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Line 1: + + + + + + + + + + + + + − The term ‘garbha’ literally means fetus or embryo. In current medical terms, embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism that begins just after fertilization. It continues through the formation of body structures, such as tissues and organs. A fetus is unborn offspring that develops from embryo.This article deals with description of embryogenesis, factors influencing its development in womb and prenatal life. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + − + − + + + − Garbha (embryo) is formed by union of sperm (shukra), ovum (shonita) and soul/conscious (jeeva or atma) in the womb (kukshi).[SAT-B.376] [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/5] + − − − + − + Line 32:
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Line 357: + + + + + + + + + + − ==Current researches ==+ − • During early embryogenesis, the pro-embryo consists of two domains, the embryo proper and the suspensor. Recent studies have revealed that the suspensor plays an important role in early embryogenesis and the process of suspensor formation and degeneration may provide a unique model for studies on cell division pattern, cell fate determination, and cell death. The different shapes attributed to the early embryonic development like jelly mass, knot like structure, elongated muscle like structure, irregular elevation etc. described in Ayurveda embryology may be explored on the basis of these findings.+ − • Precise gene expression ensures proper stem and progenitor cell differentiation, lineage commitment and organogenesis during mammalian development. ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to reorganize chromatin and, hence, regulate gene expression. These complexes contain diverse subunits that together provide a multitude of functions, from early embryogenesis through cell differentiation and development into various adult tissues. These cell differentiation processes are mainly attributed to the action of [[vata]] [[dosha]].+ − • The maternal-to-embryonic transition consists of critical developmental processes including maternal RNA depletion and embryonic genome activation. In recent years, key maternal proteins encoded by maternal-effect genes have been determined, primarily using genetically modified mouse models. These proteins are implicated in various aspects of early embryonic development including maternal mRNA degradation, epigenetic reprogramming, signal transduction, protein translation and initiation of embryonic genome activation. These shows the importance and main contribution of maternal factor (matruja bhava) in the early stage of embryonic development. Diseases that occur due to mutation in the mitochondrial genome are inherited only from the mother, as only the ovum+ − contains mitochondrial genetic material. − • Advanced paternal age is well-documented to be associated with new dominant mutations and paternal exposures to drugs may increase the risk of adverse fetal outcome. , − • Epigenetic mechanisms are influenced by several factors like development in utero and in childhood, environmental chemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, aging, and diet. Example- Methyl groups, an epigenetic factor found in some dietary sources, can tag DNA and activate or repress genes which is known as DNA methylation. So, the six procreative factors (Shad garbhakara bhava) have an important role as causative factors of congenital, hereditary, and genetic anomalies by mutation and epigenetics. − • Designer babies are babies from embryos formed by in-vitro fertilization (IVF). They are either created from an embryo selected by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) or genetically modified in order to influence the traits of the resulting children. The primary aim of creating designer babies is to avoid heritable diseases coded by mutations in DNA. + + − + + + + + + + + + + +
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{{#seo:
|title=Garbha(embryo)
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Garbha,embyo,General aspects of embryology in Ayurveda,Essential factors for conception(garbha sambhava samagri),Embryogenesis and fetal development(garbhavakranti),Role of five great elements in embryogenesis,Functions and body components developed from panchamahabhuta,shad garbhakarabhava,Body parts/ components derived from six sources (shad bhava),Factors influencing embryonic development,Month wise development of embryo and foetus(masanumasika garbhavrudhi),Disorders during embryonic life and their diagnosis, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, Charak Samhita, Deole Y.S., Basisht G.
|description=The term ‘garbha’ literally means fetus or embryo. The descriptions of the embryogenesis, factors influencing its development in womb and prenatal life are available in Ayurveda classics.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
|type=article
}}
<p style="text-align:justify;">The term ‘garbha’ literally means fetus or embryo. In current medical terms, embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism that begins just after fertilization. It continues through the formation of body structures, such as tissues and organs.<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo#:~:text=An%20embryo%20is%20the%20early,such%20as%20tissues%20and%20organs. Cited on 08/01/2021 </ref> A fetus is unborn offspring that develops from embryo.<ref>Available from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus Cited on 08/01/2021</ref>This article deals with description of embryogenesis, factors influencing its development in womb and prenatal life.
</p>
{{Infobox
|title = Contributors
|label1 = Section/Chapter/topic
|data1 = [[Sharira]] / [[Garbha]]
|label2 = Authors
|data2 = Anagha S., Deole Y.S.
|label3 = Reviewed by
|data3 = Basisht G.
|label4 = Affiliations
|data4 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.P.G.T.& R.A., Jamnagar
|label5 = Correspondence email
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label6 = Publisher
|data6 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label7 = Date of first publication:
|data7 = January 11, 2021
|label8 = DOI
|data8 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.040 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.040]
}}
==Etymology and derivation==
==Etymology and derivation==
The word ‘garbha’ is derived from Sanskrit root “gru” by adding the suffix “bhan”.It means a fetus or embryo,a child,the belly,a hole, and hollow.
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The word ‘garbha’ is derived from Sanskrit root “gru” by adding the suffix “bhan”.It means a fetus or embryo, a child, the belly, a hole, and hollow.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application.</ref>
It is synonymous to womb. Its root is also traced in ‘grabha’, which means to conceive, having in the interior, containing, filled with, inner apartment, sleeping room, interior chamber, adytum, sanctuary of a temple, and the inside, middle, or interior of anything.
It is synonymous to womb. Its root is also traced in ‘grabha’, which means to conceive, having in the interior, containing, filled with, inner apartment, sleeping room, interior chamber, adytum, sanctuary of a temple, and the inside, middle, or interior of anything.<ref>Available from https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/garbha cited on 21/12/2020 </ref>
</div>
==Definition==
==Definition==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Garbha (embryo) is formed by union of sperm ([[shukra]]), ovum ([[shonita]]) and soul/conscious (jeeva or atma) in the womb (kukshi).[SAT-B.376]<ref>Available from http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/5]
Apart from the mere combination of sperm and ovum, the role of soul and the influence of subtle elements of evolution ([[prakriti]] and vikara) are important in development of embryo. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/3]
Apart from the mere combination of sperm and ovum, the role of soul and the influence of subtle elements of evolution (prakriti and vikara) are important in development of embryo. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/3]
The development in prenatal life can be divided into two phases:
The development in prenatal life can be divided into two phases:
1. '''Embryonic development:''' The first eight weeks (weeks 1 - 8) after fertilization is the embryonic period. It is also considered the organogenic period, when most organs within the embryo have begun to form.
1. '''Embryonic development:''' The first eight weeks (weeks 1 - 8) after fertilization is the embryonic period. It is also considered the organogenic period, when most organs within the embryo have begun to form.<ref name=embryo>https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Embryonic_Development</ref>
2. '''Fetal development''': The prenatal period of 9 weeks to 37 weeks is fetal period. It is a time of extensive growth in size and mass as well as ongoing differentiation of organ systems. Clinically this period is generally described as the second trimester and third trimester.
2. '''Fetal development''': The prenatal period of 9 weeks to 37 weeks is fetal period. It is a time of extensive growth in size and mass as well as ongoing differentiation of organ systems. Clinically this period is generally described as the second trimester and third trimester.<ref name=fetus>https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Fetal_Development</ref>
== Essential factors for conception (garbha sambhava samagri)==
== Essential factors for conception (garbha sambhava samagri)==
These four factors determine and influence health of progeny. These four factors are essential for natural pregnancy. In case of female infertility, following methods are developed.
These four factors determine and influence health of progeny. These four factors are essential for natural pregnancy. In case of female infertility, following methods are developed.
</div>
===Contemporary methods of conception ===
===Contemporary methods of conception ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
With the advances in medical field, scientists have developed various techniques for artificial conception without sexual intercourse. It includes methods of artificial insemination like Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and fallopian tube sperm perfusion.
With the advances in medical field, scientists have developed various techniques for artificial conception without sexual intercourse. It includes methods of artificial insemination like Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and fallopian tube sperm perfusion.<ref>D.C Dutta,D.C Dutta’s text book of Gynaecology, edited by HiralalKonar,Infertility, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New delhi, edition 7, 2016, chapter 17, page no:203</ref>
Furthermore, assisted reproductive technology is developed. This involves all the procedures like manipulation of gametes and embryos outside the body for treatment of infertility.
Furthermore, assisted reproductive technology is developed. This involves all the procedures like manipulation of gametes and embryos outside the body for treatment of infertility.
'''In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)''': Approximately 50,000 to 100,000 capacitated sperms are placed into the culture media containing the oocyte within 4-6 hours of retrieval. The fertilized ova at the 6-8 blastomere stage are placed into the uterine cavity close to the fundus about 3 days after fertilization through a fine flexible soft catheter transcervically.
'''In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET)''': Approximately 50,000 to 100,000 capacitated sperms are placed into the culture media containing the oocyte within 4-6 hours of retrieval. The fertilized ova at the 6-8 blastomere stage are placed into the uterine cavity close to the fundus about 3 days after fertilization through a fine flexible soft catheter transcervically.<ref name=datta>D.C Dutta,D.C Dutta’s text book of Gynaecology, edited by HiralalKonar,Infertility, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New delhi, edition 7, 2016, chapter 17, page no:206</ref>
'''Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)''': Two collected oocytes along with approximately 200,000-500,000 motile sperm for each fallopian tube are taken and injected to the distal end of the fallopian tube through laparoscope.
'''Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)''': Two collected oocytes along with approximately 200,000-500,000 motile sperm for each fallopian tube are taken and injected to the distal end of the fallopian tube through laparoscope.<ref name=datta/>
'''Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT):''' The placement of the zygote following one day of in vitro fertilization into the fallopian tube.
'''Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT):''' The placement of the zygote following one day of in vitro fertilization into the fallopian tube.<ref name=datta/>
'''Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):''' A single spermatozoa or even spermatid is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an oocyte by micro puncture of the zona pellucida.
'''Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):''' A single spermatozoa or even spermatid is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an oocyte by micro puncture of the zona pellucida.<ref name=datta/>
'''Gestational Carrier Surrogacy:''' In this procedure, a fertilized egg is placed into the uterus of a surrogate (gestational carrier) if the mother is not having a functional uterus. <ref>D.C Dutta,D.C Dutta’s text book of Gynaecology, edited by HiralalKonar,Infertility, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New delhi, edition 7, 2016, chapter 17, page no:207</ref>
</div>
==Embryogenesis and fetal development(garbhavakranti)==
==Embryogenesis and fetal development(garbhavakranti)==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
When a healthy sperm and a healthy ovum get conceived in a healthy womb at a proper time, the soul (atma) with mind (sattva) form the embryo (garbha). This grows further with suitable nourishment by the wholesome nutrient fluid (rasa) and proper regimen (garbhini paricharya). Thereafter the fetus is formed with all sensory and motor organs (indriya) and all body parts. This is endowed with excellence of strength (bala), complexion (varna), psyche (sattva) and compact structure (samhanana) for delivery in proper time. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/3]
When a healthy sperm and a healthy ovum get conceived in a healthy womb at a proper time, the soul (atma) with mind (sattva) form the embryo (garbha). This grows further with suitable nourishment by the wholesome nutrient fluid (rasa) and proper regimen (garbhini paricharya). Thereafter the fetus is formed with all sensory and motor organs (indriya) and all body parts. This is endowed with excellence of strength (bala), complexion (varna), psyche (sattva) and compact structure (samhanana) for delivery in proper time. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 3/3]
</div>
==Role of [[panchamahabhuta]] in embryogenesis==
==Role of [[panchamahabhuta]] in embryogenesis==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The embryo is constituted of five great elements (mahabhuta) and consciousness (chetana). Hence, the holistic human being (purusha) is also known as ‘six elemental’ (shad dhatvatmaka purusha). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/6]
The embryo is constituted of five great elements (mahabhuta) and consciousness (chetana). Hence, the holistic human being (purusha) is also known as ‘six elemental’ (shad dhatvatmaka purusha). [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/6]
The Purusha (microcosm) is developed from loka(macrocosm). The five fundamental elements are sources for various functions of holistic human being. All the five elements (mahabhuta) play respective roles during embryogenesis and foetal development. [Su Sa Sharira Sthana 5/3]
The Purusha (microcosm) is developed from loka(macrocosm). The five fundamental elements are sources for various functions of holistic human being. All the five elements (mahabhuta) play respective roles during embryogenesis and foetal development. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 5/3]
Research on this concept may provide more insights in treatment of disorders of respective body components. For example, the sound vibrations can have effect on functions of akasha mahabhuta. This can be helpful in promotion of good prenatal health. Some researches on effect of music therapy on fetal development are in progress. A complete program for prenatal health and wellness called ‘garbha samskara’ is regularly advised and conducted in various institutions of India.
Research on this concept may provide more insights in treatment of disorders of respective body components. For example, the sound vibrations can have effect on functions of [[akasha mahabhuta]]. This can be helpful in promotion of good prenatal health. Some researches on effect of music therapy on fetal development are in progress. A complete program for prenatal health and wellness called ‘garbha samskara’ is regularly advised and conducted in various institutions of India.<ref>Available from http://www.nia.nic.in/pdf/Program_Garbhasanskar_Antenatal_Program_2020_Batch_V_VI.pdf cited on 08/01/2021 </ref>
'''Table 1: Functions and body components developed from [[panchamahabhuta]]'''*
'''Table 1: Functions and body components developed from [[panchamahabhuta]]'''*
|[[Prithvi]] ||Compact structure and integrity (samhanana) of cells ||smell(gandha),olfactory organs(ghranendriya),heaviness(gaurava),stability(sthairya),stiffness or structure of body(murti),hairs(kesha),bones([[asthi]]),patience(dhairya),nails (nakha)
|[[Prithvi]] ||Compact structure and integrity (samhanana) of cells ||smell(gandha),olfactory organs(ghranendriya),heaviness(gaurava),stability(sthairya),stiffness or structure of body(murti),hairs(kesha),bones([[asthi]]),patience(dhairya),nails (nakha)
|}
|}
*[Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/12], [ A.S. Sharira Sthana 5/9-13]
[A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/3-4],[K.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3 / 4]
<sup>*</sup>[Cha.Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 4/12], [ A.S. Sharira Sthana 5/9-13], [A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/3-4], [K.Sa.Sharira Sthana 3 / 4]
</div>
== Role of shad bhava (six sources of origin) of garbha ==
== Role of shad bhava (six sources of origin) of garbha ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The embryo develops from six major sources:
The embryo develops from six major sources:
|fat ([[meda]])|| body-hair (loma)||critical analysis (vijnana)||purity (shaucha)||strength or energy (bala)||complexion (varna)
|fat ([[meda]])|| body-hair (loma)||critical analysis (vijnana)||purity (shaucha)||strength or energy (bala)||complexion (varna)
|-
|-
|bone marrow ([[majja]])||bones(asthi)||longevity (ayu)||enemity (dwesha)||normal complexion (varna)||health (sthiti)
|bone marrow ([[majja]])||bones(asthi)||longevity ([[ayu]])||hatred (dwesha)||normal complexion (varna)||health (sthiti)
|-
|-
|heart (hrudaya)||nails (nakha)||happiness and sorrow (sukha -dukha)||memory (smriti)||intellect (medha)||unhealthy state (hani)
|heart (hrudaya)||nails (nakha)||happiness and sorrow (sukha -dukha)||memory (smriti)||intellect (medha)||unhealthy state (hani)
|kidney (vrikka)||--||longing &hatred(Iccha-dwesha)||drowsiness(tandra)||constant happiness(praharshadhikya)||absence of greed (alaulyam)
|kidney (vrikka)||--||longing &hatred(Iccha-dwesha)||drowsiness(tandra)||constant happiness(praharshadhikya)||absence of greed (alaulyam)
|-
|-
|urinary bladder (basti)|--|||consciousness (chetana)||enthusiasm (utsaha)||perspicuity of sense organs (indriya prasada)||--
|urinary bladder (basti)||--||consciousness (chetana)||enthusiasm (utsaha)||perspicuity of sense organs (indriya prasada)||--
|-
|-
|rectum (purishadhana)||--||intellect (buddhi)||sharpness (taikshnya)|| high quality of ojas||--
|rectum (purishadhana)||--||intellect (buddhi)||sharpness (taikshnya)|| high quality of ojas||--
|-
|-
|stomach (amashaya)|| --||power of retention (dhriti)||softness (mardava)||life span (ayu)||--
|stomach (amashaya)|| --||power of retention (dhriti)||softness (mardava)||life span ([[ayu]])||--
|-
|-
|small intestine (pakwashaya)||--||memory (smriti)||seriousness (gambhirya)||--||--
|small intestine (pakwashaya)||--||memory (smriti)||seriousness (gambhirya)||--||--
All the physical components of foetus are derived from maternal and paternal factors. Most of the paternal organs seem to be ectodermal, and maternal organs to be endodermal and mesodermal in origin. The other factors like adaptability (satmyaja), nourishment (rasaja) and psychological (sattvaja) are influenced by diet and lifestyle regimen of mother. The food taken by the mother provides proper nutrition to herself and foetus in the womb. The quality and quantity of diet of mother have great impact on the growth and development of the foetus. The psychological status of mother and environmental factors also influences the foetal development. The epigenetic and genetic research on these connections may be useful for better understanding of health and origin of disease.
All the physical components of foetus are derived from maternal and paternal factors. Most of the paternal organs seem to be ectodermal, and maternal organs to be endodermal and mesodermal in origin. The other factors like adaptability (satmyaja), nourishment (rasaja) and psychological (sattvaja) are influenced by diet and lifestyle regimen of mother. The food taken by the mother provides proper nutrition to herself and foetus in the womb. The quality and quantity of diet of mother have great impact on the growth and development of the foetus. The psychological status of mother and environmental factors also influences the foetal development. The epigenetic and genetic research on these connections may be useful for better understanding of health and origin of disease.
</div>
===Factors influencing embryonic development ===
===Factors influencing embryonic development ===
As per contemporary views, embryonic development is the result of interactions between the genetic program in the chromosomes of each zygote and the female genital tract.
<div style="text-align:justify;">
As per contemporary views, embryonic development is the result of interactions between the genetic program in the chromosomes of each zygote and the female genital tract.<ref>Fulvio Gandolfi,Autocrine, paracrine and environmental factors influencing embryonic development from zygote to blastocyst,Theriogenology,Volume 41, Issue 1,1994,Pages 95-100,ISSN 0093-691X, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(05)80053-6.</ref>
The factors influencing embryonic development can be broadly divided into three.
The factors influencing embryonic development can be broadly divided into three.
The successful embryonic development requires the balanced combination of all these factors.
The successful embryonic development requires the balanced combination of all these factors.
Genetic, nutritional, environmental, uteroplacental, and fetal factors have been suggested to influence fetal growth. Uteroplacental and umbilical blood flow and transplacental glucose and fetal insulin are major determinants of fetal growth.
Genetic, nutritional, environmental, uteroplacental, and fetal factors have been suggested to influence fetal growth. Uteroplacental and umbilical blood flow and transplacental glucose and fetal insulin are major determinants of fetal growth.<ref>Vorherr H. Factors influencing fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982 Mar 1;142(5):577-88. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(82)90765-7. PMID: 7036747.</ref>
==Month wise development of embryo and foetus==
==Month wise development of embryo and foetus==
{| class= "wikitable"
{| class= "wikitable"
|-
|-
!Month!!Description in Ayurveda texts* !! Description in contemporary medical texts
!Month!!Description in Ayurveda texts* !! Description in contemporary medical texts<ref name=embryo/><ref name=fetus/>
|-
|-
|'''1st month'''|| Attains the consistency resembling shleshma(mucoid character),or jelly mass(kalala) in which all the body parts though present are not conspicuous.
|'''1st month'''|| Attains the consistency resembling shleshma(mucoid character),or jelly mass(kalala) in which all the body parts though present are not conspicuous.
[A. S. Sharira Sthana 2/13-28],[A. Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/37-63]
[A. S. Sharira Sthana 2/13-28],[A. Hr. Sharira Sthana 1/37-63]
[Ka. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/4-10], [B.P. Pur 3/289-307],[Ha. Sa. Shashtha Sthana 1/17-22]
[Ka. Sa. Sharira Sthana 2/4-10], [B.P. Pur 3/289-307],[Ha. Sa. Shashtha Sthana 1/17-22]
</div>
===Disorders during embryonic life and their diagnosis ===
===Disorders during embryonic life and their diagnosis ===
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The abnormalities occurring in the embryonic development can be attributed to the following:
The abnormalities occurring in the embryonic development can be attributed to the following:
b) Environmental factors
b) Environmental factors
c)Idiopathic(unknown) factors.
c)Idiopathic(unknown) factors.<ref>https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development.</ref>
The genetic factors are related to maternal and paternal age, family history, ethnic background etc.
The genetic factors are related to maternal and paternal age, family history, ethnic background etc.<ref>https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Abnormal_Development_-_Genetic</ref>
Environmental factors includes maternal infections (Eg-TORCH infection), maternal diet (eg- folic acid deficiency leading to neural tube defects), life style (adverse effects of smoking, alcoholism etc.) and certain drugs or chemicals(teratogenic effect).The environmental factors that cause or lead to any of the abnormalities are described as teratogens.
Environmental factors includes maternal infections (Eg-TORCH infection), maternal diet (eg- folic acid deficiency leading to neural tube defects), life style (adverse effects of smoking, alcoholism etc.) and certain drugs or chemicals(teratogenic effect).The environmental factors that cause or lead to any of the abnormalities are described as teratogens.<ref>https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Human_Abnormal_Development#Environmental</ref>
Prenatal diagnosis are the clinical tools used to determine both normal and abnormal development.Many diagnostic techniques are being applied to diagnose human embryonic development.
Prenatal diagnosis are the clinical tools used to determine both normal and abnormal development.Many diagnostic techniques are being applied to diagnose human embryonic development.
The two major classes of techniques are invasive and non-invasive testing.
The two major classes of techniques are invasive and non-invasive testing.<ref>https://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/index.php/Prenatal_Diagnosis</ref>
A Combined first trimester screening test (cFTS) involves a maternal ultrasound scan and blood tests at 11-13weeks of pregnancy. Genetic screening includes maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP), triple test at 15-18 weeks for mother at risk of carrying a fetus with neural tube defects, down syndrome or another chromosomal anomaly.
A Combined first trimester screening test (cFTS) involves a maternal ultrasound scan and blood tests at 11-13weeks of pregnancy. Genetic screening includes maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP), triple test at 15-18 weeks for mother at risk of carrying a fetus with neural tube defects, down syndrome or another chromosomal anomaly.
Ayurveda texts describe the diseases in prenatal life under the category of congenital disorders (sahaja and garbhaja vyadhi).[A.S.Sutra Sthana 22/1] It also describes specific diseases occurring in progeny due to vitiation of channels carrying shukra and abnormalities of shukra dhatu. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/18-19].The disorders due to improper diet and lifestyle of mother are described under garbhaja vyadhi (jananyapacharat) [A. S. Sutra Sthana 22/1]
Ayurveda texts describe the diseases in prenatal life under the category of congenital disorders (sahaja and garbhaja vyadhi).[A.S.Sutra Sthana 22/1] It also describes specific diseases occurring in progeny due to vitiation of channels carrying shukra and abnormalities of shukra dhatu. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/18-19].The disorders due to improper diet and lifestyle of mother are described under garbhaja vyadhi (jananyapacharat) [A. S. Sutra Sthana 22/1]
</div>
==Current researches ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*During early embryogenesis, the pro-embryo consists of two domains, the embryo proper and the suspensor. Recent studies have revealed that the suspensor plays an important role in early embryogenesis and the process of suspensor formation and degeneration may provide a unique model for studies on cell division pattern, cell fate determination, and cell death.<ref>Peng X, Sun MX. The suspensor as a model system to study the mechanism of cell fate specification during early embryogenesis. Plant Reprod. 2018;31(1):59‐65. doi:10.1007/s00497-018-0326-5</ref> The different shapes attributed to the early embryonic development like jelly mass, knot like structure, elongated muscle like structure, irregular elevation etc. described in Ayurveda embryology may be explored on the basis of these findings.
*Precise gene expression ensures proper stem and progenitor cell differentiation, lineage commitment and organogenesis during mammalian development. ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes utilize the energy from ATP hydrolysis to reorganize chromatin and, hence, regulate gene expression. These complexes contain diverse subunits that together provide a multitude of functions, from early embryogenesis through cell differentiation and development into various adult tissues.<ref>Hota SK, Bruneau BG. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling during mammalian development. Development. 2016;143(16):2882‐2897. doi:10.1242/dev.128892.</ref> These cell differentiation processes are mainly attributed to the action of [[vata]] [[dosha]].
*The maternal-to-embryonic transition consists of critical developmental processes including maternal RNA depletion and embryonic genome activation. In recent years, key maternal proteins encoded by maternal-effect genes have been determined, primarily using genetically modified mouse models. These proteins are implicated in various aspects of early embryonic development including maternal mRNA degradation, epigenetic reprogramming, signal transduction, protein translation and initiation of embryonic genome activation.<ref>Zhang K, Smith GW. Maternal control of early embryogenesis in mammals. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2015;27(6):880‐896. doi:10.1071/RD14441</ref>These shows the importance and main contribution of maternal factor (matruja bhava) in the early stage of embryonic development. Diseases that occur due to mutation in the mitochondrial genome are inherited only from the mother, as only the ovum contains mitochondrial genetic material.<ref>Dhiman K, Kumar A, Dhiman KS. Shad Garbhakara Bhavas vis-a-vis congenital and genetic disorders. Ayu. 2010;31(2):175-184. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.72384</ref>
*Advanced paternal age is well-documented to be associated with new dominant mutations and paternal exposures to drugs may increase the risk of adverse fetal outcome.<ref>Robaire B, Hales BF. The male germ cell as a target for drug and toxicantaction. In: Gagnon C, ed. The Male Gamete: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications. Boca Raton, Fla: Cache River Press; 1999:469-74</ref>, <ref>Savitz. Paternal Exposure to Drugs Reviewand Environmental Chemicals: Effects onProgeny Outcome Journal of Andrology, Vol. 22, No. 6,page no- 930 November/December 2001- American Society of Andrology</ref>
*Epigenetic mechanisms are influenced by several factors like development in utero and in childhood, environmental chemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, aging, and diet. Example- Methyl groups, an epigenetic factor found in some dietary sources, can tag DNA and activate or repress genes which is known as DNA methylation. So, the six procreative factors (Shad garbhakara bhava) have an important role as causative factors of congenital, hereditary, and genetic anomalies by mutation and epigenetics.<ref>Dhiman K, Kumar A, Dhiman KS. Shad Garbhakara Bhavas vis-a-vis congenital and genetic disorders. Ayu. 2010;31(2):175-184. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.72384</ref>
*Designer babies are babies from embryos formed by in-vitro fertilization (IVF). They are either created from an embryo selected by preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) or genetically modified in order to influence the traits of the resulting children. The primary aim of creating designer babies is to avoid heritable diseases coded by mutations in DNA.<ref>Ronald T.K. Pang, P.C. Ho,Designer babies,Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine,Volume 26, Issue 2,2016,Pages 59-60,ISSN 1751-7214,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2015.11.011</ref>
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==More information ==
==More information ==
[[Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira]]
[[Khuddika Garbhavakranti Sharira]]
[[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]]
[[Mahatigarbhavakranti Sharira]]
[[ Purusha Vichaya Sharira]]
[[ Purusha Vichaya Sharira]]
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