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|title=Kala

|title=Kala

|data8 = July 15, 2022

|data8 = July 15, 2022

|label9 = DOI

|label9 = DOI

|data9= In process

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Herbs are most potent when collected at a time of optimum potency, preserved and used before the decrease in strength (period of saviryataavadhi). The time of administration of medicine is also essential. Date of manufacturing and expiry dates are printed on the label of drugs guiding the patients to use them in a definite period of optimum potency. The physician advises the administration time of drugs because every drug has a specific half time and rate of clearance, indicating the significance of kala.

Herbs are most potent when collected at a time of optimum potency, preserved and used before the decrease in strength (period of saviryataavadhi). The time of administration of medicine is also essential. Date of manufacturing and expiry dates are printed on the label of drugs guiding the patients to use them in a definite period of optimum potency. The physician advises the administration time of drugs because every drug has a specific half time and rate of clearance, indicating the significance of kala.

Time of administration of medicine ([[aushadhasevana kala]]):

Time of administration of medicine ([[oushada sevanakala]]):

   

   

The chrono pharmacology deals with various effects of medications administered at different times. The factors like the circadian rhythm of [[dosha]], and drug-food interactions determine the impact of medicines at other times.  

The chrono pharmacology deals with various effects of medications administered at different times. The factors like the circadian rhythm of [[dosha]], and drug-food interactions determine the impact of medicines at other times.  

'''Role in understanding etiopathology:'''

'''Role in understanding etiopathology:'''

There are three etiological factors of diseases - [[asatmyaindriyartha]] samyoga (incompatible contact of the sense organs with their objects), [[prajnaparadha]] (intellectual error), and kala parinama (being out of harmony with the rhythms and cycles of nature). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]. Kala parinama may occur in three ways: firstly, atiyoga, i.e, by over-manifestation of a season (e.g. excess raining in rainy season), secondly, ayoga, i.e., lesser manifestation of a season (e.g. less rain in rainy season), thirdly, mithyayoga, i.e., unusual manifestation of a season (e.g., high temperature in winter season). The vitiation of air ([[vayu]]), water ([[jala]]), location ([[desha]]) and time (kala) may lead to epidemics (janapadodhwansha). [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 3/6]

There are three etiological factors of diseases - asatmyaindriyartha samyoga (incompatible contact of the sense organs with their objects), [[prajnaparadha]] (intellectual error), and kala parinama (being out of harmony with the rhythms and cycles of nature). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 11/43]. Kala parinama may occur in three ways: firstly, atiyoga, i.e, by over-manifestation of a season (e.g. excess raining in rainy season), secondly, ayoga, i.e., lesser manifestation of a season (e.g. less rain in rainy season), thirdly, mithyayoga, i.e., unusual manifestation of a season (e.g., high temperature in winter season). The vitiation of air ([[vayu]]), water ([[jala]]), location ([[desha]]) and time (kala) may lead to epidemics (janapadodhwansha). [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 3/6]

Some diseases have a specific duration of pathogenesis. Five types of intermittent fevers (vishama jwara) are described based on frequency and time of manifestation viz. continuous (santata), two times in a day (satata), alternate day (anyedyushka), every third day (tritiyaka), and every fourth day (chaturthaka).

Some diseases have a specific duration of pathogenesis. Five types of intermittent fevers (vishama jwara) are described based on frequency and time of manifestation viz. continuous (santata), two times in a day (satata), alternate day (anyedyushka), every third day (tritiyaka), and every fourth day (chaturthaka).

The predominance of [[dosha]] varies with age (avastha kala) in the following manner:

The predominance of [[dosha]] varies with age (avastha kala) in the following manner:

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 1: [[Dosha]] predominance at various ages

|+ Table 2: [[Dosha]] predominance at various ages

|-

|-

! Avastha kala !! [[Dosha]]s

! Avastha kala !! [[Dosha]]s

*Mridu Koshtha – 3 days

*Mridu Koshtha – 3 days

*Madhyama Koshtha - 5 days  

*Madhyama Koshtha - 5 days  

*Krura Koshtha -7 days  [Cha.Sa.[[Siddi Sthana]] 1/6]

*Krura Koshtha -7 days  [Cha.Sa.[[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/6]

The kala for digestion of this [[snehana]] is longer if administered in more quantity (matra). The quantity of sneha that gets digested in 3 hours is called prathama matra. Similarly the quantities of sneha that require longer digestion are mentioned below. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 31/25-29]<ref name=Susruta/>

The kala for digestion of this [[snehana]] is longer if administered in more quantity (matra). The quantity of unctuous substance (sneha) that gets digested in 3 hours is called prathama matra. Similarly the quantities of sneha that require longer digestion are mentioned below. [Su.Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 31/25-29]<ref name=Susruta/>

#Prathama matra: 3 hours

#Prathama matra: 3 hours

As mentioned in Sushruta samhita, 100 years old ghee (ghrita) has properties of pacifying [[kapha]]-[[vata]]. It is efficient in providing strength and good for the eyes and intellect. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 45/110]<ref name=Susruta/>

As mentioned in Sushruta samhita, 100 years old ghee (ghrita) has properties of pacifying [[kapha]]-[[vata]]. It is efficient in providing strength and good for the eyes and intellect. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 45/110]<ref name=Susruta/>

Cauterization (agnikarma) should not be practiced in Summer and Autumn seasons. Bloodletting ([[raktamokshana]]) should be done in autumn.<ref>Kasture H.S. Ayurvediya Panchakarma Vigyana, Kolkata, Shree Baidyanath Ayurveda Bhavan Limited, 16th Edition, 2013; 501.</ref>

Cauterization (agnikarma) should not be practiced in summer and autumn seasons. Bloodletting ([[raktamokshana]]) should be done in autumn.<ref>Kasture H.S. Ayurvediya Panchakarma Vigyana, Kolkata, Shree Baidyanath Ayurveda Bhavan Limited, 16th Edition, 2013; 501.</ref>

   

   

[[Panchakarma]] therapies are effective when done at optimum kala.

[[Panchakarma]] therapies are effective when done at optimum kala.

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 1: Appropriate seasons for [[panchakarma]]

|+ Table 3: Appropriate seasons for [[panchakarma]]

|-

|-

! Season !! [[Panchakarma]] procedure

! Season !! [[Panchakarma]] procedure

| | [[Shishira]] (January-March) || Abhyanga, utsadana, murdhataila

| | [[Shishira]] (January-March) || Abhyanga, utsadana, murdhataila

|-

|-

| | [[Vasanta]] (March-May) || Vamana, udvartana, nasya, dhuma, kavala

| | [[Vasanta]] (March-May) || [[Vamana]], udvartana, [[nasya]], dhuma, kavala

|-

|-

| | [[Greeshma]] (April-June) || Shitapralepa

| | [[Grishma]] (April-June) || Shita pralepa

|-

|-

| | [[Varsha]] (July-September) || Basti

| | [[Varsha]] (July-September) || [[Basti]]

|-

|-

| | [[Sharad]] (September-November) || Tiktasnehapana, virechana, raktamokshana

| | [[Sharad]] (September-November) || Tiktasnehapana, [[virechana]], [[raktamokshana]]

|-

|-

| | [[Hemanta]] (November-January) || Abhyanga, utsadana, murdhataila, jentakasweda, ushnasadana, atapasweda.

| | [[Hemanta]] (November-January) || Abhyanga, utsadana, murdhataila, jentakasweda, ushnasadana, atapasweda.

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 1: Classification of Basti based on days

|+ Table 4: Classification of [[Basti]] based on days

|-

|-

! Type of Basti  !! Duration of days

! Type of [[Basti]] !! Duration of days

|-

|-

| | Karma basti || 30 days

| | Karma basti || 30 days

==Current researches==

==Current researches==

1. Role of kala (time) in kayashodhana ( detoxification of body). <ref>B. Kotturshetti, Yogitha Bali M.R, Gurubasava S. Hiremath. Role of Kaala (Time) in Kayashodhana (Detoxification of Body). Ayushdhara, Vol 7, Issue 1: January-February 2020; ISSN: 2393-9583(P)/2393-9591(O). </ref>, <ref>M D Haidar. Role of Kaala (Time) in Panchakarma (Detoxification of Body). World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2021,7(3), 117-124; ISSN: 2455-3301. </ref>

1. Role of kala (time) in kayashodhana (detoxification of body). <ref>B. Kotturshetti, Yogitha Bali M.R, Gurubasava S. Hiremath. Role of Kaala (Time) in Kayashodhana (Detoxification of Body). Ayushdhara, Vol 7, Issue 1: January-February 2020; ISSN: 2393-9583(P)/2393-9591(O). </ref>, <ref>M D Haidar. Role of Kaala (Time) in Panchakarma (Detoxification of Body). World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2021,7(3), 117-124; ISSN: 2455-3301. </ref>

Administration of [[panchakarma]] therapies at the right time, or the kala knowing its importance and utility leads to the success of the treatment.

Administration of [[panchakarma]] therapies at the right time, or the kala knowing its importance and utility leads to the success of the treatment.

India being a subcontinent, has diverse regional variabilities. Everywhere, since the gross diversity in geographical conditions, climatological patterns, food and culture, demands understanding all these variations is necessary. This article elaborated the understanding of this seasonal diversity in relation to geographical variations to better understand seasonal guidelines ([[ritucharya]]).

India being a subcontinent, has diverse regional variabilities. Everywhere, since the gross diversity in geographical conditions, climatological patterns, food and culture, demands understanding all these variations is necessary. This article elaborated the understanding of this seasonal diversity in relation to geographical variations to better understand seasonal guidelines ([[ritucharya]]).

6. Physiological approach towards aharasevana kala (right time for food). <ref>Gayathri Holla. Physiological Approach Towards Aahara Sevana Kaala (Right Time For Food). Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine (https://jahm.co.in/index.php/jahm/article/view/378)</ref>

6. Physiological approach towards right time for food (aharasevana kala). <ref>Gayathri Holla. Physiological Approach Towards Aahara Sevana Kaala (Right Time For Food). Journal of Ayurveda and Holistic Medicine (https://jahm.co.in/index.php/jahm/article/view/378)</ref>

   

   

The time of taking food (aharasevana kala) plays a vital role in the proper digestion,  absorption and nourishment. The practice of eka  kalaashana (food once a day) is highly beneficial. However,  due to the present lifestyle, taking food only once a day is inconvenient. Therefore, taking food twice a day is adopted.  

The time of taking food (aharasevana kala) plays a vital role in the proper digestion,  absorption and nourishment. The practice of food once a day (eka  kalaashana) is highly beneficial. However,  due to the present lifestyle, taking food only once a day is inconvenient. Therefore, taking food twice a day is adopted.  

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