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Line 1: + − + − + − − − <big>'''Abstract ''' </big> − <div style="text-align:justify;"> − − This chapter explicates about the alterations in the perception of the five sense organs which reveal impending death of an individual. The previous three chapters described [[arishta]] [[lakshana]] as perceived by senses vision, sound, taste and touch. This chapter describes [[arishta]] [[lakshana]] as perceived by all five [[Indriya]] or senses. [[Indriya]] and ''aneekam'' indicate the group of all five sense organs. There is a good synchronization between all sense organs for conversion of information into the knowledge. − − '''Keywords''': Perceptions, alterations, fatal signs of senses. − </div> Line 29:
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Line 421: − ''Achara rasayana'' (Code and conduct of society): A child and his ''indriya'' start getting trained according to codes and conducts of the society soon after birth and grow in that society normally and there is continued training throughout life. ''Pragyaparadha'' (intellectual errors) leads to altered behavior by false and uncontrolled perception by ''indriya'' or senses, this can also occur because of alcohol, substance abuse or mental illness etc. If there is no known cause for the altered behavior then it can be called ''arishta'' and has been considered as a sign of fatality. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − This chapter deals about the various perversions of the perception of the sensory organs. All these symptoms resemble the manifestations also seen in psychiatric conditions. It is important to keep in mind that ''arishta lakshana'' should be considered after excluding known conditions causing such symptoms, then only they should be valued as a tool to gauge span of life.+ +
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{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya
|title=Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Perceptions, alterations, fatal signs of senses
|keywords=Perceptions, alterations, fatal signs of senses, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.
|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 4.Fatal signs in five sense organs
|description=Indriya Sthana Chapter 4.Fatal signs in five sense organs
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
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|image_alt=charak samhita
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'''<big>[[Indriya Sthana]] Chapter 4.Fatal signs in five sense organs</big>'''
'''<big>[[Indriya Sthana]] Chapter 4.Fatal signs in five sense organs</big>'''
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya
|title = Indriyaneekam Indriyam Adhyaya
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Sutra Sthana]], [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Khandel S.K., Rai S.
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Babu S.P.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Khandel S.K., Babu S.P., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.005 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s05.005]
}}
<big>'''Abstract ''' </big>
<p style="text-align:justify;">This chapter explicates about the alterations in the perception of the five sense organs which reveal impending death of an individual. The previous three chapters described [[arishta]] [[lakshana]] as perceived by senses vision, sound, taste and touch. This chapter describes [[arishta]] [[lakshana]] as perceived by all five [[Indriya]] or senses. [[Indriya]] and ''aneekam'' indicate the group of all five sense organs. There is a good synchronization between all sense organs for conversion of information into the knowledge. </p>
'''Keywords''': Perceptions, alterations, fatal signs of senses.
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The perception by the sense organs has been described in [[Ayurveda]] to be a function of the conjunction of ''mana'' (mind) with the ''atman'' (soul), the sense organs (''indriya'') and its subject (''indriyartha'') (Figure 1.)<br>
The perception by the sense organs has been described in [[Ayurveda]] to be a function of the conjunction of ''mana'' (mind) with the [[atman]] (soul), the sense organs ([[indriya]]) and its subject (''indriyartha'') (Figure 1.)<br>
[[File:organs as per Ayurveda.png]]<br>
[[File:organs as per Ayurveda.png]]<br>
Fig. 1 – Showing the chart of perception by the sense organs as per [[Ayurveda]]
Fig. 1 – Showing the chart of perception by the sense organs as per [[Ayurveda]]
The correct perception has been described to be the function of ''mana'' and ''vata''. ''Vata'' is the entity which joins the ''mana'' and the above stated three other components. The functions of ''mana'' and ''vata'' account for in the modern medical sciences to that of the nervous system and its components.
The correct perception has been described to be the function of [[mana]] and [[vata]]. [[Vata]] is the entity which joins the [[mana]] and the above stated three other components. The functions of [[mana]] and [[vata]] account for in the modern medical sciences to that of the nervous system and its components.
Perception by the sense organs occurs through conduction by the peripheral nerves to the brain. Some of the sensory ''arishta'' perceptions described in this chapter are now also described in the modern medical science. The conditions due to defect in the nervous system and peripheral nerves such as Dysosmia (Distorted identification of smell), Parosmia (Altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant), Phantosmia (detection of smells which are not present), Ageusia (Inability to taste), Dysgeusia (Distorted ability to taste), paraesthesias (altered tactile perception) etc.. Some of these are described in this chapter as an indicator of forthcoming death.
Perception by the sense organs occurs through conduction by the peripheral nerves to the brain. Some of the sensory [[arishta]] perceptions described in this chapter are now also described in the modern medical science. The conditions due to defect in the nervous system and peripheral nerves such as Dysosmia (Distorted identification of smell), Parosmia (Altered perception of smell in the presence of an odor, usually unpleasant), Phantosmia (detection of smells which are not present), Ageusia (Inability to taste), Dysgeusia (Distorted ability to taste), paraesthesias (altered tactile perception) etc.. Some of these are described in this chapter as an indicator of forthcoming death.
</div>
</div>
Now we shall expound the chapter "Indriyaneekam Indriyam" (Fatal signs in five sense organs).Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]
Now we shall expound the chapter "Indriyaneekam Indriyam" (Fatal signs in five sense organs).Thus said Lord Atreya.[1-2]
Note: This chapter highlights the features of imminent death by faulty perceptions of sense organs of a person.
'''Note:''' This chapter highlights the features of imminent death by faulty perceptions of sense organs of a person.
=== Importance of examination using senses and inference ===
=== Importance of examination using senses and inference ===
In case where patient’s sense organs are healthy and even they perceive the altered sense without any apparent cause, denote the cause of imminent death. Other general and specific altered sensory perceptions will be dealt in detail in subsequent paragraphs.[5-6]
In case where patient’s sense organs are healthy and even they perceive the altered sense without any apparent cause, denote the cause of imminent death. Other general and specific altered sensory perceptions will be dealt in detail in subsequent paragraphs.[5-6]
===Abnormal visual perceptions ===
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A person if visualises net like appearance in clean water either stagnant or moving one, when actually there is no such net, then it constitutes the premonitory symptom of forthcoming death. [9]
A person if views net like appearance in clean water either stagnant or moving one, when actually there is no such net, then it constitutes the premonitory symptom of forthcoming death. [9]
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If a person visualizes ''marῑchi'' (cloud light) or cloud or lightening when there is such no cloud or lightening present in the sky, it is indicative of imminent death of the person. [12]
If a person visualizes ''marichi'' (cloud light) or cloud or lightening when there is such no cloud or lightening present in the sky, it is indicative of imminent death of the person. [12]
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*To visualize the invisible ones and not to visualize the visible ones.[13-18]
*To visualize the invisible ones and not to visualize the visible ones.[13-18]
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===Abnormal auditory perceptions ===
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A person who hears the inaudible sounds and doesn’t hear the audible ones; and the one who is unable to hear the internal (stellar) sound after closing the ear with fingers is sure to die hence a knowledgeable physician should not engage in treating him.[19-20]
A person who hears the inaudible sounds and doesn’t hear the audible ones; and the one who is unable to hear the internal (stellar) sound after closing the ear with fingers is sure to die hence a knowledgeable physician should not engage in treating him.[19-20]
===Abnormal olfactory perceptions ===
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If a person fails to distinguish between good and bad smells or is not responsive to any smells at all, he is to be considered as a moribund person.[21]
If a person fails to distinguish between good and bad smells or is not responsive to any smells at all, he is to be considered as a moribund person.[21]
===Abnormal gustatory perceptions ===
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A person who is not able to detect the various gustatory sensations at all or has altered gustatory perception despite having no mouth ulcers or inflammation in the mouth; should also be considered ripe for death. [22]
A person who is not able to detect the various gustatory sensations at all or has altered gustatory perception despite having no mouth ulcers or inflammation in the mouth; should also be considered ripe for death. [22]
===Abnormal tactile perceptions ===
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If a person perceives hot things as cold, coarseness as smoothness, softness as hardness and vice- versa by touch, he should also be considered as moribund person.[23]
If a person perceives hot things as cold, coarseness as smoothness, softness as hardness and vice- versa by touch, he should also be considered as moribund person.[23]
===Abnormal extra sensorial perceptions ===
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अस्वस्थाः प्रज्ञाविपर्यासैरिन्द्रियार्थेषु वैकृतम्| <br />
अस्वस्थाः प्रज्ञाविपर्यासैरिन्द्रियार्थेषु वैकृतम्| <br />
पश्यन्ति येऽसद्बहुशस्तेषां [१] मरणमादिशेत्||२६|| <br />
पश्यन्ति येऽसद्बहुशस्तेषां मरणमादिशेत्||२६|| <br />
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To conclude, it can be said that a physician who knows the science of premonition of death as indicated by the characteristic features of the sense organs can very easily distinguish between life and death.[27]
To conclude, it can be said that a physician who knows the science of premonition of death as indicated by the characteristic features of the sense organs can very easily distinguish between life and death.[27]
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
Normally all senses are specific for a special purpose. One cannot be a replaced by another. Usually there is a good synchrony seen during functioning of sensory organs.
Normally all senses are specific for a special purpose. One cannot be a replaced by another. Usually there is a good synchrony seen during functioning of sensory organs.
=== Ideal code and conduct (achara rasayana) ===
A child and his senses (indriya) start getting trained according to codes and conducts of the society soon after birth and grow in that society normally and there is continued training throughout life. Intellectual errors ([[Pragyaparadha]]) leads to altered behavior by false and uncontrolled perception by senses, this can also occur because of alcohol, substance abuse or mental illness etc. If there is no known cause for the altered behavior then it can be called bad prognostic feature ([[arishta]]) and has been considered as a sign of fatality.
This chapter deals about the various perversions of the perception of the sensory organs. All these symptoms resemble the manifestations also seen in psychiatric conditions. It is important to keep in mind that the bad prognostic features ([[arishta lakshana]]) should be considered after excluding known conditions causing such symptoms, then only they should be valued as a tool to gauge span of life.
=== Assessment by sensory perceptions ===
The abnormal signs of visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile sensations can be observed on the patient. These can indicate specific underlying morbidity. The probable abnormal conditions are summarized in table 1 and 2. <ref name= "Mamidi P.1">Gupta K. et.al., Indriyaaneekam of Charaka Indriya Sthana- An Explorative Study, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 192-202</ref> These parameters can be applied for clinical assessment of relevant factor. There is a wide scope for research on implementing these practices to predict prognosis and life span of individual.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1: Prognostic features of visual perceptions
|-
! Abnormal visual perception !! Relevant pathology
|-
||Abnormal perception of sky and earth [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/7] || Visual perceptual distortions (VPDs)
|-
||Seeing wind in atmosphere [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/8] || Visual hallucinations
|-
||Not seeing flame in kindled fire [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/8] || Achromatopsia / Dyschromatopsia / Scieropia
|-
||Seeing net in clean water [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 4/9] || Myodesopsia
|-
||Views of dead bodies, ghosts, demons when awake [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 4/10]|| Visual hallucinations
|-
||Extra sensorial or super natural views [Cha. Sa. [[Indriya Sthana]] 4/10] || Complex visual hallucinations / Photopsia
|-
||Abnormal colours and view of fire [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/11] || Monochromats / Dichromats / Achromatopsia/ Cerebral dyschromatopsia
|-
||Seeing lightning without clouds [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/12] || Visual hallucinations
|-
||Abnormal views of the Sun and Moon [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/13-18] || Scieropia / Scierneuropsia/ Achromatopsia/ Hemeralopia/ Simple or complex visual hallucinations/ Colour agnosia/ Photopsia / Hyperchromatopsia/ Metamorphopsia / VPDs/ Micropsia / Macropsia / Pelopsia / Teleopsia / Dysmetropsia / Prosometamorphopsia / Visual illusions/ Dyschromatopsia/ Diplopia / Polyopia / Entomopia/ Apperceptive agnosia / Agnosopsia / Visual agnosia
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2: Prognostic features of auditory, olfactory, gustatory and tactile perceptions
|-
! Abnormal sensory perception !! Relevant pathology
|-
| | Hears inaudible sounds [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/19] || Auditory hallucinations
|-
| | Don’t hear audible sounds [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/19]|| Auditory agnosia
|-
| | Unable to hear stellar sound after closing ears by fingers [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/20]|| Physiological tinnitus / Phantom noises / Spontaneous autoacoustic emissions (SOAE)
|-
| | Abnormal olfactory sensation [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/21] || Dysosmia / Parosmia / Cacosmia
|-
| | Unable to smell [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/21] || Anosmia
|-
| | Unable to recongnize taste [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/22] || Ageusia / Hypogeusia
|-
| | Altered gustaroy sensation [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/22]|| Dysgeusia / Pargeusia / Phantogeusia
|-
| | Altered tactile sensation [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/23] || Dysesthesia / Paresthesia / Allodynia / Lack of tactile discrimination ability
|-
| | Excessive sensations Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/24]|| Extra sensory perception (ESP), Altered states of consciousness (ASC), Hallucinations
|-
| | Supernatural sensations without ascetic practices or penance [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/25] || Mental imagery / Phantom perception / Hallucinations / Neuroplasticity / Synesthesia
|-
| | Defective intellectual functions [Cha.Sa.[[Indriya Sthana]] 4/26]|| Cognitive distortions
|-
|}
</div>
'''Acknowledgement:''' The contributors acknowledge support of Dr. M. Prasad and Dr.G.Kshama for providing tables from their published article referred in this chapter.
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== References ==
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