुर्वधः||१३१||  
 
न सुखं, कारणं तस्माद्योग एव चतुर्वधः||१३१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
santīndriyāṇi santyarthā yōgō na [1] ca na cāsti ruk|  
 
santīndriyāṇi santyarthā yōgō na [1] ca na cāsti ruk|  
Line 1,407: Line 1,919:
 
santIndriyANi santyarthA yogo na [1] ca na cAsti ruk|  
 
santIndriyANi santyarthA yogo na [1] ca na cAsti ruk|  
 
na sukhaM, kAraNaM tasmAdyoga eva caturvadhaH||131||  
 
na sukhaM, kAraNaM tasmAdyoga eva caturvadhaH||131||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Neither the sense organs nor their objects alone can bring about happiness or miseries. The latter are in fact caused by the fourfold contacts mentioned above (viz., proper utilization, wrong utilization, excessive utilization and non-utilization). Even if there are sense organs and their objects present, there would be no disease, nor any happiness unless the fourfold combination is involved. So, this contact itself constitutes a causative factor for happiness and miseries. [130-131]
 
Neither the sense organs nor their objects alone can bring about happiness or miseries. The latter are in fact caused by the fourfold contacts mentioned above (viz., proper utilization, wrong utilization, excessive utilization and non-utilization). Even if there are sense organs and their objects present, there would be no disease, nor any happiness unless the fourfold combination is involved. So, this contact itself constitutes a causative factor for happiness and miseries. [130-131]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
नात्मेन्द्रियं मनो बुद्धिं गोचरं [१] कर्म वा विना|  
 
नात्मेन्द्रियं मनो बुद्धिं गोचरं [१] कर्म वा विना|  
 
सुखदुःखं, यथा यच्च बोद्धव्यं तत्तथोच्यते||१३२||  
 
सुखदुःखं, यथा यच्च बोद्धव्यं तत्तथोच्यते||१३२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nātmēndriyaṁ manō buddhiṁ gōcaraṁ [1] karma vā vinā|  
 
nātmēndriyaṁ manō buddhiṁ gōcaraṁ [1] karma vā vinā|  
Line 1,418: Line 1,935:
 
nAtmendriyaM mano buddhiM gocaraM [1] karma vA vinA|  
 
nAtmendriyaM mano buddhiM gocaraM [1] karma vA vinA|  
 
sukhaduHkhaM, yathA yacca boddhavyaM tattathocyate||132||  
 
sukhaduHkhaM, yathA yacca boddhavyaM tattathocyate||132||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
As a matter of fact, no happiness or misery can be caused without the soul, the sense organs, mind, intellect, objects of sense organs and results of past action/deeds. But in the context of the science of medicine, it is only the fourfold contact which is relevant as a causative factor of happiness and miseries, that is to say the wholesome contact is required to be adhered to and the unwholesome one to be given up for the maintenance of good health. [132]
 
As a matter of fact, no happiness or misery can be caused without the soul, the sense organs, mind, intellect, objects of sense organs and results of past action/deeds. But in the context of the science of medicine, it is only the fourfold contact which is relevant as a causative factor of happiness and miseries, that is to say the wholesome contact is required to be adhered to and the unwholesome one to be given up for the maintenance of good health. [132]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
स्पर्शनेन्द्रियसंस्पर्शः स्पर्शो मानस एव च|  
 
स्पर्शनेन्द्रियसंस्पर्शः स्पर्शो मानस एव च|  
 
द्विविधः सुखदुःखानां वेदनानां प्रवर्तकः||१३३||  
 
द्विविधः सुखदुःखानां वेदनानां प्रवर्तकः||१३३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
sparśanēndriyasaṁsparśaḥ sparśō mānasa ēva ca|  
 
sparśanēndriyasaṁsparśaḥ sparśō mānasa ēva ca|  
Line 1,429: Line 1,951:
 
sparshanendriyasaMsparshaH sparsho mAnasa eva ca|  
 
sparshanendriyasaMsparshaH sparsho mAnasa eva ca|  
 
dvividhaH sukhaduHkhAnAM vedanAnAM pravartakaH||133||  
 
dvividhaH sukhaduHkhAnAM vedanAnAM pravartakaH||133||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
Tactual contact and mental contact are two types of contacts which bring about happiness and miseries. [133]
 
Tactual contact and mental contact are two types of contacts which bring about happiness and miseries. [133]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
इच्छाद्वेषात्मिका तृष्णा सुखदुःखात् प्रवर्तते|  
 
इच्छाद्वेषात्मिका तृष्णा सुखदुःखात् प्रवर्तते|  
 
तृष्णा च सुखदुःखानां कारणं पुनरुच्यते||१३४||  
 
तृष्णा च सुखदुःखानां कारणं पुनरुच्यते||१३४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
icchādvēṣātmikā tr̥ṣṇā sukhaduḥkhāt pravartatē|  
 
icchādvēṣātmikā tr̥ṣṇā sukhaduḥkhāt pravartatē|  
Line 1,440: Line 1,965:
 
icchAdveShAtmikA tRuShNA sukhaduHkhAt pravartate|  
 
icchAdveShAtmikA tRuShNA sukhaduHkhAt pravartate|  
 
tRuShNA ca sukhaduHkhAnAM kAraNaM punarucyate||134||  
 
tRuShNA ca sukhaduHkhAnAM kAraNaM punarucyate||134||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
उपादत्ते हि सा भावान् वेदनाश्रयसञ्ज्ञकान्|  
 
उपादत्ते हि सा भावान् वेदनाश्रयसञ्ज्ञकान्|  
 
स्पृश्यते नानुपादाने नास्पृष्टो वेत्ति वेदनाः||१३५||  
 
स्पृश्यते नानुपादाने नास्पृष्टो वेत्ति वेदनाः||१३५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
upādattē hi sā bhāvān vēdanāśrayasañjñakān|  
 
upādattē hi sā bhāvān vēdanāśrayasañjñakān|  
Line 1,449: Line 1,977:
 
upAdatte hi sA bhAvAn vedanAshrayasa~jj~jakAn|  
 
upAdatte hi sA bhAvAn vedanAshrayasa~jj~jakAn|  
 
spRushyate nAnupAdAne nAspRuShTo vetti vedanAH||135||  
 
spRushyate nAnupAdAne nAspRuShTo vetti vedanAH||135||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Happiness and miseries bring about lust in the form of likes and dislikes respectively. Then again this lust is responsible cause for happiness and miseries. It is lust which gathers several factors, which serve as substrata for happiness and misery. Unless such factors are gathered, there will be no contact whatsoever and there can be no happiness or miseries without such contacts. [134-135] (Cause for such type of contact is again ''purusha'')
+
Happiness and miseries bring about desire in the form of likes and dislikes respectively. Then again this desire is responsible cause for happiness and miseries. It is desire which gathers several factors, which serve as substrata for happiness and misery. Unless such factors are gathered, there will be no contact whatsoever and there can be no happiness or miseries without such contacts (Cause for such type of contact is again [[purusha]]).[134-135]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
वेदनानामधिष्ठानं मनो देहश्च सेन्द्रियः|  
 
वेदनानामधिष्ठानं मनो देहश्च सेन्द्रियः|  
 
केशलोमनखाग्रान्नमलद्रवगुणैर्विना||१३६||  
 
केशलोमनखाग्रान्नमलद्रवगुणैर्विना||१३६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
vēdanānāmadhiṣṭhānaṁ manō dēhaśca sēndriyaḥ|  
 
vēdanānāmadhiṣṭhānaṁ manō dēhaśca sēndriyaḥ|  
Line 1,460: Line 1,993:
 
vedanAnAmadhiShThAnaM mano dehashca sendriyaH|  
 
vedanAnAmadhiShThAnaM mano dehashca sendriyaH|  
 
keshalomanakhAgrAnnamaladravaguNairvinA||136||  
 
keshalomanakhAgrAnnamaladravaguNairvinA||136||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
The mind and the body together with the sense organs exclusive of ''kesha'' (hair), ''loma'' (body hair), tip of the nail, ingested food, excreta, excretory fluids and objects of senses are the sites of manifestation of happiness and miseries. [136]
 
The mind and the body together with the sense organs exclusive of ''kesha'' (hair), ''loma'' (body hair), tip of the nail, ingested food, excreta, excretory fluids and objects of senses are the sites of manifestation of happiness and miseries. [136]
 +
 +
=== Importance of ''Yoga'' (union with self) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
योगे मोक्षे च सर्वासां वेदनानामवर्तनम्|  
 
योगे मोक्षे च सर्वासां वेदनानामवर्तनम्|  
 
मोक्षे निवृत्तिर्निःशेषा योगो मोक्षप्रवर्तकः||१३७||  
 
मोक्षे निवृत्तिर्निःशेषा योगो मोक्षप्रवर्तकः||१३७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yōgē mōkṣē ca sarvāsāṁ vēdanānāmavartanam|  
 
yōgē mōkṣē ca sarvāsāṁ vēdanānāmavartanam|  
Line 1,471: Line 2,009:
 
yoge mokShe ca sarvAsAM vedanAnAmavartanam|  
 
yoge mokShe ca sarvAsAM vedanAnAmavartanam|  
 
mokShe nivRuttirniHsheShA yogo mokShapravartakaH||137||  
 
mokShe nivRuttirniHsheShA yogo mokShapravartakaH||137||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
Recurrence of all sensation is checked through ''yoga'' and ''moksha''. The absolute eradication of sensation is attained through ''moksha''. The ''yoga'' is a means to attain ''moksha''. [137]
 
Recurrence of all sensation is checked through ''yoga'' and ''moksha''. The absolute eradication of sensation is attained through ''moksha''. The ''yoga'' is a means to attain ''moksha''. [137]
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानां सन्निकर्षात् प्रवर्तते|  
 
आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानां सन्निकर्षात् प्रवर्तते|  
 
सुखदुःखमनारम्भादात्मस्थे मनसि स्थिरे||१३८||  
 
सुखदुःखमनारम्भादात्मस्थे मनसि स्थिरे||१३८||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ātmēndriyamanōrthānāṁ sannikarṣāt pravartatē|  
 
ātmēndriyamanōrthānāṁ sannikarṣāt pravartatē|  
Line 1,482: Line 2,023:
 
AtmendriyamanorthAnAM sannikarShAt pravartate|  
 
AtmendriyamanorthAnAM sannikarShAt pravartate|  
 
sukhaduHkhamanArambhAdAtmasthe manasi sthire||138||  
 
sukhaduHkhamanArambhAdAtmasthe manasi sthire||138||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
निवर्तते तदुभयं वशित्वं चोपजायते|  
 
निवर्तते तदुभयं वशित्वं चोपजायते|  
 
सशरीरस्य योगज्ञास्तं योगमृषयो विदुः||१३९||  
 
सशरीरस्य योगज्ञास्तं योगमृषयो विदुः||१३९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
nivartatē tadubhayaṁ vaśitvaṁ cōpajāyatē|  
 
nivartatē tadubhayaṁ vaśitvaṁ cōpajāyatē|  
Line 1,491: Line 2,035:
 
nivartate tadubhayaM vashitvaM copajAyate|  
 
nivartate tadubhayaM vashitvaM copajAyate|  
 
sasharIrasya yogaj~jAstaM yogamRuShayo viduH||139||  
 
sasharIrasya yogaj~jAstaM yogamRuShayo viduH||139||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
Happiness and miseries are felt due to the contact of the soul with the sense organs, mind and the objects of senses. Both these types of sensations disappear when the mind is concentrated and contained in the soul and the super natural powers in the mind and body are attained. This state is known as ''yoga'' according to sages well versed in this science. [138-139]
 
Happiness and miseries are felt due to the contact of the soul with the sense organs, mind and the objects of senses. Both these types of sensations disappear when the mind is concentrated and contained in the soul and the super natural powers in the mind and body are attained. This state is known as ''yoga'' according to sages well versed in this science. [138-139]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
आवेशश्चेतसो ज्ञानमर्थानां छन्दतः क्रिया|  
 
आवेशश्चेतसो ज्ञानमर्थानां छन्दतः क्रिया|  
 
दृष्टिः श्रोत्रं स्मृतिः कान्तिरिष्टतश्चाप्यदर्शनम्||१४०||  
 
दृष्टिः श्रोत्रं स्मृतिः कान्तिरिष्टतश्चाप्यदर्शनम्||१४०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
āvēśaścētasō jñānamarthānāṁ chandataḥ kriyā|  
 
āvēśaścētasō jñānamarthānāṁ chandataḥ kriyā|  
Line 1,502: Line 2,051:
 
Aveshashcetaso j~jAnamarthAnAM chandataH kriyA|  
 
Aveshashcetaso j~jAnamarthAnAM chandataH kriyA|  
 
dRuShTiH shrotraM smRutiH kAntiriShTatashcApyadarshanam||140||  
 
dRuShTiH shrotraM smRutiH kAntiriShTatashcApyadarshanam||140||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
इत्यष्टविधमाख्यातं योगिनां बलमैश्वरम्|  
 
इत्यष्टविधमाख्यातं योगिनां बलमैश्वरम्|  
 
शुद्धसत्त्वसमाधानात्तत् सर्वमुपजायते||१४१||  
 
शुद्धसत्त्वसमाधानात्तत् सर्वमुपजायते||१४१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ityaṣṭavidhamākhyātaṁ yōgināṁ balamaiśvaram|  
 
ityaṣṭavidhamākhyātaṁ yōgināṁ balamaiśvaram|  
Line 1,511: Line 2,063:
 
ityaShTavidhamAkhyAtaM yoginAM balamaishvaram|  
 
ityaShTavidhamAkhyAtaM yoginAM balamaishvaram|  
 
shuddhasattvasamAdhAnAttat sarvamupajAyate||141||  
 
shuddhasattvasamAdhAnAttat sarvamupajAyate||141||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
(1) Entering others body, (2) thought reading (3) doing things at will, (4) Super natural vision (5) super natural audition (6) miraculous memory (7) uncommon brilliance and (8) invisibility when so desired – these are the eight supernatural powers attained by those who practice ''yoga''. All this is achieved through the purity of the mind. (free from ''rajas'' and ''tamas'') [140-141]
+
(1) Entering others body, (2) thought reading (3) doing things at will, (4) Super natural vision (5) super natural audition (6) miraculous memory (7) uncommon brilliance and (8) invisibility when so desired – these are the eight supernatural powers attained by those who practice ''yoga''. All this is achieved through the purity of the mind. (free from ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'') [140-141]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
=== ''Moksha'' (salvation) and means for its attainment===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
मोक्षो रजस्तमोऽभावात् बलवत्कर्मसङ्क्षयात्|  
 
मोक्षो रजस्तमोऽभावात् बलवत्कर्मसङ्क्षयात्|  
 
वियोगः सर्वसंयोगैरपुनर्भव उच्यते||१४२||  
 
वियोगः सर्वसंयोगैरपुनर्भव उच्यते||१४२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
mōkṣō rajastamō'bhāvāt balavatkarmasaṅkṣayāt|  
 
mōkṣō rajastamō'bhāvāt balavatkarmasaṅkṣayāt|  
Line 1,522: Line 2,081:
 
mokSho rajastamo~abhAvAt balavatkarmasa~gkShayAt|  
 
mokSho rajastamo~abhAvAt balavatkarmasa~gkShayAt|  
 
viyogaH sarvasaMyogairapunarbhava ucyate||142||  
 
viyogaH sarvasaMyogairapunarbhava ucyate||142||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
This is the stage of salvation in which there is detachment of ''sharira, mana, indriya'' and ''atma''.
+
This is the stage of salvation in which there is detachment of ''sharira, [[manas]], [[indriya]]'' and ''[[Aatma]]''.
''Moksha'' or salvation is nothing but an absolute detachment of all contacts by virtue of absence of ''rajas'' and ''tamas'' in the mind and annihilation of effects of potent past actions/deeds. This is a state after which there is no more physical or mental contacts.  Further there is no process of rebirth.[142]
+
''Moksha'' or salvation is nothing but an absolute detachment of all contacts by virtue of absence of ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' in the mind and annihilation of effects of potent past actions/deeds. This is a state after which there is no more physical or mental contacts.  Further there is no process of rebirth.[142]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
सतामुपासनं सम्यगसतां परिवर्जनम्|  
 
सतामुपासनं सम्यगसतां परिवर्जनम्|  
 
व्रतचर्योपवासौ च नियमाश्च पृथग्विधाः||१४३||  
 
व्रतचर्योपवासौ च नियमाश्च पृथग्विधाः||१४३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
satāmupāsanaṁ samyagasatāṁ parivarjanam|  
 
satāmupāsanaṁ samyagasatāṁ parivarjanam|  
Line 1,534: Line 2,098:
 
satAmupAsanaM samyagasatAM parivarjanam|  
 
satAmupAsanaM samyagasatAM parivarjanam|  
 
vratacaryopavAsau ca niyamAshca pRuthagvidhAH||143||  
 
vratacaryopavAsau ca niyamAshca pRuthagvidhAH||143||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
धारणं धर्मशास्त्राणां विज्ञानं विजने रतिः|  
 
धारणं धर्मशास्त्राणां विज्ञानं विजने रतिः|  
 
विषयेष्वरतिर्मोक्षे व्यवसायः परा धृतिः||१४४||  
 
विषयेष्वरतिर्मोक्षे व्यवसायः परा धृतिः||१४४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
dhāraṇaṁ dharmaśāstrāṇāṁ vijñānaṁ vijanē ratiḥ|  
 
dhāraṇaṁ dharmaśāstrāṇāṁ vijñānaṁ vijanē ratiḥ|  
Line 1,543: Line 2,110:
 
dhAraNaM dharmashAstrANAM vij~jAnaM vijane ratiH|  
 
dhAraNaM dharmashAstrANAM vij~jAnaM vijane ratiH|  
 
viShayeShvaratirmokShe vyavasAyaH parA dhRutiH||144||  
 
viShayeShvaratirmokShe vyavasAyaH parA dhRutiH||144||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
कर्मणामसमारम्भः कृतानां च परिक्षयः|  
 
कर्मणामसमारम्भः कृतानां च परिक्षयः|  
 
नैष्क्रम्यमनहङ्कारः [१] संयोगे भयदर्शनम्||१४५||  
 
नैष्क्रम्यमनहङ्कारः [१] संयोगे भयदर्शनम्||१४५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
karmaṇāmasamārambhaḥ kr̥tānāṁ ca parikṣayaḥ|  
 
karmaṇāmasamārambhaḥ kr̥tānāṁ ca parikṣayaḥ|  
Line 1,552: Line 2,122:
 
karmaNAmasamArambhaH kRutAnAM ca parikShayaH|  
 
karmaNAmasamArambhaH kRutAnAM ca parikShayaH|  
 
naiShkramyamanaha~gkAraH [1] saMyoge bhayadarshanam||145||  
 
naiShkramyamanaha~gkAraH [1] saMyoge bhayadarshanam||145||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
मनोबुद्धिसमाधानमर्थतत्त्वपरीक्षणम्|  
 
मनोबुद्धिसमाधानमर्थतत्त्वपरीक्षणम्|  
 
तत्त्वस्मृतेरुपस्थानात् सर्वमेतत् प्रवर्तते||१४६||  
 
तत्त्वस्मृतेरुपस्थानात् सर्वमेतत् प्रवर्तते||१४६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
manōbuddhisamādhānamarthatattvaparīkṣaṇam|  
 
manōbuddhisamādhānamarthatattvaparīkṣaṇam|  
Line 1,561: Line 2,134:
 
manobuddhisamAdhAnamarthatattvaparIkShaNam|  
 
manobuddhisamAdhAnamarthatattvaparIkShaNam|  
 
tattvasmRuterupasthAnAt sarvametat pravartate||146||  
 
tattvasmRuterupasthAnAt sarvametat pravartate||146||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
The following serve as means to the attainment of ''moksha''.  
 
The following serve as means to the attainment of ''moksha''.  
Line 1,583: Line 2,157:
  
 
All this can be attained by virtue of the constant remembering of the fact that the soul is different from the body, mind and senses and the latter has nothing to do with the former. [143-146]
 
All this can be attained by virtue of the constant remembering of the fact that the soul is different from the body, mind and senses and the latter has nothing to do with the former. [143-146]
 +
 +
=== [[Smriti]] (memory) ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
स्मृतिः सत्सेवनाद्यैश्च धृत्यन्तैरुपजायते|  
 
स्मृतिः सत्सेवनाद्यैश्च धृत्यन्तैरुपजायते|  
 
स्मृत्वा स्वभावं भावानां स्मरन् दुःखात् प्रमुच्यते||१४७||  
 
स्मृत्वा स्वभावं भावानां स्मरन् दुःखात् प्रमुच्यते||१४७||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
smr̥tiḥ satsēvanādyaiśca dhr̥tyantairupajāyatē|  
 
smr̥tiḥ satsēvanādyaiśca dhr̥tyantairupajāyatē|  
Line 1,592: Line 2,170:
 
smRutiH satsevanAdyaishca dhRutyantairupajAyate|  
 
smRutiH satsevanAdyaishca dhRutyantairupajAyate|  
 
smRutvA svabhAvaM bhAvAnAM smaran duHkhAt pramucyate||147||  
 
smRutvA svabhAvaM bhAvAnAM smaran duHkhAt pramucyate||147||  
   
+
  </div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
 
वक्ष्यन्ते कारणान्यष्टौ स्मृतिर्यैरुपजायते|  
 
वक्ष्यन्ते कारणान्यष्टौ स्मृतिर्यैरुपजायते|  
 
निमित्तरूपग्रहणात् सादृश्यात् सविपर्ययात्||१४८||  
 
निमित्तरूपग्रहणात् सादृश्यात् सविपर्ययात्||१४८||  
 
+
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
The regime prescribed in verses above, beginning with devotion to the noble persons and ending with absolute mental control (items 1-10) serve as an aid to good memory. If one only remembers the real nature of thing he gets rid of miseries. [147]
 
  
 
vakṣyantē kāraṇānyaṣṭau smr̥tiryairupajāyatē|  
 
vakṣyantē kāraṇānyaṣṭau smr̥tiryairupajāyatē|  
Line 1,603: Line 2,182:
 
vakShyante kAraNAnyaShTau smRutiryairupajAyate|  
 
vakShyante kAraNAnyaShTau smRutiryairupajAyate|  
 
nimittarUpagrahaNAt sAdRushyAt saviparyayAt||148||  
 
nimittarUpagrahaNAt sAdRushyAt saviparyayAt||148||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
सत्त्वानुबन्धादभ्यासाज्ज्ञानयोगात् पुनः श्रुतात्|  
 
सत्त्वानुबन्धादभ्यासाज्ज्ञानयोगात् पुनः श्रुतात्|  
 
दृष्टश्रुतानुभूतानां स्मारणात् स्मृतिरुच्यते||१४९||  
 
दृष्टश्रुतानुभूतानां स्मारणात् स्मृतिरुच्यते||१४९||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
sattvānubandhādabhyāsājjñānayōgāt punaḥ śrutāt|  
 
sattvānubandhādabhyāsājjñānayōgāt punaḥ śrutāt|  
Line 1,612: Line 2,194:
 
sattvAnubandhAdabhyAsAjj~jAnayogAt punaH shrutAt|  
 
sattvAnubandhAdabhyAsAjj~jAnayogAt punaH shrutAt|  
 
dRuShTashrutAnubhUtAnAM smAraNAt smRutirucyate||149||  
 
dRuShTashrutAnubhUtAnAM smAraNAt smRutirucyate||149||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 +
A memory is nothing but the remembrance of things directly perceived, heard (from scriptures) or experienced earlier. The regimen prescribed in verses above, beginning with devotion to the noble persons and ending with absolute mental control (items 1-10) serve as an aid to good memory. If one only remembers the real nature of thing he gets rid of miseries.
  
 
The following are the eight factors that bring about a good memory:
 
The following are the eight factors that bring about a good memory:
Line 1,622: Line 2,207:
 
# Practice;
 
# Practice;
 
# Attainment of metaphysical knowledge; and  
 
# Attainment of metaphysical knowledge; and  
# Subsequent partial communication of an event.
+
# Subsequent repeated visualization and hearing (of a thing or an event). [147-149]
 
+
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
A memory is nothing but the remembrance of things directly perceived, heard (from scriptures) or experienced earlier. [148-149]
 
  
 
एतत्तदेकमयनं मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य दर्शितम्|  
 
एतत्तदेकमयनं मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य दर्शितम्|  
 
तत्त्वस्मृतिबलं, येन गता न पुनरागताः||१५०||  
 
तत्त्वस्मृतिबलं, येन गता न पुनरागताः||१५०||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ētattadēkamayanaṁ muktairmōkṣasya darśitam|  
 
ētattadēkamayanaṁ muktairmōkṣasya darśitam|  
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etattadekamayanaM muktairmokShasya darshitam|  
 
etattadekamayanaM muktairmokShasya darshitam|  
 
tattvasmRutibalaM, yena gatA na punarAgatAH||150||  
 
tattvasmRutibalaM, yena gatA na punarAgatAH||150||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अयनं पुनराख्यातमेतद्योगस्य योगिभिः|  
 
अयनं पुनराख्यातमेतद्योगस्य योगिभिः|  
 
सङ्ख्यातधर्मैः साङ्ख्यैश्च मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य चायनम्||१५१||  
 
सङ्ख्यातधर्मैः साङ्ख्यैश्च मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य चायनम्||१५१||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ayanaṁ punarākhyātamētadyōgasya yōgibhiḥ|  
 
ayanaṁ punarākhyātamētadyōgasya yōgibhiḥ|  
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ayanaM punarAkhyAtametadyogasya yogibhiH|  
 
ayanaM punarAkhyAtametadyogasya yogibhiH|  
 
sa~gkhyAtadharmaiH sA~gkhyaishca muktairmokShasya cAyanam||151||  
 
sa~gkhyAtadharmaiH sA~gkhyaishca muktairmokShasya cAyanam||151||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
The power of metaphysical memory constitutes the best way of liberation, as shown by the liberated ones. Persons following this way do not get rebirth after death. This is again the best way to the attainment of ''yoga'' (communion with God) as well as ''moksha'' (salvation). This is what the ''yogins'', the virtous ones, the followers of the ''Sankhya'' system, and the liberated ones say. [150-151]
 
The power of metaphysical memory constitutes the best way of liberation, as shown by the liberated ones. Persons following this way do not get rebirth after death. This is again the best way to the attainment of ''yoga'' (communion with God) as well as ''moksha'' (salvation). This is what the ''yogins'', the virtous ones, the followers of the ''Sankhya'' system, and the liberated ones say. [150-151]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
सर्वं कारणवद्दुःखमस्वं चानित्यमेव च|  
 
सर्वं कारणवद्दुःखमस्वं चानित्यमेव च|  
 
न चात्मकृतकं तद्धि तत्र चोत्पद्यते स्वता||१५२||  
 
न चात्मकृतकं तद्धि तत्र चोत्पद्यते स्वता||१५२||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
sarvaṁ kāraṇavadduḥkhamasvaṁ cānityamēva ca|  
 
sarvaṁ kāraṇavadduḥkhamasvaṁ cānityamēva ca|  
Line 1,654: Line 2,247:
 
sarvaM kAraNavadduHkhamasvaM cAnityameva ca|  
 
sarvaM kAraNavadduHkhamasvaM cAnityameva ca|  
 
na cAtmakRutakaM taddhi tatra cotpadyate svatA||152||  
 
na cAtmakRutakaM taddhi tatra cotpadyate svatA||152||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
यावन्नोत्पद्यते सत्या बुद्धिर्नैतदहं यया|  
 
यावन्नोत्पद्यते सत्या बुद्धिर्नैतदहं यया|  
 
नैतन्ममेति विज्ञाय ज्ञः सर्वमतिवर्तते||१५३||  
 
नैतन्ममेति विज्ञाय ज्ञः सर्वमतिवर्तते||१५३||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
yāvannōtpadyatē satyā buddhirnaitadahaṁ yayā|  
 
yāvannōtpadyatē satyā buddhirnaitadahaṁ yayā|  
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yAvannotpadyate satyA buddhirnaitadahaM yayA|  
 
yAvannotpadyate satyA buddhirnaitadahaM yayA|  
 
naitanmameti vij~jAya j~jaH sarvamativartate||153||  
 
naitanmameti vij~jAya j~jaH sarvamativartate||153||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Any thing that has a cause constitutes misery; it is alien and ephemeral. It is not produced by the soul (''atman''); but one has got a feeling of its ownership until one has got a real knowledge to the effect that this is something different from him; and is not his own. As soon as one knows it, he gets rid of all miseries. [152-153]
+
Any thing that has a cause constitutes misery; it is not one's own and ephemeral. It is not produced by the soul (''[[Aatma]]''); but one has got a feeling of its ownership until one has got a real knowledge to the effect that this is something different from him; and is not his own. As soon as one knows it, he gets rid of all miseries. [152-153]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
तस्मिंश्चरमसन्न्यासे समूलाः सर्ववेदनाः|  
 
तस्मिंश्चरमसन्न्यासे समूलाः सर्ववेदनाः|  
 
ससञ्ज्ञाज्ञानविज्ञाना [४] निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१५४||  
 
ससञ्ज्ञाज्ञानविज्ञाना [४] निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१५४||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
tasmiṁścaramasannyāsē samūlāḥ sarvavēdanāḥ|  
 
tasmiṁścaramasannyāsē samūlāḥ sarvavēdanāḥ|  
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tasmiMshcaramasannyAse samUlAH sarvavedanAH|  
 
tasmiMshcaramasannyAse samUlAH sarvavedanAH|  
 
sasa~jj~jAj~jAnavij~jAnA [4] nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||154||  
 
sasa~jj~jAj~jAnavij~jAnA [4] nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||154||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 +
As soon as the final renunciation in respect of all subsequent actions is attained, the very consciousness together with its final causes in the form of indeterminate, determinate or scriptural knowledge is completely eradicated. [154]
  
As soon as the final renunciation in respect of all subsequent actions is attained, the very consciousness together with its final causes in the form of intermediate, determinate or scriptural knowledge is completely eradicated. [154]
+
=== Process of knowledge of self ===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
  
 
अतः परं ब्रह्मभूतो भूतात्मा नोपलभ्यते|  
 
अतः परं ब्रह्मभूतो भूतात्मा नोपलभ्यते|  
 
निःसृतः सर्वभावेभ्यश्चिह्नं यस्य न विद्यते|  
 
निःसृतः सर्वभावेभ्यश्चिह्नं यस्य न विद्यते|  
 +
गतिर्ब्रह्मविदां ब्रह्म तच्चाक्षरमलक्षणम्।
 
ज्ञानं ब्रह्मविदां चात्र नाज्ञस्तज्ज्ञातुमर्हति||१५५||  
 
ज्ञानं ब्रह्मविदां चात्र नाज्ञस्तज्ज्ञातुमर्हति||१५५||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
ataḥ paraṁ brahmabhūtō bhūtātmā nōpalabhyatē|  
 
ataḥ paraṁ brahmabhūtō bhūtātmā nōpalabhyatē|  
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niHsRutaH sarvabhAvebhyashcihnaM yasya na vidyate|  
 
niHsRutaH sarvabhAvebhyashcihnaM yasya na vidyate|  
 
j~jAnaM brahmavidAM cAtra nAj~jastajj~jAtumarhati||155||  
 
j~jAnaM brahmavidAM cAtra nAj~jastajj~jAtumarhati||155||  
 +
</div></div>
 +
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Thereafter, one identifies himself with supreme soul and the ''purusha'' ceases to exist. He is easily distinguishable form all other manifestations. He does not even leave any indication (inspiration, expiration etc.) of his existence. This is what those well versed in the ''bramajnana'' say. It is impossible for an ignorant person to know this. Later on when the soul (''jivatma'') attains the state of ''Brahma'' (supreme soul), then state of ''bhutatma'' get lost and this supreme soul gets detached by all associated factors and also gets freed from all those signs and symptoms of ''jeevatma'' (verses 70-72) .  This is a state of ''bragyana'' which could be achieved by few intellectual one (''brahmgyani'') not by ignorant one. [155]
+
Thereafter, one identifies himself with supreme soul and the [[Purusha]] ceases to exist. He is easily distinguishable form all other manifestations. He does not even leave any indication (inspiration, expiration etc.) of his existence. This is what those well versed in the ''bramajnana'' say. It is impossible for an ignorant person to know this. Later on when the soul (''jivatma'') attains the state of ''Brahma'' (supreme soul), then state of ''bhutatma'' get lost and this supreme soul gets detached by all associated factors and also gets freed from all those signs and symptoms of ''jeevatma'' (verses 70-72) .  This is a state of ''bragyana'' which could be achieved by few intellectual one (''brahmgyani'') not by ignorant one. [155]
 
</div>
 
</div>
 +
 +
===Summary===
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
 +
 
तत्र श्लोकः-  
 
तत्र श्लोकः-  
 
प्रश्नाः पुरुषमाश्रित्य त्रयोविंशतिरुत्तमाः|  
 
प्रश्नाः पुरुषमाश्रित्य त्रयोविंशतिरुत्तमाः|  
कतिधापुरुषीयेऽस्मिन्निर्णीतास्तत्त्वदर्शिना||१५६|| m
+
कतिधापुरुषीयेऽस्मिन्निर्णीतास्तत्त्वदर्शिना||१५६||  
 +
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
  
 
tatra ślōkaḥ-  
 
tatra ślōkaḥ-  
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prashnAH puruShamAshritya trayoviMshatiruttamAH|  
 
prashnAH puruShamAshritya trayoviMshatiruttamAH|  
 
katidhApuruShIye~asminnirNItAstattvadarshinA||156||  
 
katidhApuruShIye~asminnirNItAstattvadarshinA||156||  
 +
</div></div>
  
 
To sum up :
 
To sum up :
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
 
<div style="text-align:justify;">
In this chapter, the various constituents of the ''purusha'' etc., conducive to the understanding of the human physiology, 23 important questions regarding the ''purusha'' and the supreme soul have been answered by the enlightened Seer. [156]
+
In this chapter, the various constituents of the [[Purusha]] etc., conducive to the understanding of the human physiology, 23 important questions regarding the [[Purusha]] and the supreme soul have been answered by the enlightened Seer. [156]
  
=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===
+
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
  
# ''Purusha'' represents the element of consciousness, i.e. the soul, different from the body. This ''purusha'' plays an important role in formulating treatments for the eradication of miseries and attainment of salvation.  
+
# ''[[Purusha]]'' represents the element of consciousness, i.e. the soul, different from the body. This ''[[purusha]]'' plays an important role in formulating treatments for the eradication of miseries and attainment of salvation.  
# The mind analyses sense objects on the basis of merits and demerits, their acceptability or otherwise, while ''ahamkara'' causes self attachment and finally ''buddhi'' takes decision whether they are acceptable or not. Charaka describes senses composed of ''bhutas'' whereas ''samkhya'' mentions them as evolved from ''ahamkara''. This is the different view of Ayurveda based on its application in management. (21-24)
+
# The mind analyses sense objects on the basis of merits and demerits, their acceptability or otherwise, while ''ahamkara'' causes self attachment and finally ''[[buddhi]]'' takes decision whether they are acceptable or not. Charak describes senses composed of ''bhutas'' whereas ''samkhya'' mentions them as evolved from ''ahamkara''. This is the different view of [[Ayurveda]] based on its application in management. (21-24)
# Mind is an important entity involved in the process of knowledge. Knowledge of objects cannot be perceived if the mind is absent in the process. Atomicity and oneness are the two properties of mind. Mind controls itself as well as the five senses. The different objects of the mind are thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention and determination. The knowledge of the objects is perceived through the five senses in connection with mind. The advantages and disadvantages of the perceived objects are ascertained thereafter. Then the intellect decides the specific properties of the objects and individual acts accordingly. The chain of perception starts from the desire that arises with the ''purusha''. The important components of this chain are atma, mind, five senses and objects. Any abnormality in this chain leads to nonperception or false knowledge. (18-25)
+
# Mind is an important entity involved in the process of knowledge. Knowledge of objects cannot be perceived if the mind is absent in the process. Atomicity and oneness are the two properties of mind. Mind controls itself as well as the five senses. The different objects of the mind are thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention and determination. The knowledge of the objects is perceived through the five senses in connection with mind. The advantages and disadvantages of the perceived objects are ascertained thereafter. Then the intellect decides the specific properties of the objects and individual acts accordingly. The chain of perception starts from the desire that arises with the ''[[purusha]]''. The important components of this chain are [[Aatma]], mind, five senses and objects. Any abnormality in this chain leads to nonperception or false knowledge. (18-25)
# ''Purusha'' is considered as the main causative factor. Occurrence of intelligence, ignorance, support, movement etc. is not possible without existence of ''purusha''. ''Purusha'' is the supporting element for truth, falsehood, food and bad actions. ''Purusha'' i.e. conscious element provides the utility value to other things. The cause of ''purusha'' can be proved by all ''pramanas''. The organs of living beings are different but the entity responsible for their action is one and the same and that is the soul. Therefore, apart from the body which is in the constant process of decay, soul is eternal and responsible for all the actions and also experiences the results of such deeds. (49-62)
+
# ''[[Purusha]]'' is considered as the main causative factor. Occurrence of intelligence, ignorance, support, movement etc. is not possible without existence of ''[[purusha]]''. ''[[Purusha]]'' is the supporting element for truth, falsehood, food and bad actions. ''[[Purusha]]'' i.e. conscious element provides the utility value to other things. The cause of ''purusha'' can be proved by all ''pramanas''. The organs of living beings are different but the entity responsible for their action is one and the same and that is the soul. Therefore, apart from the body which is in the constant process of decay, soul is eternal and responsible for all the actions and also experiences the results of such deeds. (49-62)
# The supreme soul is without a beginning, but the ''rashipurusha'', which is a combination of 24 elements, is born due to the ignorant actions/deeds originated because of auspicious and inauspicious, and is therefore ephemeral. The twenty four elements are the combination of ''ashta prakriti'' and ''shodasha vikara''. ''Ashta prakriti'' comprises of the five subtle ''mahabhutas, buddhi, avyakta,'' and ''ahamkara''. ''Shodasha vikaras'' are five sense faculties (''jnanendriya''), five motor faculties (''karmendriya''), mind and five ''mahabhutas''. The ''purusha'' along with the instruments of knowledge i.e. ''mana, buddhi, jnanendriya'' and ''karmendriya'' is responsible for the manifestation of things. (63-64)
+
# The supreme soul is without a beginning, but the ''rashipurusha'', which is a combination of 24 elements, is born due to the ignorant actions/deeds originated because of auspicious and inauspicious, and is therefore ephemeral. The twenty four elements are the combination of ''ashta [[prakriti]]'' and ''shodasha vikara''. ''Ashta [[prakriti]]'' comprises of the five subtle ''[[mahabhuta]]s, [[buddhi]], avyakta,'' and ''ahamkara''. ''Shodasha vikaras'' are five sense faculties (''jnanendriya''), five motor faculties (''karmendriya''), mind and five ''[[mahabhuta]]s''. The ''[[purusha]]'' along with the instruments of knowledge i.e. '';[[manas]], [[buddhi]], jnanendriya'' and ''karmendriya'' is responsible for the manifestation of things. (63-64)
# The process of evolution incorporates the chain of events which get originated from ''avyakta, avyakta'' produces ''buddhi, buddhi'' produces ''ahamkara, ahamkara'' produces five subtle and five gross ''mahabhutas'' and is called as born. Whereas during the process of dissolution the reverse changes take place. As a result of theses reverse changes the manifested one gets converted into the unmanifested one. Those who are afflicted with ''rajas, tamas'' and have ego undergo the process of birth and death and rebirth. Others who are free of ''rajas'' and ''tamas'' and does not have ego are free from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. (65-69)
+
# The process of evolution incorporates the chain of events which get originated from ''avyakta, avyakta'' produces ''[[buddhi]], [[buddhi]]'' produces ''ahamkara, ahamkara'' produces five subtle and five gross ''[[mahabhuta]]s'' and is called as born. Whereas during the process of dissolution the reverse changes take place. As a result of theses reverse changes the manifested one gets converted into the unmanifested one. Those who are afflicted with ''[[rajas]], [[tamas]]'' and have ego undergo the process of birth and death and rebirth. Others who are free of ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' and does not have ego are free from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. (65-69)
 
# The soul is the source of consciousness and along with mind is responsible for all actions. As the mind does not have consciousness in spite of its involvement in all actions it is not held responsible for the actions. All the living beings themselves are responsible for their transmigration from one species/body to another. Though the soul is free to act, it can control the mind and get rid of the results of the actions of his own. As this soul with controlled mind pervades the entire universe it is considered Omni-prescient. But its contact with the mind makes him restricted with one body only. This soul becomes the sole witness of all actions performed. (70-85)
 
# The soul is the source of consciousness and along with mind is responsible for all actions. As the mind does not have consciousness in spite of its involvement in all actions it is not held responsible for the actions. All the living beings themselves are responsible for their transmigration from one species/body to another. Though the soul is free to act, it can control the mind and get rid of the results of the actions of his own. As this soul with controlled mind pervades the entire universe it is considered Omni-prescient. But its contact with the mind makes him restricted with one body only. This soul becomes the sole witness of all actions performed. (70-85)
# A physician treats the diseases of past, present and future by different methods. The causative factors are responsible for the equilibrium and imbalance of ''dhatus''. (86)
+
# A physician treats the diseases of past, present and future by different methods. The causative factors are responsible for the equilibrium and imbalance of ''[[dhatu]]s''. (86)
# A person indulges in various activities due to his desires. He subjects himself to good and bad effects of his actions leading to miseries. The miseries can be checked if the desires are ignored. The impairment of ''dhi, dhriti, smriti,'' maturity of time and actions and unwholesome contact of senses with their objects leads to miseries. The diseases originated from temporal factors (''kalaja'') leads to geriatrics and death. These diseases are called as ''swabhavika roga'' and these diseases are irremediable. The other variety of ''roga'' is ''karmaja roga'' which are results of acts of past life. These disease, do not respond to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the results of past action are exhausted. One more variety of the disease is aindriyaka i.e. the diseases which are originated due to improper utilization of senses. So, proper utilization of time, intellect and senses bring about happiness, but this proper utilization is difficult to attain. (95-131)
+
# A person indulges in various activities due to his desires. He subjects himself to good and bad effects of his actions leading to miseries. The miseries can be checked if the desires are ignored. The impairment of ''dhi, dhriti, [[smriti]],'' maturity of time and actions and unwholesome contact of senses with their objects leads to miseries. The diseases originated from temporal factors (''kalaja'') leads to geriatrics and death. These diseases are called as ''swabhavika roga'' and these diseases are irremediable. The other variety of ''roga'' is ''karmaja roga'' which are results of acts of past life. These disease, do not respond to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the results of past action are exhausted. One more variety of the disease is a indriyaka i.e. the diseases which are originated due to improper utilization of senses. So, proper utilization of time, intellect and senses bring about happiness, but this proper utilization is difficult to attain. (95-131)
# The ultimate cause of happiness and miseries is lust. All kinds of pain can be checked with the help of ''yoga'' and ''moksha''. ''Yoga'' leads to temporary loss of pain where as moksha leads to absolute eradication of all kinds of pain. As soon as the stage of ''yoga'' is disturbed, there will be recurrence of pain. ''Yoga'' is one of the means to attain ''moksha''. Both the sensations i.e. happiness and miseries disappear when mind is concentrated and contained in the soul. This stage is known as ''yoga'' and it gives eight super natural powers to the individual who has attained this stage. Absence of ''rajas'' and ''tamas'' in mind and reduction of the potent effects of past actions leads to absolute detachment i.e ''moksha''. To achieve the salvation, one has to always remember that soul and body are two different entities. Until and unless one acquires the real knowledge, i.e., ''satya buddhi'' he can not get rid of all miseries. A Person who follows all the means to achieve salvation do not return to this world and is permantly set free from all kinds of miseries.  (134-146)
+
# The ultimate cause of happiness and miseries is lust. All kinds of pain can be checked with the help of ''yoga'' and ''moksha''. ''Yoga'' leads to temporary loss of pain where as moksha leads to absolute eradication of all kinds of pain. As soon as the stage of ''yoga'' is disturbed, there will be recurrence of pain. ''Yoga'' is one of the means to attain ''moksha''. Both the sensations i.e. happiness and miseries disappear when mind is concentrated and contained in the soul. This stage is known as ''yoga'' and it gives eight super natural powers to the individual who has attained this stage. Absence of ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'' in mind and reduction of the potent effects of past actions leads to absolute detachment i.e ''moksha''. To achieve the salvation, one has to always remember that soul and body are two different entities. Until and unless one acquires the real knowledge, i.e., ''satya buddhi'' he can not get rid of all miseries. A Person who follows all the means to achieve salvation do not return to this world and is permantly set free from all kinds of miseries.  (134-146)
  
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
+
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
  
 
Unlike the description of human anatomy in modern medical texts given as independent isolated structure, this chapter explains the anatomy and functioning of human mind and body in relation to the universe. Such connected relationship of humans with universe is the basis of pursuing the lifestyle to have disease free, productive and long life. The chapter directs to a lifestyle with connection to the source (consciousness), control of senses and conduciveness to the seasons by practicing ''yoga''.   
 
Unlike the description of human anatomy in modern medical texts given as independent isolated structure, this chapter explains the anatomy and functioning of human mind and body in relation to the universe. Such connected relationship of humans with universe is the basis of pursuing the lifestyle to have disease free, productive and long life. The chapter directs to a lifestyle with connection to the source (consciousness), control of senses and conduciveness to the seasons by practicing ''yoga''.   
  
==== Test for existence of mind and its importance in process of knowledge ====
+
=== Test for existence of mind and its importance in process of knowledge ===
One and the most important proof of existence of mind is materialization or otherwise of direct perception. The contact of mind with soul, sense organs with their objects consequently leads to understanding and knowledge of that particular object. The presence of mind can be inferred from presence or absence of knowledge. (Cha.Sha.1/18-19)This is also one of the sign of functioning mind. It is most applicable test because mind plays great role in the chain of perception to knowledge and memory. The things are memorized only after proper attention and perception. Otherwise all goes in vain in absent minded people.
+
One and the most important proof of existence of mind is materialization or otherwise of direct perception. The contact of mind with soul, sense organs with their objects consequently leads to understanding and knowledge of that particular object. The presence of mind can be inferred from presence or absence of knowledge. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/18-19] This is also one of the sign of functioning mind. It is most applicable test because mind plays great role in the chain of perception to knowledge and memory. The things are memorized only after proper attention and perception. Otherwise all goes in vain in absent minded people.
  
==== Attributes of mind ====
+
=== Attributes of mind ===
  
The mind is ''anu'' (subtle) and ''eka'' (unitary). (Cha.Sha.1/19) It is subtler than the subtlest and hence cannot be perceived by ordinary senses. This subtleness is the reason for limitation of modern psychiatry to define and conclude the exact structure of mind. It appears multiple in same individual due to variation in pertaining to perception of its own objects (''svartha''), motivation and perception of objects of senses (''indriyartha'') and its deposition. Similarly it takes various forms due to its contact with qualities like intelligence (''sattva''), arrogance (''rajas'') and Ignorance (''tamas''). But it is only one because it can motivate only one sense organ resulting in activation of only one organ at a time. Mind is not multiple because it cannot motivate and establish contact with all sense organs simultaneously. (Cha.Su.8/5) This quality again denotes the application of power of mind concentration to perceive things.  
+
The mind is ''anu'' (subtle) and ''eka'' (unitary). [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/19] It is subtler than the subtlest and hence cannot be perceived by ordinary senses. This subtleness is the reason for limitation of modern psychiatry to define and conclude the exact structure of mind. It appears multiple in same individual due to variation in pertaining to perception of its own objects (''svartha''), motivation and perception of objects of senses (''indriyartha'') and its deposition. Similarly it takes various forms due to its contact with qualities like intelligence (''sattva''), arrogance (''[[rajas]]'') and Ignorance (''[[tamas]]''). But it is only one because it can motivate only one sense organ resulting in activation of only one organ at a time. Mind is not multiple because it cannot motivate and establish contact with all sense organs simultaneously. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 8/5] This quality again denotes the application of power of mind concentration to perceive things.  
  
 
The other attribute of mind is its ''Chanchalatva'' (fickleness). It is one of the major obstacles in concentration and meditation.
 
The other attribute of mind is its ''Chanchalatva'' (fickleness). It is one of the major obstacles in concentration and meditation.
  
==== Functions of mind (''karmani'') ====
+
=== Functions of mind (''karmani'') ===
  
 
Four important functions of mind (Cha.Sha.1/21)are described as:
 
Four important functions of mind (Cha.Sha.1/21)are described as:
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# Consideration and Thinking (''Vichara'')
 
# Consideration and Thinking (''Vichara'')
 
## Control of Sense faculties (''Indriyabhigraha''):Mind is considered as the master motivator and controller of all sense organs. The sensations can be perceived only in active presence of mind. Thus mind is the driving force for perception of external world through cognitive senses.
 
## Control of Sense faculties (''Indriyabhigraha''):Mind is considered as the master motivator and controller of all sense organs. The sensations can be perceived only in active presence of mind. Thus mind is the driving force for perception of external world through cognitive senses.
## Self restraint (''Svasya nigraha''): None other can control activities of mind except mind itself. Thus mind is regulator and coordinator of its own activities. This function of self restraint has been implied widely in psychiatric treatments also. The ''Satvavajaya'' (victory over mind) (Cha.Su.11/54) i.e. restraining mind from harmful objects is traditional form of psychotherapy which includes training of mind to avoid dangerous things. In practicing meditation also one has to have better control over activities of mind.
+
## Self restraint (''Svasya nigraha''): None other can control activities of mind except mind itself. Thus mind is regulator and coordinator of its own activities. This function of self restraint has been implied widely in psychiatric treatments also. The ''Satvavajaya'' (victory over mind) [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/54] i.e. restraining mind from harmful objects is traditional form of psychotherapy which includes training of mind to avoid dangerous things. In practicing meditation also one has to have better control over activities of mind.
 
## Speculation (''Uha''): Guessing on the logical interpretations is speculation This is peculiar function of mind on the basis of which science stands, grows, new discoveries are made, and innovations are materialized. Speculation is applied in logical way to make a conjuncture about the possible outcome in a given situation.
 
## Speculation (''Uha''): Guessing on the logical interpretations is speculation This is peculiar function of mind on the basis of which science stands, grows, new discoveries are made, and innovations are materialized. Speculation is applied in logical way to make a conjuncture about the possible outcome in a given situation.
 
## Consideration and Thinking (''Vichara''):This is another important function of mind applied almost in every decision made. This is the thinking power of mind to differentiate the things between right and wrong, correct or incorrect, useful or harmful etc. This power makes the man different from other animals.
 
## Consideration and Thinking (''Vichara''):This is another important function of mind applied almost in every decision made. This is the thinking power of mind to differentiate the things between right and wrong, correct or incorrect, useful or harmful etc. This power makes the man different from other animals.
  
==== Objects of Mind ====
+
=== Objects of Mind ===
  
In addition to functions, the objects of mind are also described (Cha.Sha.1/20) viz. ''Chintya'' (cogitation), ''Vicharya'' (consideration of discrimination), ''Uhya'' (speculation and logical reasoning), ''Dhyeya'' (aiming), ''Sankalpya'' (conviction and determination).  
+
In addition to functions, the objects of mind are also described [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana 1/20] viz. ''Chintya'' (cogitation), ''Vicharya'' (consideration of discrimination), ''Uhya'' (speculation and logical reasoning), ''Dhyeya'' (aiming), ''Sankalpya'' (conviction and determination).  
  
[[Charaka Samhita]] has described three reasons for occurrence of disease:
+
[[Charak Samhita]] has described three reasons for occurrence of disease:
  
# Mistake of the intellect (''prajnaparadha'') by losing connection to the source (consciousness).
+
# Mistake of the intellect (''[[prajnaparadha]]'') by losing connection to the source (consciousness).
 
# Losing control of special senses.
 
# Losing control of special senses.
 
# Not acting conducive to seasons and place.  
 
# Not acting conducive to seasons and place.  
  
===== ''Prajnaparadha'' (intellectual errors) =====
+
==== ''[[Prajnaparadha]]'' (intellectual errors) ====
 
   
 
   
The description of ''prajnaparadha'' seems to work for cause as well as effect in the patho-physiology of stress. ''Prajnaparadha'' has been defined as the composite consequence of ''dhi, dhriti'' and ''smriti vibramsha''. (Cha.Sha.1/98-101) This means it can affect the conscience, self-control and memory functioning of intellect. It is the root cause of all mental disorders such as passion, anger, fear, confusion, grief (Cha.Su.7/52) as well as the ''karmaja'' and ''atmaja vyadhi''. (Cha.Ni.7/21)
+
The description of ''[[prajnaparadha]]'' seems to work for cause as well as effect in the patho-physiology of stress. ''[[Prajnaparadha]]'' has been defined as the composite consequence of ''dhi, dhriti'' and ''[[smriti]] vibramsha''. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/98-101] This means it can affect the conscience, self-control and memory functioning of intellect. It is the root cause of all mental disorders such as passion, anger, fear, confusion, grief [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/52] as well as the ''karmaja'' and ''atmaja vyadhi''. [Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 7/21]
  
The improper actions caused by this intellectual error leads to vitiation of physical and mental ''dosha'' as follows:
+
The improper actions caused by this intellectual error leads to vitiation of physical and mental ''[[dosha]]'' as follows:
  
 
# Forceful stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones. This is applicable for both the physical ''sharira adharaniya'' ''vega'' and ''manas dharaniya vega'' (natural urges).
 
# Forceful stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones. This is applicable for both the physical ''sharira adharaniya'' ''vega'' and ''manas dharaniya vega'' (natural urges).
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#Indulgence in negative activities originated by envy, ego, fear, anger, intoxication, confusion.
 
#Indulgence in negative activities originated by envy, ego, fear, anger, intoxication, confusion.
  
===== Disturbance of intellectual functioning by ''Prajnaparadha'' =====
+
==== Disturbance of intellectual functioning by ''[[Prajnaparadha]]'' ====
  
''Dhi'' (intellect), ''dhriti'' (self control or patience) and ''smriti'' (memory) can be considered as the three important functioning faculties, impairment of which leads to psychiatric disorders. The ''dhi''(intellect) normally views things as they really are and its impairment leads to viewing eternal things as ephemeral and something harmful as useful and vice versa. The ''dhi vibhramsha'' leads to indecisiveness of the person to discriminate between right and wrong things.  
+
''Dhi'' (intellect), ''dhriti'' (self control or patience) and ''[[smriti]]'' (memory) can be considered as the three important functioning faculties, impairment of which leads to psychiatric disorders. The ''dhi''(intellect) normally views things as they really are and its impairment leads to viewing eternal things as ephemeral and something harmful as useful and vice versa. The ''dhi vibhramsha'' leads to indecisiveness of the person to discriminate between right and wrong things.  
  
Due to impairment of patience mind indulging in various worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects. ''Dhriti vibhramsha'' results into lack of self control over activities. Normally memory contains everything memorable and if it is impaired due to overcoming by ''rajas'' and ''tamas'', the worthy things are not memorized leading to misconduct of the person. (Cha.Sha.1/98-101) and ''smriti vibhramsha'' leads to decrease or improper recall, retention of things in memory.   
+
Due to impairment of patience mind indulging in various worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects. ''Dhriti vibhramsha'' results into lack of self control over activities. Normally memory contains everything memorable and if it is impaired due to overcoming by ''[[rajas]]'' and ''[[tamas]]'', the worthy things are not memorized leading to misconduct of the person. [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana]] 1/98-101] and ''[[smriti]] vibhramsha'' leads to decrease or improper recall, retention of things in memory.   
  
 
The other two causative factors like ''parinama'' and ''asatmendriyartha samyoga'' are also equally important causes.  
 
The other two causative factors like ''parinama'' and ''asatmendriyartha samyoga'' are also equally important causes.  
  
The ''parinama'' or time factor means not adapting the seasonal, diurnal changes as per physiological changes of ''dosha''. The changes related to age and death are also included in ''kala''.
+
The ''parinama'' or time factor means not adapting the seasonal, diurnal changes as per physiological changes of ''[[dosha]]''. The changes related to age and death are also included in ''kala''.
  
 
''Asatmendriyartha samyoga'' is self explanatory term denoting improper indulgence in the unsuitable sensory activities. The activities are enlisted in detail in the chapter. In today’s era of modernization and technological dependence, the excess indulgence in use of sense organs shall be avoided.  
 
''Asatmendriyartha samyoga'' is self explanatory term denoting improper indulgence in the unsuitable sensory activities. The activities are enlisted in detail in the chapter. In today’s era of modernization and technological dependence, the excess indulgence in use of sense organs shall be avoided.  
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There are many disciplines of ''yoga'' described since Vedic period dating back 4000 to 5000 years. In the second century B.C. Patanjali outlined ''ashtanga yoga'' (eight limbs of ''yoga'') or ''raja yoga'' which is being recognized as the most common and practical in the current society.
 
There are many disciplines of ''yoga'' described since Vedic period dating back 4000 to 5000 years. In the second century B.C. Patanjali outlined ''ashtanga yoga'' (eight limbs of ''yoga'') or ''raja yoga'' which is being recognized as the most common and practical in the current society.
  
Origin of the word ''yoga'' is from Sanskrit word ''yuj'' meaning “union” and represents union of mind, body, soul and spirit. As mentioned in the chapter, all started from pure being or ''purusha'' which is divine and state of perfection without any suffering because there is nothing material. ''Purusha'' creates ''prakriti'' which is all around us and we start relating to it and forget that our essence is ''purusha''. This continued relationship to ''prakriti'' is the cause for desires and expectations resulting in suffering. The realization of this comes through ''chitta'' which is feeling, centered in the heart and is evolution of consciousness.
+
Origin of the word ''yoga'' is from Sanskrit word ''yuj'' meaning “union” and represents union of mind, body, soul and spirit. As mentioned in the chapter, all started from pure being or ''purusha'' which is divine and state of perfection without any suffering because there is nothing material. ''[[Purusha]]'' creates ''[[prakriti]]'' which is all around us and we start relating to it and forget that our essence is ''[[purusha]]''. This continued relationship to ''[[prakriti]]'' is the cause for desires and expectations resulting in suffering. The realization of this comes through ''chitta'' which is feeling, centered in the heart and is evolution of consciousness.
  
 
In order to transcend this dichotomy, Patanjali described the following eight limbs of ''ashtanga yoga''.
 
In order to transcend this dichotomy, Patanjali described the following eight limbs of ''ashtanga yoga''.
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All these have positive benefits to improve body-mind strength and harmony. Integrated ''yoga'' can be taught to normal participants without any harmful effects and it may reduce the negative affect and increase the positive affect within a week.
 
All these have positive benefits to improve body-mind strength and harmony. Integrated ''yoga'' can be taught to normal participants without any harmful effects and it may reduce the negative affect and increase the positive affect within a week.
 
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=== Further reading ===
 
 
#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita, Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji, Fifth Edition Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, 2001.
 
#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita, Edited by Dr Ramkaran Sharma and Dr Bhagvan Dash, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 2011.
 
#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samajna, Edited by P V Sharma, Second Edition Chaukhambha Orientalia, Delhi, 2005.
 
#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita, Edited by P V Sharma, Reprint Ninth Edition, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2007.
 
#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita, Vol. 5, Reprint Edition, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2008.
 
#Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Charaka Samhita, Vol. 2, Fourth Edition, Sastu Sahitya Vardhak Karyalaya, Ahmedabad, 1999.
 
 
=== Glossary ===
 
  
{| class="wikitable"
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<big>'''[[Special:ContactMe|Send us your suggestions and feedback on this page.]]'''</big>
! rowspan="2"| Sr. No.
 
! rowspan="2"| Technical Term
 
! colspan="2"| Technical Term in
 
! rowspan="2"| English Translation
 
|-
 
! rowspan="1"| Diacritical
 
! rowspan="1"| Sanskrit
 
|-
 
| 1 || puruṣaḥ || puruShaH  || पुरुषः ||  The soul and originalsource of the universe .
 
|-
 
| 2 || kṣētrajñaḥ  || kShetraj~jaH || क्षेत्रज्ञः  ||  Conscious principle in the corporealframe.
 
|-
 
| 3 || bhūtātmā  || bhUtAtmA  || भूतात्मा  ||  Individual soul.
 
|-
 
| 4 || prakr̥tiścāṣṭadhātukī || prakRutishcAShTadhAtukI || प्रकृतिश्चाष्टधातुकी ||  8producers or primaryessenceswhich evolve the whole visible world.
 
|-
 
| 5 || avyakta || avyakta || अव्यक्त ||  Unmanifested form of the Universe which is the combination of Prakriti and Purush and gives rise to Buddhi (Intellect)
 
|-
 
| 6 || naiṣṭhikī cikitsā  || naiShThikI  cikitsA  || नैष्ठिकी चिकित्सा ||  Absolute relief from all kind of miseries
 
|-
 
| 7 || upadhā || upadhA || उपधा  ||  Worldly desires which are the basic cause for all miseries.
 
|-
 
| 8 || yōga || yoga || योग ||  A state of mental concentration where the mind is contained in the soul and the contact between soul, mind, senses and objects of senses is lacking.  
 
|-
 
| 9 || mōkṣa  || mokSha || मोक्ष || Liberation or release from the cycle of rebirth and death 
 
|-
 
| 10 || satyā buddhi || satyA buddhi || सत्या बुद्धि ||  Real knowledge that the body and soul are two different entities and soul is not responsible for all the miseries.
 
|-
 
|}
 
 
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Latest revision as of 08:17, 23 February 2024

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Sharira Sthana Chapter 1. Knowledge of holistic human being

Katidhapurusha Sharira
Section/Chapter Sharira Sthana Chapter 1
Preceding Chapter None
Succeeding Chapter Atulyagotriya Sharira
Other Sections Sutra Sthana, Nidana Sthana, Vimana Sthana, Indriya Sthana, Chikitsa Sthana, Kalpa Sthana, Siddhi Sthana
Translator and commentator Dwivedi R.B., Gujarathi R.
Reviewer Rajagopala S., Chandola H.M., Tanna I.
Editors Bhalerao S., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
Year of publication 2020
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s04.002

Abstract

A healthcare provider cannot treat an individual without comprehensive knowledge of his constitution. A study of human being can be initiated only after understanding concept of purusha, that means holistic human being, the self (Aatma), consciousness, the cosmic man, etc., depending upon the context. This first chapter describes purusha in the context of samyoga purusha that means a logical body of six constituents (shad-dhatuja), of twenty-four constituents (chaturvimshati- tattvatmak), or that which is ideal for treatment (chikitsya purusha). The third meaning of purusha is in the context of ativahika purusha, a subtle body that passes on from one body to the next along with the soul. Besides these, there are several other forms or connotations described here in this text. This chapter answers all queries about the soul, its origin, proof of existence, mind, its description, intellectual error and its adverse effect, types of miseries and their causes, etc. Thus this chapter describes aspects of human evolution, spirituality and psychology as well.

Keywords: purusha, holistic human being, mana, mind, Aatma, self, consciousness, soul, salvation, prajnaparadha, intellectual errors, causes of miseries and comfort.


Introduction

An aspiring Ayurveda practitioner who has obtained thorough knowledge about diseases, and their signs and symptoms from Nidana Sthana and studied rasa prabhava and dosha prabhava in the context of dravya and vyadhi from Vimana Sthana may have built a foundation in disease management, but cannot initiate treatment until he has a thorough knowledge of the human body. Therefore, a logical continuation from the preceding sections is this section on the human physiology and anatomy especially body’s connection to the universe. As mentioned earlier, the concept of purusha is integral to understanding sharira, and therefore understanding Sharira Sthana. This chapter therefore deals with various topics related to purusha such as its types, origin, constituents, details about mind and soul, the process of knowledge, the theory of evolution and destruction, types of diseases and their causative factors, treatment of the diseases of past, present and future, desire as the ultimate cause of sorrow, the method by which an individual can get the permanent relief from pain, role of yoga in achieving salvation, and the means of salvation.

This chapter also deals with a philosophical approach to human body and mind (apparent, since the chapter deals with a complex concept like the purusha). All eastern philosophies consider the aatma (soul) as the entity that is responsible for all actions and therefore the recipient of the consequences of those actions. The ultimate reason for all kinds of pain and sufferings is that human beings do not realize or consider the body and the soul to be two distinct entities. The relationship between the soul and the mind is complex and subtle. One has to “rein in” the mind and also strive to stay detached from all the actions performed by him to liberate himself from this material world. A person who is detached from worldly possessions and actions is free from the karmic cycle of actions and consequences, and birth and death. Thus the chapter describes some of the basic physical and meta-physical aspects of the human entity.

Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation

अथातः कतिधापुरुषीयं शारीरं व्याख्यास्यामः||१|| इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||

athātaḥ katidhāpuruṣīyaṁ śārīraṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1|| iti ha smāha bhagavānātrēyaḥ||2||

athAtaH katidhApuruShIyaM shArIraM vyAkhyAsyAmaH||1|| iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||

Now we shall expound the chapter "Katidhapurusheeyam Shariram" (Knowledge of holistic human being). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]

Questions by Agnivesha

कतिधा पुरुषो धीमन्! धातुभेदेन भिद्यते| पुरुषः कारणं कस्मात्, प्रभवः पुरुषस्य कः||३||

katidhā puruṣō dhīman! dhātubhēdēna bhidyatē| puruṣaḥ kāraṇaṁ kasmāt, prabhavaḥ puruṣasya kaḥ||3||

katidhA puruSho dhIman! dhAtubhedena bhidyate| puruShaH kAraNaM kasmAt, prabhavaH puruShasya kaH||3||

किमज्ञो ज्ञः, स नित्यः किं किमनित्यो निदर्शितः| प्रकृतिः का, विकाराः के, किं लिङ्गं पुरुषस्य च||४||

kimajñō jñaḥ, sa nityaḥ kiṁ kimanityō nidarśitaḥ| prakr̥tiḥ kā, vikārāḥ kē, kiṁ liṅgaṁ puruṣasya ca||4||

kimaj~jo j~jaH, sa nityaH kiM kimanityo nidarshitaH| prakRutiH kA, vikArAH ke, kiM li~ggaM puruShasya ca||4||

निष्क्रियं च स्वतन्त्रं च वशिनं सर्वगं विभुम्| वदन्त्यात्मानमात्मज्ञाः क्षेत्रज्ञं साक्षिणं तथा||५||

niṣkriyaṁ ca svatantraṁ ca vaśinaṁ sarvagaṁ vibhum| vadantyātmānamātmajñāḥ kṣētrajñaṁ sākṣiṇaṁ tathā||5||

niShkriyaM ca svatantraM ca vashinaM sarvagaM vibhum| vadantyAtmAnamAtmaj~jAH kShetraj~jaM sAkShiNaM tathA||5||

निष्क्रियस्य क्रिया तस्य भगवन्! विद्यते कथम्| स्वतन्त्रश्चेदनिष्टासु कथं योनिषु जायते||६||

niṣkriyasya kriyā tasya bhagavan! vidyatē katham| svatantraścēdaniṣṭāsu kathaṁ yōniṣu jāyatē||6||

niShkriyasya kriyA tasya bhagavan! vidyate katham| svatantrashcedaniShTAsu kathaM yoniShu jAyate||6||

वशी यद्यसुखैः कस्माद्भावैराक्रम्यते बलात्| सर्वाः सर्वगतत्वाच्च वेदनाः किं न वेत्ति सः||७||

vaśī yadyasukhaiḥ kasmādbhāvairākramyatē balāt| sarvāḥ sarvagatatvācca vēdanāḥ kiṁ na vētti saḥ||7||

vashI yadyasukhaiH kasmAdbhAvairAkramyate balAt| sarvAH sarvagatatvAcca vedanAH kiM na vetti saH||7||

न पश्यति विभुः कस्माच्छैलकुड्यतिरस्कृतम्| क्षेत्रज्ञः क्षेत्रमथवा किं पूर्वमिति संशयः||८||

na paśyati vibhuḥ kasmācchailakuḍyatiraskr̥tam| kṣētrajñaḥ kṣētramathavā kiṁ pūrvamiti saṁśayaḥ||8||

na pashyati vibhuH kasmAcchailakuDyatiraskRutam| kShetraj~jaH kShetramathavA kiM pUrvamiti saMshayaH||8||

ज्ञेयं क्षेत्रं विना पूर्वं क्षेत्रज्ञो हि न युज्यते| क्षेत्रं च यदि पूर्वं स्यात् क्षेत्रज्ञः स्यादशाश्वतः||९||

jñēyaṁ kṣētraṁ vinā pūrvaṁ kṣētrajñō hi na yujyatē| kṣētraṁ ca yadi pūrvaṁ syāt kṣētrajñaḥ syādaśāśvataḥ||9||

j~jeyaM kShetraM vinA pUrvaM kShetraj~jo hi na yujyate| kShetraM ca yadi pUrvaM syAt kShetraj~jaH syAdashAshvataH||9||

साक्षिभूतश्च कस्यायं कर्ता ह्यन्यो न विद्यते| स्यात् कथं चाविकारस्य विशेषो वेदनाकृतः||१०||

sākṣibhūtaśca kasyāyaṁ kartā hyanyō na vidyatē| syāt kathaṁ cāvikārasya viśēṣō vēdanākr̥taḥ||10||

sAkShibhUtashca kasyAyaM kartA hyanyo na vidyate| syAt kathaM cAvikArasya visheSho vedanAkRutaH||10||

अथ चार्तस्य भगवंस्तिसृणां कां चिकित्सति| अतीतां वेदनां वैद्यो वर्तमानां भविष्यतीम्||११||

atha cārtasya bhagavaṁstisr̥ṇāṁ kāṁ cikitsati| atītāṁ vēdanāṁ vaidyō vartamānāṁ bhaviṣyatīm||11||

atha cArtasya bhagavaMstisRuNAM kAM cikitsati| atItAM vedanAM vaidyo vartamAnAM bhaviShyatIm||11||

भविष्यन्त्या असम्प्राप्तिरतीताया अनागमः| साम्प्रतिक्या अपि स्थानं नास्त्यर्तेः संशयो ह्यतः||१२||

bhaviṣyantyā asamprāptiratītāyā anāgamaḥ| sāmpratikyā api sthānaṁ nāstyartēḥ saṁśayō hyataḥ||12||

bhaviShyantyA asamprAptiratItAyA anAgamaH| sAmpratikyA api sthAnaM nAstyarteH saMshayo hyataH||12||

कारणं वेदनानां किं, किमधिष्ठानमुच्यते| क्व चैता वेदनाः सर्वा निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१३||

kāraṇaṁ vēdanānāṁ kiṁ, kimadhiṣṭhānamucyatē| kva caitā vēdanāḥ sarvā nivr̥ttiṁ yāntyaśēṣataḥ||13||

kAraNaM vedanAnAM kiM, kimadhiShThAnamucyate| kva caitA vedanAH sarvA nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||13||

सर्ववित् सर्वसन्न्यासी सर्वसंयोगनिःसृतः| एकः प्रशान्तो भूतात्मा कैर्लिङ्गैरुपलभ्यते||१४||

sarvavit sarvasannyāsī sarvasaṁyōganiḥsr̥taḥ| ēkaḥ praśāntō bhūtātmā kairliṅgairupalabhyatē||14||

sarvavit sarvasannyAsI sarvasaMyoganiHsRutaH| ekaH prashAnto bhUtAtmA kairli~ggairupalabhyate||14||

इत्यग्निवेशस्य [१] वचः श्रुत्वा मतिमतां वरः| सर्वं यथावत् प्रोवाच प्रशान्तात्मा पुनर्वसुः||१५||

ityagnivēśasya [1] vacaḥ śrutvā matimatāṁ varaḥ| sarvaṁ yathāvat prōvāca praśāntātmā punarvasuḥ||15||

ityagniveshasya [1] vacaH shrutvA matimatAM varaH| sarvaM yathAvat provAca prashAntAtmA punarvasuH||15||

Agnivesha requested Punarvasu to explain the following:

  1. What are the divisions of the purusha according to the division of the dhatu (elements)?
  2. Why is this purusha considered as the karana (karta/doer)? Is the Purusha considered to be the cause of the body?
  3. What is the origin of Purusha?
  4. Is the Purusha a sentient or an insentient entity?
  5. Is the Purusha eternal or ephemeral?
  6. What is the primordial source of creation and what are its byproducts?
  7. what are the characteristic features of the purusha?
  8. Those proficient in spiritual science describe the Purusha to be devoid of action, independent, absolutely free, all pervasive, knower of the body and a witness. When is the Purusha devoid of action? How does action emanate from it?
  9. If the Purusha is independent, how does it take birth among the undesirable species?
  10. If the Purusha is absolutely free, how does it get overpowered by miserable ideas?
  11. Being omnipresent, why is it not aware of all miseries in its surroundings?
  12. If it is ubiquitous, how does it not visualize things interrupted by hills and walls?
  13. Which comes first – the body or the knower of the body (soul)? In the absence of the body, the object that perceives, emergence of the Purusha does not appear to be appropriate. But then if the body comes first, the Purusha would not be deemed eternal.
  14. What is it of which the Purusha is considered to be a witness?
  15. Can the same Purusha be a creator as well as a witness at the same time?
  16. If the Purusha is derived from any modification, how does it subject itself to specific situations arising out of miseries (diseases)?
  17. Out of the three types of miseries of a patient, which one is treatable by the physician – the past one, the present one or the future one?
    1. The future one is in fact not in existence;
    2. the past one has already ceased to exist; and
    3. even the present one is, in a sense, momentary and so in the absence of continuity, it is non manageable to any treatment. Hence the dilemma.
  18. What are the common causative factors of all miseries (diseases)?
  19. What are the sites of their manifestation?
  20. Where do all these miseries completely get merged after their cure?
  21. What are the signs that help in recognizing the Purusha which is omnipresent, all renouncing, devoid of all contacts, only one and tranquil?

After listening questions by the most intelligent (disciple) Agnivesh, Punarvasu replied all of them one by one in a tranquilized state. [3-15]

Details about purusha

खादयश्चेतनाषष्ठा धातवः पुरुषः स्मृतः| चेतनाधातुरप्येकः स्मृतः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||१६||

khādayaścētanāṣaṣṭhā [1] dhātavaḥ puruṣaḥ smr̥taḥ| cētanādhāturapyēkaḥ smr̥taḥ puruṣasañjñakaḥ||16||

khAdayashcetanAShaShThA [1] dhAtavaH puruShaH smRutaH| cetanAdhAturapyekaH smRutaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||16||

Purusha comprises of six dhatu (elements), viz. five mahabhuta (in their subtle form) and consciousness. The element of consciousness alone could also be considered purusha. [16]

पुनश्च धातुभेदेन चतुर्विंशतिकः स्मृतः| मनो दशेन्द्रियाण्यर्थाः प्रकृतिश्चाष्टधातुकी||१७||

punaśca dhātubhēdēna caturviṁśatikaḥ smr̥taḥ| manō daśēndriyāṇyarthāḥ prakr̥tiścāṣṭadhātukī||17||

punashca dhAtubhedena caturviMshatikaH smRutaH| mano dashendriyANyarthAH prakRutishcAShTadhAtukI||17||

According to another classification, Purusha comprises of twenty four dhatu, i.e. mana (mind), ten indriya (sensory and motor organs), five objects of sense organs and prakriti (consisting of eight dhatu, viz. five mahabhuta (in their subtle form), ahamkara (ego), mahat (intellect) and avyakta (primordial element) [17]

Description of Manas (mind)

लक्षणं मनसो ज्ञानस्याभावो भाव एव च| सति ह्यात्मेन्द्रियार्थानां सन्निकर्षे न वर्तते||१८||

lakṣaṇaṁ manasō jñānasyābhāvō bhāva ēva ca| sati hyātmēndriyārthānāṁ sannikarṣē na vartatē||18||

lakShaNaM manaso j~jAnasyAbhAvo bhAva eva ca| sati hyAtmendriyArthAnAM sannikarShe na vartate||18||

वैवृत्त्यान्मनसो ज्ञानं सान्निध्यात्तच्च वर्तते| अणुत्वमथ चैकत्वं द्वौ गुणौ मनसः स्मृतौ||१९||

vaivr̥ttyānmanasō jñānaṁ sānnidhyāttacca vartatē| aṇutvamatha caikatvaṁ dvau guṇau manasaḥ smr̥tau||19||

vaivRuttyAnmanaso j~jAnaM sAnnidhyAttacca vartate| aNutvamatha caikatvaM dvau guNau manasaH smRutau||19||

Sometimes one understands a thing and sometimes one does not. This proves the existence of the mind as a separate sense organ. That is why, when there is no contact of the mind with sense organs and their objects, no understanding of things can occur. It is only when the required mental contact is there that one can understand things. Atomicity and oneness are considered to be the two characteristic qualities of the mind. [18-19]

चिन्त्यं विचार्यमूह्यं च ध्येयं सङ्कल्प्यमेव च| यत्किञ्चिन्मनसो ज्ञेयं तत् सर्वं ह्यर्थसञ्ज्ञकम्||२०||

cintyaṁ vicāryamūhyaṁ ca dhyēyaṁ saṅkalpyamēva ca| yatkiñcinmanasō jñēyaṁ tat sarvaṁ hyarthasañjñakam||20||

cintyaM vicAryamUhyaM ca dhyeyaM sa~gkalpyameva ca| yatki~jcinmanaso j~jeyaM tat sarvaM hyarthasa~jj~jakam||20||

इन्द्रियाभिग्रहः कर्म मनसः स्वस्य निग्रहः| ऊहो विचारश्च, ततः परं बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२१||

indriyābhigrahaḥ karma manasaḥ svasya nigrahaḥ| ūhō vicāraśca, tataḥ paraṁ buddhiḥ pravartatē||21||

indriyAbhigrahaH karma manasaH svasya nigrahaH| Uho vicArashca, tataH paraM buddhiH pravartate||21||

Things requiring thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention, determination or whatever can be perceived by the mind, are regarded as its objects. Control of sense organs, self restraint, hypothesis and consideration represent the action of the mind. Beyond that flourishes the domain and intellect [20-21]

Role of buddhi (intellect)

इन्द्रियेणेन्द्रियार्थो हि समनस्केन गृह्यते| कल्प्यते मनसा तूर्ध्वं गुणतो दोषतोऽथवा||२२||

जायते विषये तत्र या बुद्धिर्निश्चयात्मिका| व्यवस्यति तया वक्तुं कर्तुं वा बुद्धिपूर्वकम्||२३||

indriyēṇēndriyārthō hi samanaskēna gr̥hyatē| kalpyatē manasā tūrdhvaṁ guṇatō dōṣatō'thavā||22||

jāyatē viṣayē tatra yā buddhirniścayātmikā| vyavasyati tayā vaktuṁ kartuṁ vā buddhipūrvakam||23||

indriyeNendriyArtho hi samanaskena gRuhyate| kalpyate manasA tUrdhvaM guNato doShato~athavA||22||

jAyate viShaye tatra yA buddhirnishcayAtmikA| vyavasyati tayA vaktuM kartuM vA buddhipUrvakam||23||

Objects are perceived with the help of sense organs and the mind. This perception is purely mental in the beginning, while the practical advantages or disadvantages are ascertained thereafter. The intellect which determines the specific properties of the object impels the (same) individual to speak or act intelligently. [22-23]

एकैकाधिकयुक्तानि खादीनामिन्द्रियाणि तु| पञ्च कर्मानुमेयानि येभ्यो बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते||२४||

ēkaikādhikayuktāni khādīnāmindriyāṇi tu| pañca karmānumēyāni yēbhyō buddhiḥ pravartatē||24||

ekaikAdhikayuktAni khAdInAmindriyANi tu| pa~jca karmAnumeyAni yebhyo buddhiH pravartate||24||

The five sense faculties, made of the five mahabhutas (each sense faculty has one dominant mahabhuta), are inferred from their five respective actions which serve as agents for the manifestation of the intellect [24]

Functions of karmendriya (motor organs)

हस्तौ पादौ [२] गुदोपस्थं वागिन्द्रियमथापि च| कर्मेन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पादौ गमनकर्मणि||२५||

hastau pādau [2] gudōpasthaṁ vāgindriyamathāpi ca| karmēndriyāṇi pañcaiva pādau gamanakarmaṇi||25||

hastau pAdau [2] gudopasthaM vAgindriyamathApi ca| karmendriyANi pa~jcaiva pAdau gamanakarmaNi||25||

पायूपस्थं विसर्गार्थं हस्तौ ग्रहणधारणे| जिह्वा वागिन्द्रियं वाक् च सत्या ज्योतिस्तमोऽनृता||२६||

pāyūpasthaṁ visargārthaṁ hastau grahaṇadhāraṇē| jihvā vāgindriyaṁ vāk ca satyā jyōtistamō'nr̥tā||26||

pAyUpasthaM visargArthaM hastau grahaNadhAraNe| jihvA vAgindriyaM vAk ca satyA jyotistamo~anRutA||26||

Motor organs are of five categories, viz. hands, feet, anus, phallus and the organ of speech (tongue). Feet are useful in locomotion, anus and phallus for passing body waste while the hands are for collecting and holding. The tongue represents the organ of speech which speaks in two ways, viz. truth and false. The truth can be compared with light, that illuminates (the knowledge of worldly life and life after death). The false creates darkness (that creates confusion). [25-26]

Mahabhuta (five fundamental elements)

महाभूतानि खं वायुरग्निरापः क्षितिस्तथा| शब्दः स्पर्शश्च रूपं च रसो गन्धश्च तद्गुणाः||२७||

mahābhūtāni khaṁ vāyuragnirāpaḥ kṣitistathā| śabdaḥ sparśaśca rūpaṁ ca rasō gandhaśca tadguṇāḥ||27||

mahAbhUtAni khaM vAyuragnirApaH kShitistathA| shabdaH sparshashca rUpaM ca raso gandhashca tadguNAH||27||

The five mahabhuta are akasha, vayu, agni, jala and prithvi (in this order). Their attributes are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell respectively. [27]

तेषामेकगुणः पूर्वो [२] गुणवृद्धिः परे परे| पूर्वः पूर्वगुणश्चैव [३] क्रमशो गुणिषु स्मृतः||२८||

tēṣāmēkaguṇaḥ pūrvō [2] guṇavr̥ddhiḥ parē parē| pūrvaḥ pūrvaguṇaścaiva [3] kramaśō guṇiṣu smr̥taḥ||28||

teShAmekaguNaH pUrvo [2] guNavRuddhiH pare pare| pUrvaH pUrvaguNashcaiva [3] kramasho guNiShu smRutaH||28||

The order of mahabhutas mentioned above is important because, starting with akasha, the number of attributes per mahabhuta increases in the above order. This increase in number of attributes is cumulative, i.e., the attribute of the preceding mahabhutas is added to the succeeding one. This process of gunantara vriddhi in mahabhutas is also known as bhutanipravesha [28]

खरद्रवचलोष्णत्वं भूजलानिलतेजसाम्| आकाशस्याप्रतीघातो दृष्टं लिङ्गं यथाक्रमम्||२९||

kharadravacalōṣṇatvaṁ bhūjalānilatējasām| ākāśasyāpratīghātō dr̥ṣṭaṁ liṅgaṁ yathākramam||29||

kharadravacaloShNatvaM bhUjalAnilatejasAm| AkAshasyApratIghAto dRuShTaM li~ggaM yathAkramam||29||

लक्षणं सर्वमेवैतत् स्पर्शनेन्द्रियगोचरम्| स्पर्शनेन्द्रियविज्ञेयः स्पर्शो हि सविपर्ययः||३०||

lakṣaṇaṁ sarvamēvaitat sparśanēndriyagōcaram| sparśanēndriyavijñēyaḥ sparśō hi saviparyayaḥ||30||

lakShaNaM sarvamevaitat sparshanendriyagocaram| sparshanendriyavij~jeyaH sparsho hi saviparyayaH||30||

Prithvi, jala, agni/tejas, vayu and akasha are characterized by kharatva (roughness), dravatva (liquidity), ushnatva (heat), chalatva (mobility) and apratighatatva (unobstructibility) respectively. All these attributes are perceptible by the tactile sense organ. Touch, together with its absence, is perceived by the tactile sense organ. [29-30]

गुणाः शरीरे गुणिनां निर्दिष्टाश्चिह्नमेव च| ३१|

guṇāḥ śarīrē guṇināṁ nirdiṣṭāścihnamēva ca|

guNAH sharIre guNinAM nirdiShTAshcihnameva ca|

Thus the attributes and characteristics of the five physical elements are described. [31-1]

अर्थाः शब्दादयो ज्ञेया गोचरा विषया गुणाः||३१||

arthāḥ śabdādayō jñēyā gōcarā viṣayā guṇāḥ||31||

arthAH shabdAdayo j~jeyA gocarA viShayA guNAH||31||

The objects of sense organs are sound, touch, vision, taste and smell, which constitute the attributes of gross mahabhuta. [31]

Process of perception

या यदिन्द्रियमाश्रित्य जन्तोर्बुद्धिः प्रवर्तते| याति सा तेन निर्देशं मनसा च मनोभवा||३२||

yā yadindriyamāśritya jantōrbuddhiḥ pravartatē| yāti sā tēna nirdēśaṁ manasā ca manōbhavā||32||

yA yadindriyamAshritya jantorbuddhiH pravartate| yAti sA tena nirdeshaM manasA ca manobhavA||32||

भेदात् कार्येन्द्रियार्थानां बह्व्यो वै बुद्धयः स्मृताः| आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानामेकैका [१] सन्निकर्षजा||३३||

bhēdāt kāryēndriyārthānāṁ bahvyō vai buddhayaḥ smr̥tāḥ| ātmēndriyamanōrthānāmēkaikā [1] sannikarṣajā||33||

bhedAt kAryendriyArthAnAM bahvyo vai buddhayaH smRutAH| AtmendriyamanorthAnAmekaikA [1] sannikarShajA||33||

अङ्गुल्यङ्गुष्ठतलजस्तन्त्रीवीणानखोद्भवः| दृष्टः शब्दो यथा बुद्धिर्दृष्टा संयोगजा तथा||३४||

aṅgulyaṅguṣṭhatalajastantrīvīṇānakhōdbhavaḥ| dr̥ṣṭaḥ śabdō yathā buddhirdr̥ṣṭā saṁyōgajā tathā||34||

a~ggulya~gguShThatalajastantrIvINAnakhodbhavaH| dRuShTaH shabdo yathA buddhirdRuShTA saMyogajA tathA||34||

The perceptual faculty of living beings shapes itself depending upon the contact it has with the various sense faculties. Mental perception like anxiety or sorrow is also based on the contact of perceptual faculty with the mental faculty.

Perceptual faculties are of several types, depending upon the variations in action and objects of sense organs.

Just as the same sound differs according to how it is produced out of friction in the finger and the thumb, and the veena (musical instrument with strings) and nail, so does the perceptual faculty differ according to its production from out of the mutual contacts with the soul, sense organs, mind and objects of sense organs. [32-34]

Rashi purusha (Holistic human being)

बुद्धीन्द्रियमनोर्थानां विद्याद्योगधरं परम्| चतुर्विंशतिको ह्येष राशिः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||३५||

buddhīndriyamanōrthānāṁ vidyādyōgadharaṁ param| caturviṁśatikō hyēṣa rāśiḥ puruṣasañjñakaḥ||35||

buddhIndriyamanorthAnAM vidyAdyogadharaM param| caturviMshatiko hyeSha rAshiH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||35||

Among the various types of Purusha described in the first few verses of this chapter, rashipurusha is one form that consists of 24 tattvas i.e. avyakata, mahat, ahankara, five tanmatras five mahabhuta and ten [indriya]] and manas. Since this specific combination is considered superior, a purusha of this type is called rashipurusha in Ayurvedic science. Of these tattvas, avyakta serves as an excellent coordinator of perceptual faculties, sense organs, mind and the objects of the senses. Thus a combination of the above mentioned (verses 17-35) twenty four elements is known as Purusha. [35]

रजस्तमोभ्यां युक्तस्य संयोगोऽयमनन्तवान्| ताभ्यां निराकृताभ्यां तु सत्त्ववृद्ध्या निवर्तते||३६||

rajastamōbhyāṁ yuktasya saṁyōgō'yamanantavān| tābhyāṁ nirākr̥tābhyāṁ tu sattvavr̥ddhyā nivartatē||36||

rajastamobhyAM yuktasya saMyogo~ayamanantavAn| tAbhyAM nirAkRutAbhyAM tu sattvavRuddhyA nivartate||36||

The association of purusha with the 24 tattvas continues so long as it is influenced by rajas and tamas. If it is freed from this influence (of rajas and tamas) by dominance of sattva, the purusha is said to be liberated (and free from its association with the tattvas). [36]

अत्र कर्म फलं चात्र ज्ञानं चात्र प्रतिष्ठितम्| अत्र मोहः सुखं दुःखं जीवितं मरणं स्वता||३७||

atra karma phalaṁ cātra jñānaṁ cātra pratiṣṭhitam| atra mōhaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ jīvitaṁ maraṇaṁ svatā||37||

atra karma phalaM cAtra j~jAnaM cAtra pratiShThitam| atra mohaH sukhaM duHkhaM jIvitaM maraNaM svatA||37||

एवं [३] यो वेद तत्त्वेन स वेद प्रलयोदयौ| पारम्पर्यं चिकित्सां च ज्ञातव्यं [४] यच्च किञ्चन||३८||

ēvaṁ [3] yō vēda tattvēna sa vēda pralayōdayau| pāramparyaṁ cikitsāṁ ca jñātavyaṁ [4] yacca kiñcana||38||

evaM [3] yo veda tattvena sa veda pralayodayau| pAramparyaM cikitsAM ca j~jAtavyaM [4] yacca ki~jcana||38||

It is within this combination of 24 elements (known as the Purusha), that action, fruit or consequence of the action, knowledge, ignorance, happiness, misery, life, death and ownership are established. One who duely knows this, knows life, death, continuity of the body, treatment (physical and spiritual) and all other knowable objects. [37-38]

Ayurveda believes that this rashipurusha is responsible for all deeds in life and has to face the consequences of these deeds. It is also responsible for the (creation/gaining of) knowledge, pleasure, sorrow, and joy. A term for the rashipurusha is karma purusha and physicians call it chikitsa adhikrita purusha. The person who knows this rashipurusha in its true sense also understands the whole process of the genesis and destruction of life. Such an intellectual person becomes well aware of chikitsa and nothing else remains for him to be learnt.

भास्तमः सत्यमनृतं वेदाः कर्म शुभाशुभम्| न स्युः कर्ता [१] च बोद्धा च पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि||३९||

bhāstamaḥ satyamanr̥taṁ vēdāḥ karma śubhāśubham| na syuḥ kartā [1] ca bōddhā ca puruṣō na bhavēdyadi||39||

bhAstamaH satyamanRutaM vedAH karma shubhAshubham| na syuH kartA [1] ca boddhA ca puruSho na bhavedyadi||39||

नाश्रयो न सुखं नार्तिर्न गतिर्नागतिर्न वाक्| न विज्ञानं न शास्त्राणि न जन्म मरणं न च||४०||

nāśrayō na sukhaṁ nārtirna gatirnāgatirna vāk| na vijñānaṁ na śāstrāṇi na janma maraṇaṁ na ca||40||

nAshrayo na sukhaM nArtirna gatirnAgatirna vAk| na vij~jAnaM na shAstrANi na janma maraNaM na ca||40||

न बन्धो न च मोक्षः स्यात् पुरुषो न भवेद्यदि| कारणं पुरुषस्तस्मात् कारणज्ञैरुदाहृतः||४१||

na bandhō na ca mōkṣaḥ syāt puruṣō na bhavēdyadi| kāraṇaṁ puruṣastasmāt kāraṇajñairudāhr̥taḥ||41||

na bandho na ca mokShaH syAt puruSho na bhavedyadi| kAraNaM puruShastasmAt kAraNaj~jairudAhRutaH||41||

न चेत् कारणमात्मा स्याद्भादयः [२] स्युरहेतुकाः| न चैषु सम्भवेज् ज्ञानं न च तैः स्यात् प्रयोजनम्||४२||

na cēt kāraṇamātmā syādbhādayaḥ [2] syurahētukāḥ| na caiṣu sambhavēj jñānaṁ na ca taiḥ syāt prayōjanam||42||

na cet kAraNamAtmA syAdbhAdayaH [2] syurahetukAH| na caiShu sambhavej j~jAnaM na ca taiH syAt prayojanam||42||

While describing the reason for existence, (Charak says that) for anyone not accepting purusha as the cause or reason for existence (of life), there will be no existence of knowledge, ignorance, truth or falsehood, the vedas, auspicious and non-auspicious deeds, and the agents of action and knowledge. There would be no support, happiness, misery, movement, immobility, speech, knowledge, scriptures, birth, death, bondage or salvation. Thus, the Purusha is recognized as a cause (of creation) by those well versed in the theory of causation. If Purusha is not recognized as a chief cause, then everything mentioned above will be considered as causeless. Then the theory of cause and effect which is a fundamental tenet of Ayurveda will fail and no one will put any effort in understanding the cause of any effect. [39-42]

कृतं मृद्दण्डचक्रैश्च कुम्भकारादृते घटम्| कृतं मृत्तृणकाष्ठैश्च गृहकाराद्विना गृहम्||४३||

kr̥taṁ mr̥ddaṇḍacakraiśca kumbhakārādr̥tē ghaṭam| kr̥taṁ mr̥ttr̥ṇakāṣṭhaiśca gr̥hakārādvinā gr̥ham||43||

kRutaM mRuddaNDacakraishca kumbhakArAdRute ghaTam| kRutaM mRuttRuNakAShThaishca gRuhakArAdvinA gRuham||43||

यो वदेत् स वदेद्देहं सम्भूय करणैः कृतम्| विना कर्तारमज्ञानाद्युक्त्यागमबहिष्कृतः||४४||

yō vadēt sa vadēddēhaṁ sambhūya karaṇaiḥ kr̥tam| vinā kartāramajñānādyuktyāgamabahiṣkr̥taḥ||44||

yo vadet sa vadeddehaM sambhUya karaNaiH kRutam| vinA kartAramaj~jAnAdyuktyAgamabahiShkRutaH||44||

In support of the causativity of Purusha, author has given few practical examples of world where existence of karta (doer) becomes mandatory.

Without a potter, can a pitcher be constructed with materials like mud, rod, and wheel alone? Can a house be constructed with mud, straw, and beams, if there is no mason? If the answer is “no” in both these cases, how can we expect the body to be created just by virtue of the combination of different sense organs, without a conscious agent? It is only an ignorant person devoid of rational outlook and scriptural knowledge who can assume otherwise. [43-44]

कारणं पुरुषः सर्वैः प्रमाणैरुपलभ्यते| येभ्यः प्रमेयं सर्वेभ्य आगमेभ्यः प्रमीयते||४५||

kāraṇaṁ puruṣaḥ sarvaiḥ pramāṇairupalabhyatē| yēbhyaḥ pramēyaṁ sarvēbhya āgamēbhyaḥ pramīyatē||45||

kAraNaM puruShaH sarvaiH pramANairupalabhyate| yebhyaH prameyaM sarvebhya AgamebhyaH pramIyate||45||

All the sources of knowledge, including scriptures that serve as an instrument for acquiring knowledge of various kinds, establish the causality of Purusha. [45]

न ते तत्सदृशास्त्वन्ये पारम्पर्यसमुत्थिताः| सारूप्याद्ये त एवेति निर्दिश्यन्ते नवा नवाः||४६||

na tē tatsadr̥śāstvanyē pāramparyasamutthitāḥ| sārūpyādyē ta ēvēti nirdiśyantē navā navāḥ||46||

na te tatsadRushAstvanye pAramparyasamutthitAH| sArUpyAdye ta eveti nirdishyante navA navAH||46||

भावास्तेषां समुदयो निरीशः सत्त्वसञ्ज्ञकः| कर्ता भोक्ता न स पुमानिति केचिद्व्यवस्थिताः||४७||

bhāvāstēṣāṁ samudayō nirīśaḥ sattvasañjñakaḥ| kartā bhōktā na sa pumāniti kēcidvyavasthitāḥ||47||

bhAvAsteShAM samudayo nirIshaH sattvasa~jj~jakaH| kartA bhoktA na sa pumAniti kecidvyavasthitAH||47||

Here, the author has given his opinion on other philosophies that do not accept the causality of Purusha but rather believe that there is always a new doer with every birth. They opine that there is no permanent Purusha as such. They believe that the Purusha is merely a combination of ephemeral elements devoid of any permanent controlling agent or consciousness. Certain schools of thought, including schools within Buddhism share this view. In their opinion, it is sattva and not the Aatma (Purusha) that becomes the doer and sufferer of its previous deeds. (This is also known as kshanabhangavada) [46-47]

तेषामन्यैः कृतस्यान्ये भावा [१] भावैर्नवाः फलम्| भुञ्जते सदृशाः प्राप्तं यैरात्मा नोपदिश्यते||४८||

tēṣāmanyaiḥ kr̥tasyānyē bhāvā [1] bhāvairnavāḥ phalam| bhuñjatē sadr̥śāḥ prāptaṁ yairātmā nōpadiśyatē||48||

teShAmanyaiH kRutasyAnye bhAvA [1] bhAvairnavAH phalam| bhu~jjate sadRushAH prAptaM yairAtmA nopadishyate||48||

Those who subscribe to the above theory do not accept the soul as the cause or reason for existence. To them, the results of actions performed by one would be enjoyed by some other similar (momentary) entities. [48]

करणान्यान्यता दृष्टा कर्तुः कर्ता स एव तु| कर्ता हि करणैर्युक्तः कारणं सर्वकर्मणाम्||४९||

karaṇānyānyatā dr̥ṣṭā kartuḥ kartā sa ēva tu| kartā hi karaṇairyuktaḥ kāraṇaṁ sarvakarmaṇām||49||

karaNAnyAnyatA dRuShTA kartuH kartA sa eva tu| kartA hi karaNairyuktaH kAraNaM sarvakarmaNAm||49||

The bodily organs of a living being might be different but the soul i.e. the agent of action (deeds) is one and the same. The agent (doer) of action (deed) like a sculptor is an efficient cause of all actions (viz. sculpture etc.) by virtue of his possession of the various karana (equipment). [49]

निमेषकालाद्भावानां कालः शीघ्रतरोऽत्यये| भग्नानां न [१] पुनर्भावः कृतं नान्यमुपैति च||५०||

nimēṣakālādbhāvānāṁ kālaḥ śīghratarō'tyayē| bhagnānāṁ na [1] punarbhāvaḥ kr̥taṁ nānyamupaiti ca||50||

nimeShakAlAdbhAvAnAM kAlaH shIghrataro~atyaye| bhagnAnAM na [1] punarbhAvaH kRutaM nAnyamupaiti ca||50||

मतं तत्त्वविदामेतद्यस्मात्तस्मात् स कारणम्| क्रियोपभोगे भूतानां नित्यः पुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः||५१||

mataṁ tattvavidāmētadyasmāttasmāt sa kāraṇam| kriyōpabhōgē bhūtānāṁ nityaḥ puruṣasañjñakaḥ||51||

mataM tattvavidAmetadyasmAttasmAt sa kAraNam| kriyopabhoge bhUtAnAM nityaH puruShasa~jj~jakaH||51||

Physical elements can get destroyed at a rate faster than the twinkling of an eye. Those destroyed do not come back to their original form again and the results of the deeds (like yagna) of one individual may not be enjoyable to another individual. The learned are, therefore, of the view that there is a permanent entity known as Purusha (soul) who is the causative factor for the action as well as for the enjoyment of the result of deeds. [50-51]

अहङ्कारः फलं कर्म देहान्तरगतिः स्मृतिः| विद्यते सति भूतानां कारणे देहमन्तरा||५२||

ahaṅkāraḥ phalaṁ karma dēhāntaragatiḥ smr̥tiḥ| vidyatē sati bhūtānāṁ kāraṇē dēhamantarā||52||

aha~gkAraH phalaM karma dehAntaragatiH smRutiH| vidyate sati bhUtAnAM kAraNe dehamantarA||52||

In living beings, a factor other than the body (i.e. the soul) is responsible for ego, enjoyment of the result of deeds, engagement in deeds, transmigration from one body to another body, and keeping the memory of the individual alive. [52]

प्रभवो न ह्यनादित्वाद्विद्यते परमात्मनः| पुरुषो राशिसञ्ज्ञस्तु मोहेच्छाद्वेषकर्मजः||५३||

prabhavō na hyanāditvādvidyatē paramātmanaḥ| puruṣō rāśisañjñastu mōhēcchādvēṣakarmajaḥ||53||

prabhavo na hyanAditvAdvidyate paramAtmanaH| puruSho rAshisa~jj~jastu mohecchAdveShakarmajaH||53||

answering the question of Agnivesha about the origin of soul, teacher said:

As the supreme soul is without a beginning (i.e., is eternal), no birth can be ascribed to it. Of course, the Purusha who represents the combination of 24 elements (rashipurusha) certainly has its origin born out of its deeds in the previous life due to its delusion, desire and aversion. [53]

आत्मा ज्ञः करणैर्योगाज् ज्ञानं त्वस्य प्रवर्तते| करणानामवैमल्यादयोगाद्वा न वर्तते||५४||

ātmā jñaḥ karaṇairyōgāj jñānaṁ tvasya pravartatē| karaṇānāmavaimalyādayōgādvā na vartatē||54||

AtmA j~jaH karaNairyogAj j~jAnaM tvasya pravartate| karaNAnAmavaimalyAdayogAdvA na vartate||54||

पश्यतोऽपि यथाऽऽदर्शे सङ्क्लिष्टे नास्ति दर्शनम्| तत्त्वं [१] जले वा कलुषे चेतस्युपहते तथा||५५||

paśyatō'pi yathādarśē saṅkliṣṭē nāsti darśanam| tattvaṁ [1] jalē vā kaluṣē cētasyupahatē tathā||55||

pashyato~api yathA~a~adarshe sa~gkliShTe nAsti darshanam| tattvaM [1] jale vA kaluShe cetasyupahate tathA||55||

The Purusha is endowed with the power of perception. It perceives things when it is associated with the mind, intellect and sense faculties. If these instruments of perception are either absent (i.e., detached from the Purusha or not associated with it) or impeded, then there will be no perception. One cannot get the true reflection of an image from a mirror that is covered with dirt or from dirty water. Similar is the case when the mind gets afflicted. [54-55]

करणानि मनो बुद्धिर्बुद्धिकर्मेन्द्रियाणि च| कर्तुः संयोगजं कर्म वेदना बुद्धिरेव च||५६||

karaṇāni manō buddhirbuddhikarmēndriyāṇi ca| kartuḥ saṁyōgajaṁ karma vēdanā buddhirēva ca||56||

karaNAni mano buddhirbuddhikarmendriyANi ca| kartuH saMyogajaM karma vedanA buddhireva ca||56||

नैकः प्रवर्तते कर्तुं भूतात्मा नाश्नुते फलम्| संयोगाद्वर्तते सर्वं तमृते नास्ति किञ्चन||५७||

naikaḥ pravartatē kartuṁ bhūtātmā nāśnutē phalam| saṁyōgādvartatē sarvaṁ tamr̥tē nāsti kiñcana||57||

naikaH pravartate kartuM bhUtAtmA nAshnute phalam| saMyogAdvartate sarvaM tamRute nAsti ki~jcana||57||

The instruments of knowledge are mind, intellect and cognitive and conative organs. Their association with the doer (Purusha) results in action, sensation and understanding. The Purusha alone (soul in the absence of manas and indriyas) does neither initiate deeds nor enjoy the result of deeds. Combination of all these factors is responsible for the manifestation of every effect and without that nothing exists nor happens. [56-57]

न ह्येको वर्तते भावो वर्तते नाप्यहेतुकः| शीघ्रगत्वात्स्वभावात्त्वभावो [४] न व्यतिवर्तते||५८||

na hyēkō vartatē bhāvō vartatē nāpyahētukaḥ| śīghragatvātsvabhāvāttvabhāvō [4] na vyativartatē||58||

na hyeko vartate bhAvo vartate nApyahetukaH| shIghragatvAtsvabhAvAttvabhAvo [4] na vyativartate||58||

The Purusha, not alone but accompanied with manass and indriyas, is responsible for the manifestation of things. The process of decay on the other hand being too quick in succession does not need any cause as such. [58]

अनादिः पुरुषो नित्यो विपरीतस्तु हेतुजः| सदकारणवन्नित्यं दृष्टं हेतुजमन्यथा||५९||

anādiḥ puruṣō nityō viparītastu hētujaḥ| sadakāraṇavannityaṁ dr̥ṣṭaṁ hētujamanyathā||59||

anAdiH puruSho nityo viparItastu hetujaH| sadakAraNavannityaM dRuShTaM hetujamanyathA||59||

Thus, the absolute soul is without a beginning or an end, but the Purusha (i.e. the combination of 24 elements) being caused by something is not so i.e. it has a beginning and is ephemeral.

All that exists without cause is eternal. Anything produced from a cause is ephemeral. [59]

तदेव भावादग्राह्यं नित्यत्व [१] न कुतश्चन| भावाज्ज्ञेयं तदव्यक्तमचिन्त्यं व्यक्तमन्यथा||६०||

tadēva bhāvādagrāhyaṁ nityatva [1] na kutaścana| bhāvājjñēyaṁ tadavyaktamacintyaṁ vyaktamanyathā||60||

tadeva bhAvAdagrAhyaM nityatva [1] na kutashcana| bhAvAjj~jeyaM tadavyaktamacintyaM vyaktamanyathA||60||

अव्यक्तमात्मा क्षेत्रज्ञः शाश्वतो विभुरव्ययः| तस्माद्यदन्यत्तद्व्यक्तं, वक्ष्यते चापरं द्वयम्||६१||

avyaktamātmā kṣētrajñaḥ śāśvatō vibhuravyayaḥ| tasmādyadanyattadvyaktaṁ, vakṣyatē cāparaṁ dvayam||61||

avyaktamAtmA kShetraj~jaH shAshvato vibhuravyayaH| tasmAdyadanyattadvyaktaM, vakShyate cAparaM dvayam||61||

व्यक्तमैन्द्रियकं चैव गृह्यते तद्यदिन्द्रियैः| अतोऽन्यत् पुनरव्यक्तं लिङ्गग्राह्यमतीन्द्रियम्||६२||

vyaktamaindriyakaṁ caiva gr̥hyatē tadyadindriyaiḥ| atō'nyat punaravyaktaṁ liṅgagrāhyamatīndriyam||62||

vyaktamaindriyakaM caiva gRuhyate tadyadindriyaiH| ato~anyat punaravyaktaM li~ggagrAhyamatIndriyam||62||

The absolute soul cannot be perceived by anything, for eternity is not caused by anything. So, the absolute soul is unmanifested and imperceptible. The manifested creation is, of course, otherwise.

The absolute soul is unmanifested, knower of creation, eternal, universal and indestructible. The manifested creation (Purusha) is, of course, otherwise. Another way of distinguishing manifested things from the unmanifested ones is that the former can be perceived by sense faculties. The latter is transcendental in nature and is not perceptible with the senses. It can only be inferred (rather than perceived). [60-62]

Ashta bhuta prakriti (eight sources of creation) and Shodash vikara (sixteen elements)

खादीनि बुद्धिरव्यक्तमहङ्कारस्तथाऽष्टमः| भूतप्रकृतिरुद्दिष्टा विकाराश्चैव षोडश||६३||

khādīni buddhiravyaktamahaṅkārastathā'ṣṭamaḥ| bhūtaprakr̥tiruddiṣṭā vikārāścaiva ṣōḍaśa||63||

khAdIni buddhiravyaktamaha~gkArastathA~aShTamaH| bhUtaprakRutiruddiShTA vikArAshcaiva ShoDasha||63||

बुद्धीन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव पञ्च कर्मेन्द्रियाणि च| समनस्काश्च पञ्चार्था विकारा इति सञ्ज्ञिताः||६४||

buddhīndriyāṇi pañcaiva pañca karmēndriyāṇi ca| samanaskāśca pañcārthā vikārā iti sañjñitāḥ||64||

buddhIndriyANi pa~jcaiva pa~jca karmendriyANi ca| samanaskAshca pa~jcArthA vikArA iti sa~jj~jitAH||64||

The five subtle elements (viz. shabdatanmantra, sparshatanmantra, rupatanmantra, rasatanmatra and gandhatanmatra), buddhi (intellect), avyakta (prakriti or nature) and ahamkara (ego) are the eight sources of creation. Transformed and bio-transformed elements (vikara) are sixteen in number, viz. five sense faculties, five motor faculties, mind and five mahabhutas. [63-64]

इति क्षेत्रं समुद्दिष्टं सर्वमव्यक्तवर्जितम्| अव्यक्तमस्य क्षेत्रस्य क्षेत्रज्ञमृषयो विदुः||६५||

iti kṣētraṁ samuddiṣṭaṁ sarvamavyaktavarjitam| avyaktamasya kṣētrasya kṣētrajñamr̥ṣayō viduḥ||65||

iti kShetraM samuddiShTaM sarvamavyaktavarjitam| avyaktamasya kShetrasya kShetraj~jamRuShayo viduH||65||

As explained by wise ones, all this taken together, except the unmanifested one (avyakta), is known as kshetra i.e. corpus (body). The unmanifested (soul) one is known as kshetragna (knower of the corpus) which adjoins the body. [65]

जायते बुद्धिरव्यक्ताद्बुद्ध्याऽहमिति मन्यते| परं खादीन्यहङ्कारादुत्पद्यन्ते [१] यथाक्रमम्||६६|| ततः सम्पूर्णसर्वाङ्गो जातोऽभ्युदित उच्यते|

jāyatē buddhiravyaktādbuddhyā'hamiti manyatē| paraṁ khādīnyahaṅkārādutpadyantē [1] yathākramam||66|| tataḥ sampūrṇasarvāṅgō jātō'bhyudita ucyatē| jAyate buddhiravyaktAdbuddhyA~ahamiti manyate| paraM khAdInyaha~gkArAdutpadyante [1] yathAkramam||66|| tataH sampUrNasarvA~ggo jAto~abhyudita ucyate|

Buddhi originates from avyakta, ahamkara from buddhi, and the five subtle mahabhutas (Tanmatras), viz. akashatanmatra etc. from ahamkara. These, along with the five gross mahabhutas (in the right sequence) and the bio-transformed five indriyas, constitute the Purusha. Thus, with this Purusha manifested in its entirety, the body (life) with its all constituents is said to be born (living life). [66-67]

पुरुषः प्रलये चेष्टैः पुनर्भावैर्वियुज्यते||६७|| अव्यक्ताद्व्यक्ततां याति व्यक्तादव्यक्ततां पुनः| रजस्तमोभ्यामाविष्टश्चक्रवत् परिवर्तते||६८||

puruṣaḥ pralayē cēṣṭaiḥ punarbhāvairviyujyatē||67|| avyaktādvyaktatāṁ yāti vyaktādavyaktatāṁ punaḥ| rajastamōbhyāmāviṣṭaścakravat parivartatē||68||

puruShaH pralaye ceShTaiH punarbhAvairviyujyate||67|| avyaktAdvyaktatAM yAti vyaktAdavyaktatAM punaH| rajastamobhyAmAviShTashcakravat parivartate||68||

येषां द्वन्द्वे परा सक्तिरहङ्कारपराश्च ये| उदयप्रलयौ तेषां न तेषां ये त्वतोऽन्यथा||६९||

yēṣāṁ dvandvē parā saktirahaṅkāraparāśca yē| udayapralayau tēṣāṁ na tēṣāṁ yē tvatō'nyathā||69||

yeShAM dvandve parA saktiraha~gkAraparAshca ye| udayapralayau teShAM na teShAM ye tvato~anyathA||69||

At the time of destruction of life, the Purusha (soul) again dissociates itself from all the manifestations meant for its enjoyment, viz. buddhi etc. The universe accompanied with rajas and tamas cycles between the unmanifested and the manifested stages. Those who are attached to rajas and tamas and those who are egoistic undergo the process of birth and rebirth. Others that are not, get liberation. [67-69]

प्राणापानौ निमेषाद्या जीवनं मनसो गतिः| इन्द्रियान्तरसञ्चारः प्रेरणं धारणं च यत्||७०||

prāṇāpānau nimēṣādyā jīvanaṁ manasō gatiḥ| indriyāntarasañcāraḥ prēraṇaṁ dhāraṇaṁ ca yat||70||

prANApAnau nimeShAdyA jIvanaM manaso gatiH| indriyAntarasa~jcAraH preraNaM dhAraNaM ca yat||70||

देशान्तरगतिः स्वप्ने पञ्चत्वग्रहणं तथा| दृष्टस्य दक्षिणेनाक्ष्णा सव्येनावगमस्तथा||७१||

dēśāntaragatiḥ svapnē pañcatvagrahaṇaṁ tathā| dr̥ṣṭasya dakṣiṇēnākṣṇā savyēnāvagamastathā||71||

deshAntaragatiH svapne pa~jcatvagrahaNaM tathA| dRuShTasya dakShiNenAkShNA savyenAvagamastathA||71||

इच्छा द्वेषः सुखं दुःखं प्रयत्नश्चेतना धृतिः| बुद्धिः स्मृतिरहङ्कारो लिङ्गानि परमात्मनः||७२||

icchā dvēṣaḥ sukhaṁ duḥkhaṁ prayatnaścētanā dhr̥tiḥ| buddhiḥ smr̥tirahaṅkārō liṅgāni paramātmanaḥ||72||

cchA dveShaH sukhaM duHkhaM prayatnashcetanA dhRutiH| buddhiH smRutiraha~gkAro li~ggAni paramAtmanaH||72||

यस्मात् समुपलभ्यन्ते लिङ्गान्येतानि जीवतः| न मृतस्यात्मलिङ्गानि तस्मादाहुर्महर्षयः||७३||

yasmāt samupalabhyantē liṅgānyētāni jīvataḥ| na mr̥tasyātmaliṅgāni tasmādāhurmaharṣayaḥ||73||

yasmAt samupalabhyante li~ggAnyetAni jIvataH| na mRutasyAtmali~ggAni tasmAdAhurmaharShayaH||73||

शरीरं हि गते तस्मिञ् शून्यागारमचेतनम्| पञ्चभूतावशेषत्वात् पञ्चत्वं गतमुच्यते||७४||

śarīraṁ hi gatē tasmiñ śūnyāgāramacētanam| pañcabhūtāvaśēṣatvāt pañcatvaṁ gatamucyatē||74||

sharIraM hi gate tasmi~j shUnyAgAramacetanam| pa~jcabhUtAvasheShatvAt pa~jcatvaM gatamucyate||74||

In response to the question on the signs and symptoms of a soul in the living body, as well as the proofs of existence of the soul in living animates, Lord Atreya mentions the following as proof:

  1. Inspiration and expiration;
  2. Twinkling of the eye;
  3. Sign and symptoms of living life;
  4. Ability to mentally teleport oneself (e.g. arriving at a distant place like Pataliputra in imagination or dream);
  5. Shift from one object of sense organ to another (e.g. shift from visual perception to tactile perception);
  6. Inspiration and controlling mind and indriyas
  7. Journey to another country in dreams;
  8. Anticipation of death;
  9. Knowledge of something visualized in right eye by the left eye;
  10. Desire, envy, happiness, misery, effort, consciousness, stability, intellect, memory and ego.

All these are signs of a living person. These signs are not available in a dead body. So, they are considered to be proof of existence of the soul till the living life. When that soul, with all its associates (indriyas, manas and four subtle mahabhutas) departs, the body becomes vacant and is deprived of consciousness. Only the five mahabhutas remain. So, a dead body is said to have attained the state of five mahabhutas (panchtatva) [70-74]

अचेतनं क्रियावच्च मनश्चेतयिता परः| युक्तस्य मनसा तस्य निर्दिश्यन्ते विभोः क्रियाः||७५||

acētanaṁ kriyāvacca manaścētayitā paraḥ| yuktasya manasā tasya nirdiśyantē vibhōḥ kriyāḥ||75||

acetanaM kriyAvacca manashcetayitA paraH| yuktasya manasA tasya nirdishyante vibhoH kriyAH||75||

चेतनावान् यतश्चात्मा ततः कर्ता निरुच्यते| अचेतनत्वाच्च मनः क्रियावदपि नोच्यते||७६||

cētanāvān yataścātmā tataḥ kartā nirucyatē| acētanatvācca manaḥ kriyāvadapi nōcyatē||76||

cetanAvAn yatashcAtmA tataH kartA nirucyate| acetanatvAcca manaH kriyAvadapi nocyate||76||

Mind is active, but devoid of consciousness. The omnipresent soul becomes active only when it coordinates with mind. Though the soul is not active, it is conscious and is considered a doer, or an actor, or an agent of deeds. The mind is not considered as actor, because it is devoid of Consciousness, though it is responsible for activity. [75-76]

Thus, the ability to “cause” or “act” resides in the conscious and not in unconscious.

यथास्वेनात्मनाऽऽत्मानं सर्वः सर्वासु योनिषु| प्राणैस्तन्त्रयते प्राणी नह्यन्योऽस्त्यस्य तन्त्रकः||७७||

yathāsvēnātmanātmānaṁ sarvaḥ sarvāsu yōniṣu| prāṇaistantrayatē prāṇī nahyanyō'styasya tantrakaḥ||77||

yathAsvenAtmanA~a~atmAnaM sarvaH sarvAsu yoniShu| prANaistantrayate prANI nahyanyo~astyasya tantrakaH||77||

वशी तत् कुरुते कर्म यत् कृत्वा फलमश्नुते| वशी चेतः समाधत्ते वशी सर्वं निरस्यति||७८||

vaśī tat kurutē karma yat kr̥tvā phalamaśnutē| vaśī cētaḥ samādhattē vaśī sarvaṁ nirasyati||78||

vashI tat kurute karma yat kRutvA phalamashnute| vashI cetaH samAdhatte vashI sarvaM nirasyati||78||

The soul can independently enter any animate body. There is no other controller of soul, hence, it is considered a self controller. It is to said that the soul is free and independent to do its deeds but it is not free to get result of its deeds as per its own wish. Here it can be understood that the control of its activities and its entry into the body is governed by the result of its deeds. The soul is absolutely free to act as it pleases. It is however obliged to enjoy the results of its own deeds. It is also free to control the mind associated with it. And the free soul, when meditates, get rid of the results of good or bad acts of its own. [78]

देही सर्वगतोऽप्यात्मा [१] स्वे स्वे संस्पर्शनेन्द्रिये| सर्वाः सर्वाश्रयस्थास्तु नात्माऽतो वेत्ति वेदनाः||७९||

dēhī sarvagatō'pyātmā [1] svē svē saṁsparśanēndriyē| sarvāḥ sarvāśrayasthāstu nātmā'tō vētti vēdanāḥ||79||

dehI sarvagato~apyAtmA [1] sve sve saMsparshanendriye| sarvAH sarvAshrayasthAstu nAtmA~ato vetti vedanAH||79||

Even though the soul is all pervasive, it can perceive sensations in its associated physical body through the contact of sense organs with their respective objects. (Being limited by the contacts of the bodily sense organs with their objects), the soul cannot have all sensations [79]

विभुत्वमत एवास्य यस्मात् सर्वगतो महान्| मनसश्च समाधानात् पश्यत्यात्मा तिरस्कृतम्||८०||

vibhutvamata ēvāsya yasmāt sarvagatō mahān| manasaśca samādhānāt paśyatyātmā tiraskr̥tam||80||

vibhutvamata evAsya yasmAt sarvagato mahAn| manasashca samAdhAnAt pashyatyAtmA tiraskRutam||80||

नित्यानुबन्धं मनसा देहकर्मानुपातिना| सर्वयोनिगतं विद्यादेकयोनावपि स्थितम्||८१||

nityānubandhaṁ manasā dēhakarmānupātinā| sarvayōnigataṁ vidyādēkayōnāvapi sthitam||81||

nityAnubandhaM manasA dehakarmAnupAtinA| sarvayonigataM vidyAdekayonAvapi sthitam||81||

When the omnipresent, supreme soul gets combined with manas and other senses, it becomes kshetragya i.e., one that has the power to go anywhere in the universe and become a knower of that body. It can perceive objects inspite of (spatial, temporal or material) obstructions. Even though it is located in one body when associated with the mind through physical actions, it is still present in all other bodies. Conversely, in spite of it being present in all bodies, its field of action is limited to one body alone because of its contact with the mind. [80-81]

आदिर्नास्त्यात्मनः [१] क्षेत्रपारम्पर्यमनादिकम्| अतस्तयोरनादित्वात् किं पूर्वमिति नोच्यते||८२||

ādirnāstyātmanaḥ [1] kṣētrapāramparyamanādikam| atastayōranāditvāt kiṁ pūrvamiti nōcyatē||82||

AdirnAstyAtmanaH [1] kShetrapAramparyamanAdikam| atastayoranAditvAt kiM pUrvamiti nocyate||82||

ज्ञः साक्षीत्युच्यते नाज्ञः साक्षी त्वात्मा यतः स्मृतः| सर्वे भावा हि सर्वेषां भूतानामात्मसाक्षिकाः||८३||

jñaḥ sākṣītyucyatē nājñaḥ sākṣī tvātmā yataḥ smr̥taḥ| sarvē bhāvā hi sarvēṣāṁ bhūtānāmātmasākṣikāḥ||83||

j~jaH sAkShItyucyate nAj~jaH sAkShI tvAtmA yataH smRutaH| sarve bhAvA hi sarveShAM bhUtAnAmAtmasAkShikAH||83||

Aatma (soul) does not have a beginning, and similarly, the corpus (combination of ayu elements) also does not have a beginning. The continuity of kshetra and kshetragya is so long that it is not possible to say which came earlier (kshetra or kshetragya) [82]

It is only he who knows things that can stand as a witness. So, all attributes, actions etc., of bhutas are witnessed by the soul (who alone is the knower of things). Things cannot be witnessed by unconscious objects (like stone). [83]

नैकः कदाचिद्भूतात्मा लक्षणैरुपलभ्यते| विशेषोऽनुपलभ्यस्य तस्य नैकस्य विद्यते||८४||

naikaḥ kadācidbhūtātmā lakṣaṇairupalabhyatē| viśēṣō'nupalabhyasya tasya naikasya vidyatē||84||

naikaH kadAcidbhUtAtmA lakShaNairupalabhyate| visheSho~anupalabhyasya tasya naikasya vidyate||84||

संयोगपुरुषस्येष्टो विशेषो वेदनाकृतः| वेदना यत्र नियता विशेषस्तत्र तत्कृतः||८५||

saṁyōgapuruṣasyēṣṭō viśēṣō vēdanākr̥taḥ| vēdanā yatra niyatā viśēṣastatra tatkr̥taḥ||85||

saMyogapuruShasyeShTo visheSho vedanAkRutaH| vedanA yatra niyatA visheShastatra tatkRutaH||85||

The absolute soul is unity and singular. It does not have signs or symptoms. Since it is inaccessible, it has no sensation. It is only the samyoga purusha (24 tattvatmaka purusha) that has sensations. These sensations do not constitute the attributes of the soul as such, but arise out of contact (of the sense organs with their objects). [84-85]

चिकित्सति भिषक् सर्वास्त्रिकाला वेदना इति| यया युक्त्या वदन्त्येके सा युक्तिरुपधार्यताम्||८६||

cikitsati bhiṣak sarvāstrikālā vēdanā iti| yayā yuktyā vadantyēkē sā yuktirupadhāryatām||86||

cikitsati bhiShak sarvAstrikAlA vedanA iti| yayA yuktyA vadantyeke sA yuktirupadhAryatAm||86||

पुनस्तच्छिरसः शूलं ज्वरः स पुनरागतः| पुनः स कासो बलवांश्छर्दिः सा पुनरागता||८७||

punastacchirasaḥ śūlaṁ jvaraḥ sa punarāgataḥ| punaḥ sa kāsō balavāṁśchardiḥ sā punarāgatā||87||

punastacchirasaH shUlaM jvaraH sa punarAgataH| punaH sa kAso balavAMshchardiH sA punarAgatA||87||

एभिः प्रसिद्धवचनैरतीतागमनं मतम्| कालश्चायमतीतानामर्तीनां पुनरागतः||८८||

ēbhiḥ prasiddhavacanairatītāgamanaṁ matam| kālaścāyamatītānāmartīnāṁ punarāgataḥ||88||

ebhiH prasiddhavacanairatItAgamanaM matam| kAlashcAyamatItAnAmartInAM punarAgataH||88||

तमर्तिकालमुद्दिश्य भेषजं यत् प्रयुज्यते| अतीतानां प्रशमनं वेदनानां तदुच्यते||८९||

tamartikālamuddiśya bhēṣajaṁ yat prayujyatē| atītānāṁ praśamanaṁ vēdanānāṁ taducyatē||89||

tamartikAlamuddishya bheShajaM yat prayujyate| atItAnAM prashamanaM vedanAnAM taducyate||89||

आपस्ताः पुनरागुर्मा याभिः शस्यं पुरा हतम्| यथा प्रक्रियते सेतुः प्रतिकर्म तथाऽऽश्रये||९०||

āpastāḥ punarāgurmā yābhiḥ śasyaṁ purā hatam| yathā prakriyatē sētuḥ pratikarma tathāśrayē||90||

ApastAH punarAgurmA yAbhiH shasyaM purA hatam| yathA prakriyate setuH pratikarma tathA~a~ashraye||90||

पूर्वरूपं विकाराणां दृष्ट्वा प्रादुर्भविष्यताम्| या क्रिया क्रियते सा च वेदनां हन्त्यनागताम्||९१||

pūrvarūpaṁ vikārāṇāṁ dr̥ṣṭvā prādurbhaviṣyatām| yā kriyā kriyatē sā ca vēdanāṁ hantyanāgatām||91||

pUrvarUpaM vikArANAM dRuShTvA prAdurbhaviShyatAm| yA kriyA kriyate sA ca vedanAM hantyanAgatAm||91||

पारम्पर्यानबन्धस्तु दुःखानां विनिवर्तते| सुखहेतूपचारेण सुखं चापि प्रवर्तते||९२||

pāramparyānabandhastu duḥkhānāṁ vinivartatē| sukhahētūpacārēṇa sukhaṁ cāpi pravartatē||92||

pAramparyAnabandhastu duHkhAnAM vinivartate| sukhahetUpacAreNa sukhaM cApi pravartate||92||

न समा यान्ति वैषम्यं विषमाः समतां न च| हेतुभिः सदृशा नित्यं जायन्ते देहधातवः||९३||

na samā yānti vaiṣamyaṁ viṣamāḥ samatāṁ na ca| hētubhiḥ sadr̥śā nityaṁ jāyantē dēhadhātavaḥ||93||

na samA yAnti vaiShamyaM viShamAH samatAM na ca| hetubhiH sadRushA nityaM jAyante dehadhAtavaH||93||

युक्तिमेतां पुरस्कृत्य त्रिकालां वेदनां भिषक्| हन्तीत्युक्तं चिकित्सा तु नैष्ठिकी या विनोपधाम्||९४||

yuktimētāṁ puraskr̥tya trikālāṁ vēdanāṁ bhiṣak| hantītyuktaṁ cikitsā tu naiṣṭhikī yā vinōpadhām||94||

yuktimetAM puraskRutya trikAlAM vedanAM bhiShak| hantItyuktaM cikitsA tu naiShThikI yA vinopadhAm||94||

The following logic is given here while responding to the question on the management of illnesses of the past, the present and the future. Recurrence of headache, fever, cough and vomiting establishes the fact that diseases of the past do relapse. That is to say, the time of occurrence of the various diseases in the past repeats itself. The therapeutic devices meant for alleviating such recurring diseases verily take the past history (of such diseases) into consideration.

In order that flood waters may not damage crops as they did in the past, a dam is constructed as a preventive measure. By observing premonitory symptoms, some therapies are prescribed to prevent certain diseases which are likely to attack living beings in future. This treatment relates to prevention of future diseases.

A continuity of ailments is checked by treatments that are conducive to the continuity of happiness. The state of equilibrium of dhatu is not disturbed nor is the imbalanced state brought to normalcy without some causative factors. It is the causative factors which determine the equilibrium or imbalance of the dhatu. So a physician treats the diseases pertaining to the past, present and future. The treatment that is devoid of desires (upadha) is called as complete treatment or supreme treatment (naishthiki chikitsa). [86-94]

उपधा हि परो हेतुर्दुःखदुःखाश्रयप्रदः| त्यागः सर्वोपधानां च सर्वदुःखव्यपोहकः||९५||

upadhā hi parō hēturduḥkhaduḥkhāśrayapradaḥ| tyāgaḥ sarvōpadhānāṁ ca sarvaduḥkhavyapōhakaḥ||95||

upadhA hi paro heturduHkhaduHkhAshrayapradaH| tyAgaH sarvopadhAnAM ca sarvaduHkhavyapohakaH||95||

कोषकारो यथा ह्यंशूनुपादत्ते वधप्रदान् [३] | उपादत्ते तथाऽर्थेभ्यस्तृष्णामज्ञः सदाऽऽतुरः||९६||

kōṣakārō yathā hyaṁśūnupādattē vadhapradān [3] | upādattē tathā'rthēbhyastr̥ṣṇāmajñaḥ sadāturaḥ||96||

koShakAro yathA hyaMshUnupAdatte vadhapradAn [3] | upAdatte tathA~arthebhyastRuShNAmaj~jaH sadA~a~aturaH||96||

यस्त्वग्निकल्पानर्थाञ् ज्ञो ज्ञात्वा तेभ्यो निवर्तते| अनारम्भादसंयोगात्तं दुःखं नोपतिष्ठते||९७||

yastvagnikalpānarthāñ jñō jñātvā tēbhyō nivartatē| anārambhādasaṁyōgāttaṁ duḥkhaṁ nōpatiṣṭhatē||97||

yastvagnikalpAnarthA~j j~jo j~jAtvA tebhyo nivartate| anArambhAdasaMyogAttaM duHkhaM nopatiShThate||97||

Absolute eradication of miseries is obtained by the elimination of desires. Desire is the root cause of all miseries. Elimination of desires leads to the eradication of all miseries. A silk worm provides for itself suicidal threads. So, does an ignorant person. Bound by worldly miseries, he provides for himself desires arising out of the various objects. A wise person who abstains from the objects of senses, considering them as dangerous as burning fire, does not subject himself to any wishful acts and attachments with the result that miseries never overcome him. [94-97]

Basic causes of miseries in life

धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रंशः सम्प्राप्तिः कालकर्मणाम्| असात्म्यार्थागमश्चेति ज्ञातव्या दुःखहेतवः||९८||

dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṁśaḥ samprāptiḥ kālakarmaṇām| asātmyārthāgamaścēti jñātavyā duḥkhahētavaḥ||98||

dhIdhRutismRutivibhraMshaH samprAptiH kAlakarmaNAm| asAtmyArthAgamashceti j~jAtavyA duHkhahetavaH||98||

Impairment of intellect (grasping and keeping power), dhriti (controlling power) and memory (recalling power), ageing/advent of maturity, deeds and unwholesome contact with objects of senses could be counted as factors responsible for causing miseries. [98]

विषमाभिनिवेशो यो नित्यानित्ये हिताहिते| ज्ञेयः स बुद्धिविभ्रंशः समं बुद्धिर्हि पश्यति||९९||

viṣamābhinivēśō yō nityānityē hitāhitē| jñēyaḥ sa buddhivibhraṁśaḥ samaṁ buddhirhi paśyati||99||

viShamAbhinivesho yo nityAnitye hitAhite| j~jeyaH sa buddhivibhraMshaH samaM buddhirhi pashyati||99||

If something eternal is viewed as ephemeral and something harmful as useful, and vice versa, this is indicative of the impairment of intellect. For, the normal intellect views things as they are. [99]

विषयप्रवणं सत्त्वं धृतिभ्रंशान्न शक्यते| नियन्तुमहितादर्थाद्धृतिर्हि नियमात्मिका||१००||

viṣayapravaṇaṁ sattvaṁ dhr̥tibhraṁśānna śakyatē| niyantumahitādarthāddhr̥tirhi niyamātmikā||100||

viShayapravaNaM sattvaM dhRutibhraMshAnna shakyate| niyantumahitAdarthAddhRutirhi niyamAtmikA||100||

A mind indulging in worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects due to the impairment of dhriti (controlling power). It is dhriti that can restrain the mind (from its harmful objects). [100]

तत्त्वज्ञाने स्मृतिर्यस्य रजोमोहावृतात्मनः| भ्रश्यते स स्मृतिभ्रंशः स्मर्तव्यं हि स्मृतौ स्थितम्||१०१||

tattvajñānē smr̥tiryasya rajōmōhāvr̥tātmanaḥ| bhraśyatē sa smr̥tibhraṁśaḥ smartavyaṁ hi smr̥tau sthitam||101||

tattvaj~jAne smRutiryasya rajomohAvRutAtmanaH| bhrashyate sa smRutibhraMshaH smartavyaM hi smRutau sthitam||101||

If the memory is impaired due to a person being overcome by rajas and tamas, the recollection of knowledge of reality or self is impaired. This is known as the impairment of smriti. Normally smriti contains everything memorable. [101]

Prajnaparadha (intellectual defect) and its consequences

धीधृतिस्मृतिविभ्रष्टः कर्म यत् कुरुतेऽशुभम्| प्रज्ञापराधं तं विद्यात् सर्वदोषप्रकोपणम्||१०२||

dhīdhr̥tismr̥tivibhraṣṭaḥ karma yat kurutē'śubham| prajñāparādhaṁ taṁ vidyāt sarvadōṣaprakōpaṇam||102||

dhIdhRutismRutivibhraShTaH karma yat kurute~ashubham| praj~jAparAdhaM taM vidyAt sarvadoShaprakopaNam||102||

उदीरणं गतिमतामुदीर्णानां च निग्रहः| सेवनं साहसानां च नारीणां चातिसेवनम्||१०३||

udīraṇaṁ gatimatāmudīrṇānāṁ ca nigrahaḥ| sēvanaṁ sāhasānāṁ ca nārīṇāṁ cātisēvanam||103||

udIraNaM gatimatAmudIrNAnAM ca nigrahaH| sevanaM sAhasAnAM ca nArINAM cAtisevanam||103||

कर्मकालातिपातश्च मिथ्यारम्भश्च कर्मणाम्| विनयाचारलोपश्च पूज्यानां चाभिधर्षणम्||१०४||

karmakālātipātaśca mithyārambhaśca karmaṇām| vinayācāralōpaśca pūjyānāṁ cābhidharṣaṇam||104||

karmakAlAtipAtashca mithyArambhashca karmaNAm| vinayAcAralopashca pUjyAnAM cAbhidharShaNam||104||

ज्ञातानां स्वयमर्थानामहितानां निषेवणम्| परमौन्मादिकानां च प्रत्ययानां निषेवणम्||१०५||

jñātānāṁ svayamarthānāmahitānāṁ niṣēvaṇam| paramaunmādikānāṁ ca pratyayānāṁ niṣēvaṇam||105||

j~jAtAnAM svayamarthAnAmahitAnAM niShevaNam| paramaunmAdikAnAM ca pratyayAnAM niShevaNam||105||

अकालादेशसञ्चारौ मैत्री सङ्क्लिष्टकर्मभिः| इन्द्रियोपक्रमोक्तस्य सद्वृत्तस्य च वर्जनम्||१०६||

akālādēśasañcārau maitrī saṅkliṣṭakarmabhiḥ| indriyōpakramōktasya sadvr̥ttasya ca varjanam||106||

akAlAdeshasa~jcArau maitrI sa~gkliShTakarmabhiH| indriyopakramoktasya sadvRuttasya ca varjanam||106||

ईर्ष्यामानभयक्रोधलोभमोहमदभ्रमाः| तज्जं वा कर्म यत् क्लिष्टं क्लिष्टं यद्देहकर्म च||१०७||

īrṣyāmānabhayakrōdhalōbhamōhamadabhramāḥ| tajjaṁ vā karma yat kliṣṭaṁ kliṣṭaṁ yaddēhakarma ca||107||

IrShyAmAnabhayakrodhalobhamohamadabhramAH| tajjaM vA karma yat kliShTaM kliShTaM yaddehakarma ca||107||

यच्चान्यदीदृशं कर्म रजोमोहसमुत्थितम्| प्रज्ञापराधं तं शिष्टा ब्रुवते व्याधिकारणम् [१] ||१०८||

yaccānyadīdr̥śaṁ karma rajōmōhasamutthitam| prajñāparādhaṁ taṁ śiṣṭā bruvatē vyādhikāraṇam [1] ||108||

yaccAnyadIdRushaM karma rajomohasamutthitam| praj~jAparAdhaM taM shiShTA bruvate vyAdhikAraNam [1] ||108||

When a person’s dhi (ability to comprehend), dhriti (controlling power), and smriti (power to recall memories, or reminisce) get impaired, he performs inauspicious deeds that lead to aggravation of all dosha. This is called prajnaparadha (mistake of the intellect, knowingly committing crime or unwholesome/sinful acts).

Forcible stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones, exhibition of undue strength, over indulgence in sexual acts, negligence of the time and method of administering of treatment (i.e. non utilization, excessive utilization, and impaired utilization of therapies), initiation of action in improper time, loss of modesty and good conduct, disrespecting those that deserve respect, enjoyment of harmful objects, resorting to the factors that are responsible for the causation of madness, walking and travelling at improper time and places, friendship with persons of bad character, avoidance of sadvritta (noble code of conduct) described in Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya (Sutra Sthana 8th chapter) or harboring malice, vanity, fear, anger, greed, ignorance, intoxication and bewilderment or bad actions arising out of any of them, and/or physical evil acts arising out of rajas and tamas constitute prajnaparadha, the root cause of several diseases told by learned seers of Ayurveda. [102-108]

बुद्ध्या विषमविज्ञानं विषमं च प्रवर्तनम्| प्रज्ञापराधं जानीयान्मनसो गोचरं हि तत्||१०९||

buddhyā viṣamavijñānaṁ viṣamaṁ ca pravartanam| prajñāparādhaṁ jānīyānmanasō gōcaraṁ hi tat||109||

buddhyA viShamavij~jAnaM viShamaM ca pravartanam| praj~jAparAdhaM jAnIyAnmanaso gocaraM hi tat||109||

Understanding the subjects in improper way due to the impairment of intellect and, at the same time, executing this improper knowledge in the wrong way is also termed as prajnaparadha which makes improper cognition of manasa, indriya with their objects and subjects. [109]

Importance of Kala (time factor)

निर्दिष्टा कालसम्प्राप्तिर्व्याधीनां व्याधिसङ्ग्रहे| चयप्रकोपप्रशमाः पित्तादीनां यथा पुरा||११०||

nirdiṣṭā kālasamprāptirvyādhīnāṁ vyādhisaṅgrahē| cayaprakōpapraśamāḥ pittādīnāṁ yathā purā||110||

nirdiShTA kAlasamprAptirvyAdhInAM vyAdhisa~ggrahe| cayaprakopaprashamAH pittAdInAM yathA purA||110||

मिथ्यातिहीनलिङ्गाश्च वर्षान्ता रोगहेतवः| जीर्णभुक्तप्रजीर्णान्नकालाकालस्थितिश्च [१] या||१११||

mithyātihīnaliṅgāśca varṣāntā rōgahētavaḥ| jīrṇabhuktaprajīrṇānnakālākālasthitiśca [1] yā||111||

mithyAtihInali~ggAshca varShAntA rogahetavaH| jIrNabhuktaprajIrNAnnakAlAkAlasthitishca [1] yA||111||

पूर्वमध्यापराह्णाश्च रात्र्या यामास्त्रयश्च ये| एषु कालेषु नियता ये रोगास्ते च कालजाः||११२||

pūrvamadhyāparāhṇāśca rātryā yāmāstrayaśca yē| ēṣu kālēṣu niyatā yē rōgāstē ca kālajāḥ||112||

pUrvamadhyAparAhNAshca rAtryA yAmAstrayashca ye| eShu kAleShu niyatA ye rogAste ca kAlajAH||112||

Ailments due to the advent of the season are already described in Sutra 17:114. It has been explained there, how pitta and other doshas get accumulated, aggravated and alleviated (depending on seasonal variation).

This category includes causative factors of diseases marked by wrong manifestation, over manifestation and under manifestation of their symptoms during seasons ending with the rains; during various stages of digestion viz. time of final digestion, time of intake of food and time of initial digestion; during different times of the day, viz. forenoon, mid-day and afternoon and during different hours of the night, viz. pre-midnight, midnight and post mid night. Diseases which as a rule manifest themselves during these times are also known as kalaja diseases. [110-112]

अन्येद्युष्को द्व्यहग्राही तृतीयकचतुर्थकौ| स्वे स्वे काले प्रवर्तन्ते काले ह्येषां बलागमः||११३||

anyēdyuṣkō dvyahagrāhī tr̥tīyakacaturthakau| svē svē kālē pravartantē kālē hyēṣāṁ balāgamaḥ||113||

anyedyuShko dvyahagrAhI tRutIyakacaturthakau| sve sve kAle pravartante kAle hyeShAM balAgamaH||113||

Diseases like anyedyushka (quotidian fever which occurs at a fixed time every day), dvyahagrahi (reverse quotidian fever), tritiyaka (tertian fever which occurs at an interval of one day) and chaturthaka (quartan fever which occurs at an interval of two days) manifest themselves at fixed hours in as much as they get strength only at such hours. [113]

एते चान्ये [६] च ये केचित् कालजा विविधा गदाः| अनागते चिकित्स्यास्ते बलकालौ विजानता||११४||

ētē cānyē [6] ca yē kēcit kālajā vividhā gadāḥ| anāgatē cikitsyāstē balakālau vijānatā||114||

ete cAnye [6] ca ye kecit kAlajA vividhA gadAH| anAgate cikitsyAste balakAlau vijAnatA||114||

A physician acquainted with the knowledge of dosha bala and kala bala should treat this and other similar diseases prior to their actual manifestations. [114]

कालस्य परिणामेन जरामृत्युनिमित्तजाः| रोगाः स्वाभाविका दृष्टाः स्वभावो निष्प्रतिक्रियः||११५||

kālasya pariṇāmēna jarāmr̥tyunimittajāḥ| rōgāḥ svābhāvikā dr̥ṣṭāḥ svabhāvō niṣpratikriyaḥ||115||

kAlasya pariNAmena jarAmRutyunimittajAH| rogAH svAbhAvikA dRuShTAH svabhAvo niShpratikriyaH||115||

The diseases arising out of temporal factors that bring about old age and death are to be considered as natural ones, which affect everyone, and these such natural manifestations are irremediable. [115]

Daiva (fate/destiny)

निर्दिष्टं दैवशब्देन कर्म यत् पौर्वदेहिकम्| हेतुस्तदपि कालेन रोगाणामुपलभ्यते||११६||

nirdiṣṭaṁ daivaśabdēna karma yat paurvadēhikam| hētustadapi kālēna rōgāṇāmupalabhyatē||116||

nirdiShTaM daivashabdena karma yat paurvadehikam| hetustadapi kAlena rogANAmupalabhyate||116||

The deeds performed in the previous life or past time are known as daiva (fate) also constitutes in due course causative factors for the manifestation of diseases. [116] In other words it could be also said that some causes do not produce disease at the same time because they have less strength (karmaja roga).

न हि कर्म महत् किञ्चित् फलं यस्य न भुज्यते| क्रियाघ्नाः कर्मजा रोगाः प्रशमं यान्ति तत्क्षयात्||११७||

na hi karma mahat kiñcit phalaṁ yasya na bhujyatē| kriyāghnāḥ karmajā rōgāḥ praśamaṁ yānti tatkṣayāt||117||

na hi karma mahat ki~jcit phalaM yasya na bhujyate| kriyAghnAH karmajA rogAH prashamaM yAnti tatkShayAt||117||

There is no such major action/deed (performed in the previous life/past time) which does not lead to the corresponding results. Diseases arising out of such actions/deeds are not amenable to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the effects of past actions/deeds are exhausted i.e. fully enjoyed. [117]

Asatmya indriyartha samyoga (improper use of senses)

अत्युग्रशब्दश्रवणाच्छ्रवणात् सर्वशो न च| शब्दानां चातिहीनानां भवन्ति श्रवणाज्जडाः||११८||

atyugraśabdaśravaṇācchravaṇāt sarvaśō na ca| śabdānāṁ cātihīnānāṁ bhavanti śravaṇājjaḍāḥ||118||

atyugrashabdashravaNAcchravaNAt sarvasho na ca| shabdAnAM cAtihInAnAM bhavanti shravaNAjjaDAH||118||

परुषोद्भीषणाशस्ताप्रियव्यसनसूचकैः| शब्दैः श्रवणसंयोगो मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||११९||

paruṣōdbhīṣaṇāśastāpriyavyasanasūcakaiḥ| śabdaiḥ śravaṇasaṁyōgō mithyāsaṁyōga ucyatē||119||

paruShodbhIShaNAshastApriyavyasanasUcakaiH| shabdaiH shravaNasaMyogo mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||119||

असंस्पर्शोऽतिसंस्पर्शो हीनसंस्पर्श एव च| स्पृश्यानां सङ्ग्रहेणोक्तः स्पर्शनेन्द्रियबाधकः||१२०||

asaṁsparśō'tisaṁsparśō hīnasaṁsparśa ēva ca| spr̥śyānāṁ saṅgrahēṇōktaḥ sparśanēndriyabādhakaḥ||120||

asaMsparsho~atisaMsparsho hInasaMsparsha eva ca| spRushyAnAM sa~ggraheNoktaH sparshanendriyabAdhakaH||120||

यो भूतविषवातानामकालेनागतश्च यः| स्नेहशीतोष्णसंस्पर्शो मिथ्यायोग स उच्यते||१२१||

yō bhūtaviṣavātānāmakālēnāgataśca yaḥ| snēhaśītōṣṇasaṁsparśō mithyāyōga sa ucyatē||121||

yo bhUtaviShavAtAnAmakAlenAgatashca yaH| snehashItoShNasaMsparsho mithyAyoga sa ucyate||121||

रूपाणां भास्वतां दृष्टिर्विनश्यत्यतिदर्शनात्| दर्शनाच्चातिसूक्ष्माणां सर्वशश्चाप्यदर्शनात्||१२२||

rūpāṇāṁ bhāsvatāṁ dr̥ṣṭirvinaśyatyatidarśanāt| darśanāccātisūkṣmāṇāṁ sarvaśaścāpyadarśanāt||122||

rUpANAM bhAsvatAM dRuShTirvinashyatyatidarshanAt| darshanAccAtisUkShmANAM sarvashashcApyadarshanAt||122||

द्विष्टभैरवबीभत्सदूरातिश्लिष्टदर्शनात् [१] | तामसानां च रूपाणां मिथ्यासंयोग उच्यते||१२३||

dviṣṭabhairavabībhatsadūrātiśliṣṭadarśanāt [1] | tāmasānāṁ ca rūpāṇāṁ mithyāsaṁyōga ucyatē||123||

dviShTabhairavabIbhatsadUrAtishliShTadarshanAt [1] | tAmasAnAM ca rUpANAM mithyAsaMyoga ucyate||123||

अत्यादानमनादानमोकसात्म्यादिभिश्च यत्| रसानां विषमादानमल्पादानं च दूषणम्||१२४||

atyādānamanādānamōkasātmyādibhiśca yat| rasānāṁ viṣamādānamalpādānaṁ ca dūṣaṇam||124||

atyAdAnamanAdAnamokasAtmyAdibhishca yat| rasAnAM viShamAdAnamalpAdAnaM ca dUShaNam||124||

अतिमृद्वतितीक्ष्णानां गन्धानामुपसेवनम्| असेवनं सर्वशश्च घ्राणेन्द्रियविनाशनम्||१२५||

atimr̥dvatitīkṣṇānāṁ gandhānāmupasēvanam| asēvanaṁ sarvaśaśca ghrāṇēndriyavināśanam||125||

atimRudvatitIkShNAnAM gandhAnAmupasevanam| asevanaM sarvashashca ghrANendriyavinAshanam||125||

पूतिभूतविषद्विष्टा गन्धा ये चाप्यनार्तवाः| तैर्गन्धैर्घ्राणसंयोगो मिथ्यायोगः स उच्यते||१२६||

pūtibhūtaviṣadviṣṭā gandhā yē cāpyanārtavāḥ| tairgandhairghrāṇasaṁyōgō mithyāyōgaḥ sa ucyatē||126||

pUtibhUtaviShadviShTA gandhA ye cApyanArtavAH| tairgandhairghrANasaMyogo mithyAyogaH sa ucyate||126||

इत्यसात्म्यार्थसंयोगस्त्रिविधो दोषकोपनः| असात्म्यमिति तद्विद्याद्यन्न याति सहात्मताम्||१२७||

ityasātmyārthasaṁyōgastrividhō dōṣakōpanaḥ| asātmyamiti tadvidyādyanna yāti sahātmatām||127||

ityasAtmyArthasaMyogastrividho doShakopanaH| asAtmyamiti tadvidyAdyanna yAti sahAtmatAm||127||

The auditory sense faculty is impaired by the hearing of excessively loud or low sound (even by not hearing excessively loud sound) or by the absolute non – utilization of this sense faculty. Auditory contact with sounds indicating roughness, terror, inauspiciousness, distate and misery constitute the wrong utilization of the auditory sense organ.

The tactual sense is impaired, briefly speaking by the nonutilization, excessive utilization, and inadequate utilization of the touchable (including massage, unction etc).

Untimely contact with poisonous germs, poisonous wind; unctuous, cold and hot substances constitute wrong utilization of tactual sensation. Vision gets impaired by the excessive contact with dazzling objects or by contact with extremely subtle elements or by absolute nonutilization of visual faculty.

Visual contact with undesirable, terrific, despicable objects and objects placed at a distance or in close proximity constitutes the wrong utilization of visual faculty. Vision is also impaired by the contact of the visual faculty with faint objects. Excessive intake, absence of intake, intake in utter disregard to the wholesomeness of addiction and inadequate intake of rasas (tastes) vitiate the gustatory faculty.

Olfactory faculty also gets impaired by the enjoyment of smells too mild and too sharp or by absolute nonutilization of this faculty. Inhalation of the smell of putrified objects, germs and poisonous as well as unseasonal smells constitutes wrong utilization of olfactory faculty.

These are the three types of unwholesome contact of sense with their respective objects which aggravate the doshas. A thing which is not conducive to the body is regarded as asatmya or unwholesome and which becomes responsible to provoke all the doshas. [118-127]

मिथ्यातिहीनयोगेभ्यो यो व्याधिरुपजायते| शब्दादीनां स विज्ञेयो व्याधिरैन्द्रियको बुधैः||१२८||

mithyātihīnayōgēbhyō yō vyādhirupajāyatē| śabdādīnāṁ sa vijñēyō vyādhiraindriyakō budhaiḥ||128||


mithyAtihInayogebhyo yo vyAdhirupajAyate| shabdAdInAM sa vij~jeyo vyAdhiraindriyako budhaiH||128||

When a disease is caused by wrong utilization, excessive, utilization and inadequate utilization (non – utilization) of sense faculties, viz. auditory etc, it is known as Aindriyaka(sensorial diseases) i.e. a disease caused by the impairment of senses. [128]

वेदनानामशान्तानामित्येते [३] हेतवः स्मृताः| सुखहेतुः समस्त्वेकः समयोगः सुदुर्लभः||१२९||

vēdanānāmaśāntānāmityētē [3] hētavaḥ smr̥tāḥ| sukhahētuḥ samastvēkaḥ samayōgaḥ sudurlabhaḥ||129||

vedanAnAmashAntAnAmityete [3] hetavaH smRutAH| sukhahetuH samastvekaH samayogaH sudurlabhaH||129||

These are the causative factors of the diseases which do not subside easily. But for a blissful life or a life without misery i.e. samayoga i.e. very much proper contact of the sensory organ with their objects is needed though it is very difficult to keep in practice. These are the factors responsible for miseries. Equitable utilization (of time, intellect and objects of sense faculties) brings about happiness. This equitable utilization is difficult to attain. [129]

Causes of happiness and miseries

नेन्द्रियाणि न चैवार्थाः सुखदुःखस्य हेतवः| हेतुस्तु सुखदुःखस्य योगो दृष्टश्चतुर्विधः||१३०||

nēndriyāṇi na caivārthāḥ sukhaduḥkhasya hētavaḥ| hētustu sukhaduḥkhasya yōgō dr̥ṣṭaścaturvidhaḥ||130||

nendriyANi na caivArthAH sukhaduHkhasya hetavaH| hetustu sukhaduHkhasya yogo dRuShTashcaturvidhaH||130||

सन्तीन्द्रियाणि सन्त्यर्था योगो न [१] च न चास्ति रुक्| न सुखं, कारणं तस्माद्योग एव चतुर्वधः||१३१||

santīndriyāṇi santyarthā yōgō na [1] ca na cāsti ruk| na sukhaṁ, kāraṇaṁ tasmādyōga ēva caturvadhaḥ||131||

santIndriyANi santyarthA yogo na [1] ca na cAsti ruk| na sukhaM, kAraNaM tasmAdyoga eva caturvadhaH||131||

Neither the sense organs nor their objects alone can bring about happiness or miseries. The latter are in fact caused by the fourfold contacts mentioned above (viz., proper utilization, wrong utilization, excessive utilization and non-utilization). Even if there are sense organs and their objects present, there would be no disease, nor any happiness unless the fourfold combination is involved. So, this contact itself constitutes a causative factor for happiness and miseries. [130-131]

नात्मेन्द्रियं मनो बुद्धिं गोचरं [१] कर्म वा विना| सुखदुःखं, यथा यच्च बोद्धव्यं तत्तथोच्यते||१३२||

nātmēndriyaṁ manō buddhiṁ gōcaraṁ [1] karma vā vinā| sukhaduḥkhaṁ, yathā yacca bōddhavyaṁ tattathōcyatē||132||

nAtmendriyaM mano buddhiM gocaraM [1] karma vA vinA| sukhaduHkhaM, yathA yacca boddhavyaM tattathocyate||132||

As a matter of fact, no happiness or misery can be caused without the soul, the sense organs, mind, intellect, objects of sense organs and results of past action/deeds. But in the context of the science of medicine, it is only the fourfold contact which is relevant as a causative factor of happiness and miseries, that is to say the wholesome contact is required to be adhered to and the unwholesome one to be given up for the maintenance of good health. [132]

स्पर्शनेन्द्रियसंस्पर्शः स्पर्शो मानस एव च| द्विविधः सुखदुःखानां वेदनानां प्रवर्तकः||१३३||

sparśanēndriyasaṁsparśaḥ sparśō mānasa ēva ca| dvividhaḥ sukhaduḥkhānāṁ vēdanānāṁ pravartakaḥ||133||

sparshanendriyasaMsparshaH sparsho mAnasa eva ca| dvividhaH sukhaduHkhAnAM vedanAnAM pravartakaH||133||

Tactual contact and mental contact are two types of contacts which bring about happiness and miseries. [133]

इच्छाद्वेषात्मिका तृष्णा सुखदुःखात् प्रवर्तते| तृष्णा च सुखदुःखानां कारणं पुनरुच्यते||१३४||

icchādvēṣātmikā tr̥ṣṇā sukhaduḥkhāt pravartatē| tr̥ṣṇā ca sukhaduḥkhānāṁ kāraṇaṁ punarucyatē||134||

icchAdveShAtmikA tRuShNA sukhaduHkhAt pravartate| tRuShNA ca sukhaduHkhAnAM kAraNaM punarucyate||134||

उपादत्ते हि सा भावान् वेदनाश्रयसञ्ज्ञकान्| स्पृश्यते नानुपादाने नास्पृष्टो वेत्ति वेदनाः||१३५||

upādattē hi sā bhāvān vēdanāśrayasañjñakān| spr̥śyatē nānupādānē nāspr̥ṣṭō vētti vēdanāḥ||135||

upAdatte hi sA bhAvAn vedanAshrayasa~jj~jakAn| spRushyate nAnupAdAne nAspRuShTo vetti vedanAH||135||

Happiness and miseries bring about desire in the form of likes and dislikes respectively. Then again this desire is responsible cause for happiness and miseries. It is desire which gathers several factors, which serve as substrata for happiness and misery. Unless such factors are gathered, there will be no contact whatsoever and there can be no happiness or miseries without such contacts (Cause for such type of contact is again purusha).[134-135]

वेदनानामधिष्ठानं मनो देहश्च सेन्द्रियः| केशलोमनखाग्रान्नमलद्रवगुणैर्विना||१३६||

vēdanānāmadhiṣṭhānaṁ manō dēhaśca sēndriyaḥ| kēśalōmanakhāgrānnamaladravaguṇairvinā||136||

vedanAnAmadhiShThAnaM mano dehashca sendriyaH| keshalomanakhAgrAnnamaladravaguNairvinA||136||

The mind and the body together with the sense organs exclusive of kesha (hair), loma (body hair), tip of the nail, ingested food, excreta, excretory fluids and objects of senses are the sites of manifestation of happiness and miseries. [136]

Importance of Yoga (union with self)

योगे मोक्षे च सर्वासां वेदनानामवर्तनम्| मोक्षे निवृत्तिर्निःशेषा योगो मोक्षप्रवर्तकः||१३७||

yōgē mōkṣē ca sarvāsāṁ vēdanānāmavartanam| mōkṣē nivr̥ttirniḥśēṣā yōgō mōkṣapravartakaḥ||137||

yoge mokShe ca sarvAsAM vedanAnAmavartanam| mokShe nivRuttirniHsheShA yogo mokShapravartakaH||137||

Recurrence of all sensation is checked through yoga and moksha. The absolute eradication of sensation is attained through moksha. The yoga is a means to attain moksha. [137]

आत्मेन्द्रियमनोर्थानां सन्निकर्षात् प्रवर्तते| सुखदुःखमनारम्भादात्मस्थे मनसि स्थिरे||१३८||

ātmēndriyamanōrthānāṁ sannikarṣāt pravartatē| sukhaduḥkhamanārambhādātmasthē manasi sthirē||138||

AtmendriyamanorthAnAM sannikarShAt pravartate| sukhaduHkhamanArambhAdAtmasthe manasi sthire||138||

निवर्तते तदुभयं वशित्वं चोपजायते| सशरीरस्य योगज्ञास्तं योगमृषयो विदुः||१३९||

nivartatē tadubhayaṁ vaśitvaṁ cōpajāyatē| saśarīrasya yōgajñāstaṁ yōgamr̥ṣayō viduḥ||139||

nivartate tadubhayaM vashitvaM copajAyate| sasharIrasya yogaj~jAstaM yogamRuShayo viduH||139||

Happiness and miseries are felt due to the contact of the soul with the sense organs, mind and the objects of senses. Both these types of sensations disappear when the mind is concentrated and contained in the soul and the super natural powers in the mind and body are attained. This state is known as yoga according to sages well versed in this science. [138-139]

आवेशश्चेतसो ज्ञानमर्थानां छन्दतः क्रिया| दृष्टिः श्रोत्रं स्मृतिः कान्तिरिष्टतश्चाप्यदर्शनम्||१४०||

āvēśaścētasō jñānamarthānāṁ chandataḥ kriyā| dr̥ṣṭiḥ śrōtraṁ smr̥tiḥ kāntiriṣṭataścāpyadarśanam||140||

Aveshashcetaso j~jAnamarthAnAM chandataH kriyA| dRuShTiH shrotraM smRutiH kAntiriShTatashcApyadarshanam||140||

इत्यष्टविधमाख्यातं योगिनां बलमैश्वरम्| शुद्धसत्त्वसमाधानात्तत् सर्वमुपजायते||१४१||

ityaṣṭavidhamākhyātaṁ yōgināṁ balamaiśvaram| śuddhasattvasamādhānāttat sarvamupajāyatē||141||

ityaShTavidhamAkhyAtaM yoginAM balamaishvaram| shuddhasattvasamAdhAnAttat sarvamupajAyate||141||

(1) Entering others body, (2) thought reading (3) doing things at will, (4) Super natural vision (5) super natural audition (6) miraculous memory (7) uncommon brilliance and (8) invisibility when so desired – these are the eight supernatural powers attained by those who practice yoga. All this is achieved through the purity of the mind. (free from rajas and tamas) [140-141]

Moksha (salvation) and means for its attainment

मोक्षो रजस्तमोऽभावात् बलवत्कर्मसङ्क्षयात्| वियोगः सर्वसंयोगैरपुनर्भव उच्यते||१४२||

mōkṣō rajastamō'bhāvāt balavatkarmasaṅkṣayāt| viyōgaḥ sarvasaṁyōgairapunarbhava ucyatē||142||

mokSho rajastamo~abhAvAt balavatkarmasa~gkShayAt| viyogaH sarvasaMyogairapunarbhava ucyate||142||

This is the stage of salvation in which there is detachment of sharira, manas, indriya and Aatma. Moksha or salvation is nothing but an absolute detachment of all contacts by virtue of absence of rajas and tamas in the mind and annihilation of effects of potent past actions/deeds. This is a state after which there is no more physical or mental contacts. Further there is no process of rebirth.[142]

सतामुपासनं सम्यगसतां परिवर्जनम्| व्रतचर्योपवासौ च नियमाश्च पृथग्विधाः||१४३||

satāmupāsanaṁ samyagasatāṁ parivarjanam| vratacaryōpavāsau ca niyamāśca pr̥thagvidhāḥ||143||

satAmupAsanaM samyagasatAM parivarjanam| vratacaryopavAsau ca niyamAshca pRuthagvidhAH||143||

धारणं धर्मशास्त्राणां विज्ञानं विजने रतिः| विषयेष्वरतिर्मोक्षे व्यवसायः परा धृतिः||१४४||

dhāraṇaṁ dharmaśāstrāṇāṁ vijñānaṁ vijanē ratiḥ| viṣayēṣvaratirmōkṣē vyavasāyaḥ parā dhr̥tiḥ||144||

dhAraNaM dharmashAstrANAM vij~jAnaM vijane ratiH| viShayeShvaratirmokShe vyavasAyaH parA dhRutiH||144||

कर्मणामसमारम्भः कृतानां च परिक्षयः| नैष्क्रम्यमनहङ्कारः [१] संयोगे भयदर्शनम्||१४५||

karmaṇāmasamārambhaḥ kr̥tānāṁ ca parikṣayaḥ| naiṣkramyamanahaṅkāraḥ [1] saṁyōgē bhayadarśanam||145||

karmaNAmasamArambhaH kRutAnAM ca parikShayaH| naiShkramyamanaha~gkAraH [1] saMyoge bhayadarshanam||145||

मनोबुद्धिसमाधानमर्थतत्त्वपरीक्षणम्| तत्त्वस्मृतेरुपस्थानात् सर्वमेतत् प्रवर्तते||१४६||

manōbuddhisamādhānamarthatattvaparīkṣaṇam| tattvasmr̥tērupasthānāt sarvamētat pravartatē||146||

manobuddhisamAdhAnamarthatattvaparIkShaNam| tattvasmRuterupasthAnAt sarvametat pravartate||146||

The following serve as means to the attainment of moksha.

  1. Due devotion to noble person;
  2. Shunning of the company of the wicked;
  3. Observing sacred vows and fast;
  4. Pursuit of the rules of good conduct;
  5. Compliance with scriptural prescriptions;
  6. Scriptural knowledge;
  7. Liking for lonely living;
  8. Detachment from the objects of senses;
  9. Striving for moksha (salvation);
  10. Absolute mental control;
  11. Abstinence from performing the acts(leading to any effect);
  12. Annihilation of the effects of past actions/deeds;
  13. Desire to get away from the worldly trap;
  14. Absence of egoistic disposition;
  15. Being afraid of contacts of the soul, the mind and the body;
  16. Concentration of the mind and intellect in the soul; and
  17. Review of spiritual facts.

All this can be attained by virtue of the constant remembering of the fact that the soul is different from the body, mind and senses and the latter has nothing to do with the former. [143-146]

Smriti (memory)

स्मृतिः सत्सेवनाद्यैश्च धृत्यन्तैरुपजायते| स्मृत्वा स्वभावं भावानां स्मरन् दुःखात् प्रमुच्यते||१४७||

smr̥tiḥ satsēvanādyaiśca dhr̥tyantairupajāyatē| smr̥tvā svabhāvaṁ bhāvānāṁ smaran duḥkhāt pramucyatē||147||

smRutiH satsevanAdyaishca dhRutyantairupajAyate| smRutvA svabhAvaM bhAvAnAM smaran duHkhAt pramucyate||147||

वक्ष्यन्ते कारणान्यष्टौ स्मृतिर्यैरुपजायते| निमित्तरूपग्रहणात् सादृश्यात् सविपर्ययात्||१४८||

vakṣyantē kāraṇānyaṣṭau smr̥tiryairupajāyatē| nimittarūpagrahaṇāt sādr̥śyāt saviparyayāt||148||

vakShyante kAraNAnyaShTau smRutiryairupajAyate| nimittarUpagrahaNAt sAdRushyAt saviparyayAt||148||

सत्त्वानुबन्धादभ्यासाज्ज्ञानयोगात् पुनः श्रुतात्| दृष्टश्रुतानुभूतानां स्मारणात् स्मृतिरुच्यते||१४९||

sattvānubandhādabhyāsājjñānayōgāt punaḥ śrutāt| dr̥ṣṭaśrutānubhūtānāṁ smāraṇāt smr̥tirucyatē||149||

sattvAnubandhAdabhyAsAjj~jAnayogAt punaH shrutAt| dRuShTashrutAnubhUtAnAM smAraNAt smRutirucyate||149||

A memory is nothing but the remembrance of things directly perceived, heard (from scriptures) or experienced earlier. The regimen prescribed in verses above, beginning with devotion to the noble persons and ending with absolute mental control (items 1-10) serve as an aid to good memory. If one only remembers the real nature of thing he gets rid of miseries.

The following are the eight factors that bring about a good memory:

  1. Knowledge of cause (of a thing and event etc.);
  2. Knowledge of form (e.g. after seeing gavaya in the forest one remembers a cow having a similar form);
  3. Knowledge of similarity (e.g. on seeing a son one remembers his father having similar form);
  4. Knowledge of contrast (e.g. having seen an ugly form one remembers a beautiful form);
  5. Concentration of mind;
  6. Practice;
  7. Attainment of metaphysical knowledge; and
  8. Subsequent repeated visualization and hearing (of a thing or an event). [147-149]

एतत्तदेकमयनं मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य दर्शितम्| तत्त्वस्मृतिबलं, येन गता न पुनरागताः||१५०||

ētattadēkamayanaṁ muktairmōkṣasya darśitam| tattvasmr̥tibalaṁ, yēna gatā na punarāgatāḥ||150||

etattadekamayanaM muktairmokShasya darshitam| tattvasmRutibalaM, yena gatA na punarAgatAH||150||

अयनं पुनराख्यातमेतद्योगस्य योगिभिः| सङ्ख्यातधर्मैः साङ्ख्यैश्च मुक्तैर्मोक्षस्य चायनम्||१५१||

ayanaṁ punarākhyātamētadyōgasya yōgibhiḥ| saṅkhyātadharmaiḥ sāṅkhyaiśca muktairmōkṣasya cāyanam||151|

ayanaM punarAkhyAtametadyogasya yogibhiH| sa~gkhyAtadharmaiH sA~gkhyaishca muktairmokShasya cAyanam||151||

The power of metaphysical memory constitutes the best way of liberation, as shown by the liberated ones. Persons following this way do not get rebirth after death. This is again the best way to the attainment of yoga (communion with God) as well as moksha (salvation). This is what the yogins, the virtous ones, the followers of the Sankhya system, and the liberated ones say. [150-151]

सर्वं कारणवद्दुःखमस्वं चानित्यमेव च| न चात्मकृतकं तद्धि तत्र चोत्पद्यते स्वता||१५२||

sarvaṁ kāraṇavadduḥkhamasvaṁ cānityamēva ca| na cātmakr̥takaṁ taddhi tatra cōtpadyatē svatā||152||

sarvaM kAraNavadduHkhamasvaM cAnityameva ca| na cAtmakRutakaM taddhi tatra cotpadyate svatA||152||

यावन्नोत्पद्यते सत्या बुद्धिर्नैतदहं यया| नैतन्ममेति विज्ञाय ज्ञः सर्वमतिवर्तते||१५३||

yāvannōtpadyatē satyā buddhirnaitadahaṁ yayā| naitanmamēti vijñāya jñaḥ sarvamativartatē||153||

yAvannotpadyate satyA buddhirnaitadahaM yayA| naitanmameti vij~jAya j~jaH sarvamativartate||153||

Any thing that has a cause constitutes misery; it is not one's own and ephemeral. It is not produced by the soul (Aatma); but one has got a feeling of its ownership until one has got a real knowledge to the effect that this is something different from him; and is not his own. As soon as one knows it, he gets rid of all miseries. [152-153]

तस्मिंश्चरमसन्न्यासे समूलाः सर्ववेदनाः| ससञ्ज्ञाज्ञानविज्ञाना [४] निवृत्तिं यान्त्यशेषतः||१५४||

tasmiṁścaramasannyāsē samūlāḥ sarvavēdanāḥ| sasañjñājñānavijñānā [4] nivr̥ttiṁ yāntyaśēṣataḥ||154||

tasmiMshcaramasannyAse samUlAH sarvavedanAH| sasa~jj~jAj~jAnavij~jAnA [4] nivRuttiM yAntyasheShataH||154||

As soon as the final renunciation in respect of all subsequent actions is attained, the very consciousness together with its final causes in the form of indeterminate, determinate or scriptural knowledge is completely eradicated. [154]

Process of knowledge of self

अतः परं ब्रह्मभूतो भूतात्मा नोपलभ्यते| निःसृतः सर्वभावेभ्यश्चिह्नं यस्य न विद्यते| गतिर्ब्रह्मविदां ब्रह्म तच्चाक्षरमलक्षणम्। ज्ञानं ब्रह्मविदां चात्र नाज्ञस्तज्ज्ञातुमर्हति||१५५||

ataḥ paraṁ brahmabhūtō bhūtātmā nōpalabhyatē| niḥsr̥taḥ sarvabhāvēbhyaścihnaṁ yasya na vidyatē| jñānaṁ brahmavidāṁ cātra nājñastajjñātumarhati||155||

ataH paraM brahmabhUto bhUtAtmA nopalabhyate| niHsRutaH sarvabhAvebhyashcihnaM yasya na vidyate| j~jAnaM brahmavidAM cAtra nAj~jastajj~jAtumarhati||155||

Thereafter, one identifies himself with supreme soul and the Purusha ceases to exist. He is easily distinguishable form all other manifestations. He does not even leave any indication (inspiration, expiration etc.) of his existence. This is what those well versed in the bramajnana say. It is impossible for an ignorant person to know this. Later on when the soul (jivatma) attains the state of Brahma (supreme soul), then state of bhutatma get lost and this supreme soul gets detached by all associated factors and also gets freed from all those signs and symptoms of jeevatma (verses 70-72) . This is a state of bragyana which could be achieved by few intellectual one (brahmgyani) not by ignorant one. [155]

Summary

तत्र श्लोकः- प्रश्नाः पुरुषमाश्रित्य त्रयोविंशतिरुत्तमाः| कतिधापुरुषीयेऽस्मिन्निर्णीतास्तत्त्वदर्शिना||१५६||

tatra ślōkaḥ- praśnāḥ puruṣamāśritya trayōviṁśatiruttamāḥ| katidhāpuruṣīyē'sminnirṇītāstattvadarśinā||156||

tatra shlokaH- prashnAH puruShamAshritya trayoviMshatiruttamAH| katidhApuruShIye~asminnirNItAstattvadarshinA||156||

To sum up :

In this chapter, the various constituents of the Purusha etc., conducive to the understanding of the human physiology, 23 important questions regarding the Purusha and the supreme soul have been answered by the enlightened Seer. [156]

Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles)

  1. Purusha represents the element of consciousness, i.e. the soul, different from the body. This purusha plays an important role in formulating treatments for the eradication of miseries and attainment of salvation.
  2. The mind analyses sense objects on the basis of merits and demerits, their acceptability or otherwise, while ahamkara causes self attachment and finally buddhi takes decision whether they are acceptable or not. Charak describes senses composed of bhutas whereas samkhya mentions them as evolved from ahamkara. This is the different view of Ayurveda based on its application in management. (21-24)
  3. Mind is an important entity involved in the process of knowledge. Knowledge of objects cannot be perceived if the mind is absent in the process. Atomicity and oneness are the two properties of mind. Mind controls itself as well as the five senses. The different objects of the mind are thought, consideration, hypothesis, attention and determination. The knowledge of the objects is perceived through the five senses in connection with mind. The advantages and disadvantages of the perceived objects are ascertained thereafter. Then the intellect decides the specific properties of the objects and individual acts accordingly. The chain of perception starts from the desire that arises with the purusha. The important components of this chain are Aatma, mind, five senses and objects. Any abnormality in this chain leads to nonperception or false knowledge. (18-25)
  4. Purusha is considered as the main causative factor. Occurrence of intelligence, ignorance, support, movement etc. is not possible without existence of purusha. Purusha is the supporting element for truth, falsehood, food and bad actions. Purusha i.e. conscious element provides the utility value to other things. The cause of purusha can be proved by all pramanas. The organs of living beings are different but the entity responsible for their action is one and the same and that is the soul. Therefore, apart from the body which is in the constant process of decay, soul is eternal and responsible for all the actions and also experiences the results of such deeds. (49-62)
  5. The supreme soul is without a beginning, but the rashipurusha, which is a combination of 24 elements, is born due to the ignorant actions/deeds originated because of auspicious and inauspicious, and is therefore ephemeral. The twenty four elements are the combination of ashta prakriti and shodasha vikara. Ashta prakriti comprises of the five subtle mahabhutas, buddhi, avyakta, and ahamkara. Shodasha vikaras are five sense faculties (jnanendriya), five motor faculties (karmendriya), mind and five mahabhutas. The purusha along with the instruments of knowledge i.e. ;manas, buddhi, jnanendriya and karmendriya is responsible for the manifestation of things. (63-64)
  6. The process of evolution incorporates the chain of events which get originated from avyakta, avyakta produces buddhi, buddhi produces ahamkara, ahamkara produces five subtle and five gross mahabhutas and is called as born. Whereas during the process of dissolution the reverse changes take place. As a result of theses reverse changes the manifested one gets converted into the unmanifested one. Those who are afflicted with rajas, tamas and have ego undergo the process of birth and death and rebirth. Others who are free of rajas and tamas and does not have ego are free from the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. (65-69)
  7. The soul is the source of consciousness and along with mind is responsible for all actions. As the mind does not have consciousness in spite of its involvement in all actions it is not held responsible for the actions. All the living beings themselves are responsible for their transmigration from one species/body to another. Though the soul is free to act, it can control the mind and get rid of the results of the actions of his own. As this soul with controlled mind pervades the entire universe it is considered Omni-prescient. But its contact with the mind makes him restricted with one body only. This soul becomes the sole witness of all actions performed. (70-85)
  8. A physician treats the diseases of past, present and future by different methods. The causative factors are responsible for the equilibrium and imbalance of dhatus. (86)
  9. A person indulges in various activities due to his desires. He subjects himself to good and bad effects of his actions leading to miseries. The miseries can be checked if the desires are ignored. The impairment of dhi, dhriti, smriti, maturity of time and actions and unwholesome contact of senses with their objects leads to miseries. The diseases originated from temporal factors (kalaja) leads to geriatrics and death. These diseases are called as swabhavika roga and these diseases are irremediable. The other variety of roga is karmaja roga which are results of acts of past life. These disease, do not respond to any therapeutic measures. They are cured only after the results of past action are exhausted. One more variety of the disease is a indriyaka i.e. the diseases which are originated due to improper utilization of senses. So, proper utilization of time, intellect and senses bring about happiness, but this proper utilization is difficult to attain. (95-131)
  10. The ultimate cause of happiness and miseries is lust. All kinds of pain can be checked with the help of yoga and moksha. Yoga leads to temporary loss of pain where as moksha leads to absolute eradication of all kinds of pain. As soon as the stage of yoga is disturbed, there will be recurrence of pain. Yoga is one of the means to attain moksha. Both the sensations i.e. happiness and miseries disappear when mind is concentrated and contained in the soul. This stage is known as yoga and it gives eight super natural powers to the individual who has attained this stage. Absence of rajas and tamas in mind and reduction of the potent effects of past actions leads to absolute detachment i.e moksha. To achieve the salvation, one has to always remember that soul and body are two different entities. Until and unless one acquires the real knowledge, i.e., satya buddhi he can not get rid of all miseries. A Person who follows all the means to achieve salvation do not return to this world and is permantly set free from all kinds of miseries. (134-146)

Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences)

Unlike the description of human anatomy in modern medical texts given as independent isolated structure, this chapter explains the anatomy and functioning of human mind and body in relation to the universe. Such connected relationship of humans with universe is the basis of pursuing the lifestyle to have disease free, productive and long life. The chapter directs to a lifestyle with connection to the source (consciousness), control of senses and conduciveness to the seasons by practicing yoga.

Test for existence of mind and its importance in process of knowledge

One and the most important proof of existence of mind is materialization or otherwise of direct perception. The contact of mind with soul, sense organs with their objects consequently leads to understanding and knowledge of that particular object. The presence of mind can be inferred from presence or absence of knowledge. [Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/18-19] This is also one of the sign of functioning mind. It is most applicable test because mind plays great role in the chain of perception to knowledge and memory. The things are memorized only after proper attention and perception. Otherwise all goes in vain in absent minded people.

Attributes of mind

The mind is anu (subtle) and eka (unitary). [Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/19] It is subtler than the subtlest and hence cannot be perceived by ordinary senses. This subtleness is the reason for limitation of modern psychiatry to define and conclude the exact structure of mind. It appears multiple in same individual due to variation in pertaining to perception of its own objects (svartha), motivation and perception of objects of senses (indriyartha) and its deposition. Similarly it takes various forms due to its contact with qualities like intelligence (sattva), arrogance (rajas) and Ignorance (tamas). But it is only one because it can motivate only one sense organ resulting in activation of only one organ at a time. Mind is not multiple because it cannot motivate and establish contact with all sense organs simultaneously. [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 8/5] This quality again denotes the application of power of mind concentration to perceive things.

The other attribute of mind is its Chanchalatva (fickleness). It is one of the major obstacles in concentration and meditation.

Functions of mind (karmani)

Four important functions of mind (Cha.Sha.1/21)are described as:

  1. Control of Sense faculties (Indriyabhigraha)
  2. Self restraint (Svasya Nigraha)
  3. Speculation (Uha)
  4. Consideration and Thinking (Vichara)
    1. Control of Sense faculties (Indriyabhigraha):Mind is considered as the master motivator and controller of all sense organs. The sensations can be perceived only in active presence of mind. Thus mind is the driving force for perception of external world through cognitive senses.
    2. Self restraint (Svasya nigraha): None other can control activities of mind except mind itself. Thus mind is regulator and coordinator of its own activities. This function of self restraint has been implied widely in psychiatric treatments also. The Satvavajaya (victory over mind) [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 11/54] i.e. restraining mind from harmful objects is traditional form of psychotherapy which includes training of mind to avoid dangerous things. In practicing meditation also one has to have better control over activities of mind.
    3. Speculation (Uha): Guessing on the logical interpretations is speculation This is peculiar function of mind on the basis of which science stands, grows, new discoveries are made, and innovations are materialized. Speculation is applied in logical way to make a conjuncture about the possible outcome in a given situation.
    4. Consideration and Thinking (Vichara):This is another important function of mind applied almost in every decision made. This is the thinking power of mind to differentiate the things between right and wrong, correct or incorrect, useful or harmful etc. This power makes the man different from other animals.

Objects of Mind

In addition to functions, the objects of mind are also described [Cha.Sa.[[Sharira Sthana 1/20] viz. Chintya (cogitation), Vicharya (consideration of discrimination), Uhya (speculation and logical reasoning), Dhyeya (aiming), Sankalpya (conviction and determination).

Charak Samhita has described three reasons for occurrence of disease:

  1. Mistake of the intellect (prajnaparadha) by losing connection to the source (consciousness).
  2. Losing control of special senses.
  3. Not acting conducive to seasons and place.

Prajnaparadha (intellectual errors)

The description of prajnaparadha seems to work for cause as well as effect in the patho-physiology of stress. Prajnaparadha has been defined as the composite consequence of dhi, dhriti and smriti vibramsha. [Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/98-101] This means it can affect the conscience, self-control and memory functioning of intellect. It is the root cause of all mental disorders such as passion, anger, fear, confusion, grief [Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 7/52] as well as the karmaja and atmaja vyadhi. [Cha.Sa.Nidana Sthana 7/21]

The improper actions caused by this intellectual error leads to vitiation of physical and mental dosha as follows:

  1. Forceful stimulation of natural urges and suppression of the manifested ones. This is applicable for both the physical sharira adharaniya vega and manas dharaniya vega (natural urges).
  2. Excess adventure beyond one’s capacity
  3. Excess indulgence in sexual act
  4. Negligence to seek treatment in time
  5. Initiation of action at improper time and improper acts
  6. Decrease in modesty and good conduct
  7. Disrespect to respectable persons
  8. Indulgence in harmful sensory activities
  9. Intake of harmful substances and addicting to the factors which can cause elation or even unmada(insanity)
  10. Traveling at improper place in improper time
  11. Association with evil actions and persons involved in it
  12. Not following the daily, seasonal diet and lifestyle regimen described in the classics
  13. Indulgence in negative activities originated by envy, ego, fear, anger, intoxication, confusion.

Disturbance of intellectual functioning by Prajnaparadha

Dhi (intellect), dhriti (self control or patience) and smriti (memory) can be considered as the three important functioning faculties, impairment of which leads to psychiatric disorders. The dhi(intellect) normally views things as they really are and its impairment leads to viewing eternal things as ephemeral and something harmful as useful and vice versa. The dhi vibhramsha leads to indecisiveness of the person to discriminate between right and wrong things.

Due to impairment of patience mind indulging in various worldly enjoyments cannot be restrained from harmful objects. Dhriti vibhramsha results into lack of self control over activities. Normally memory contains everything memorable and if it is impaired due to overcoming by rajas and tamas, the worthy things are not memorized leading to misconduct of the person. [Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 1/98-101] and smriti vibhramsha leads to decrease or improper recall, retention of things in memory.

The other two causative factors like parinama and asatmendriyartha samyoga are also equally important causes.

The parinama or time factor means not adapting the seasonal, diurnal changes as per physiological changes of dosha. The changes related to age and death are also included in kala.

Asatmendriyartha samyoga is self explanatory term denoting improper indulgence in the unsuitable sensory activities. The activities are enlisted in detail in the chapter. In today’s era of modernization and technological dependence, the excess indulgence in use of sense organs shall be avoided.

Practicing yogic lifestyle negates above three factors which cause disease and thus prevents disease and gives healthy long life. There are many disciplines of yoga described since Vedic period dating back 4000 to 5000 years. In the second century B.C. Patanjali outlined ashtanga yoga (eight limbs of yoga) or raja yoga which is being recognized as the most common and practical in the current society.

Origin of the word yoga is from Sanskrit word yuj meaning “union” and represents union of mind, body, soul and spirit. As mentioned in the chapter, all started from pure being or purusha which is divine and state of perfection without any suffering because there is nothing material. Purusha creates prakriti which is all around us and we start relating to it and forget that our essence is purusha. This continued relationship to prakriti is the cause for desires and expectations resulting in suffering. The realization of this comes through chitta which is feeling, centered in the heart and is evolution of consciousness.

In order to transcend this dichotomy, Patanjali described the following eight limbs of ashtanga yoga.

The first two aspects are yama and niyama to create social and personal discipline in the society. The next two, asana and pranayama are to achieve physical and mental strength and stability.

Pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi are to achieve moksha by detachment, focus, meditation and bliss. Each one of us has unique qualities and has different levels of existing skills provided by each of the limbs of yoga. Therefore, some individuals may require a teacher or guru to give guidance in the early stages.

  1. Yamas (social restraints for relating to society) These are:
    1. Ahimsa: We should not cause pain to others by thoughts, words and actions. Show kindness and thoughtfulness to others.
    2. Satya: Truthfulness and honesty.
    3. Asteya or non-stealing: Tangible and intangible.
    4. Bramhacharya: Control over senses, appropriate sexual behavior.
    5. Aparigraha or non hoarding: Taking from nature what is needed.
  2. Niyama: (Personal restraints or conduct)
    1. Shaucha: Physical and mental cleanliness or purity.
    2. Santosha: Contentment
    3. Tapas: Self discipline.
    4. Swadhyaya: Self study
    5. Ishwara pranidhana: Acceptance. Do karma and leave results to higher powers.
  3. Asanas: Means steady and comfortable posture. Improves health, strength, balance and flexibility. On a deeper level it is a tool to calm the mind and move into the inner essence of being.
  4. Pranayama: Directing the life force produces heat (tapa) and cleans the channels, strengthens the respiratory system, calms the mind to be able to concentrate and meditate.
  5. Pratyahara: This is a stage when withdrawal of senses occurs due to break in the link between senses and the mind. It facilitates the next three limbs of yoga.
  6. Dharana: This is a stage of deep concentration of mind on one particular object, sound or thought and there is cultivation of inner awareness.
  7. Dhyana or meditation: This is the seventh step of yoga and during this stage there is deep awareness but no focus. There may be very few thoughts or no thoughts.
  8. Samadhi: This is a stage of bliss where the subject and object merge as one. Person feels connected to all living beings and is at peace. Illusionary separation of “I” and “mine” is lost as mind does not distinguish between self and non-self.

All these have positive benefits to improve body-mind strength and harmony. Integrated yoga can be taught to normal participants without any harmful effects and it may reduce the negative affect and increase the positive affect within a week.

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