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<p style="text-align:justify;">The term ‘dravya’ means matter, substance, or anything with a quality and activity. Dravya is an entity with an inseparable relationship ([[samavaya]]) with the attributes of quality and action. (SAT-A.176)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> Among the six categories (shatpadartha), dravya is essential to understand the existence of the other five categories. Dravya is the basis of any clinical studies as a drug or formulation. It is a cause ([[karana]]) behind the effect (karya) as per the cause-and-effect theory (karya-karana bhava).  

The term ‘dravya’ means matter, substance, or anything with a quality and activity. Dravya is an entity with an inseparable relationship ([[samavaya]]) with the attributes of quality and action. (SAT-A.176)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> Among the six categories (shatpadartha), dravya is essential to understand the existence of the other five categories. Dravya is the basis of any clinical studies as a drug or formulation. It is a cause ([[karana]]) behind the effect (karya) as per the cause-and-effect theory (karya-karana bhava).  

<br/>In contemporary science, dravya is considered a substratum, matter, or substance. A substratum is the underlying support or foundation. It is a substance that is a permanent subject of qualities or phenomena. It is the material from which something is made and derives its special qualities.  It is matter or substance that has mass and occupies space.

 

In contemporary science, dravya is considered a substratum, matter, or substance. A substratum is the underlying support or foundation. It is a substance that is a permanent subject of qualities or phenomena. It is the material from which something is made and derives its special qualities.  It is matter or substance that has mass and occupies space.

The universe has countless dravya with multimodal properties. Permutation and combination of dravya and its properties leads to infinite numbers of effects.  It becomes challenging to study them separately and to practice them individually. So, dravya are classified in different ways for easy understanding of the dravya for its application in therapeutics. </p>

 

The universe has countless dravya with multimodal properties. Permutation and combination of dravya and its properties leads to infinite numbers of effects.  It becomes challenging to study them separately and to practice them individually. So, dravya are classified in different ways for easy understanding of the dravya for its application in therapeutics.

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There are three broad methods of drug identification in [[Ayurveda]] as below:

There are three broad methods of drug identification in [[Ayurveda]] as below:

#Namarupagyanam (nomenclature and organoleptic features): Nama means name of a dravya or its synonyms, while ‘rupa’ specifies morphology (akriti) as well as properties and actions ([[guna]] [[karma]]). The branch of science, dravyaguna deals with the study of ‘nama’ and ‘rupa’ of dravya. Pharmacognosy deals with identifying drugs in terms of name, morphology, properties and actions.

#Nomenclature and organoleptic features (namarupagyanam): Nama means name of a dravya or its synonyms, while ‘rupa’ specifies morphology (akriti) as well as properties and actions ([[guna]] [[karma]]). The branch of science, dravyaguna deals with the study of ‘nama’ and ‘rupa’ of dravya. Pharmacognosy deals with identifying drugs in terms of name, morphology, properties and actions.

#Panchabhautika pariksha ([[mahabhuta]] dominance): All dravya in the universe are made from [[panchamahabhuta]]. (five basic elements) – [[akasha]], [[vayu]], [[agni]], [[jala]], and [[prithvi]]. The characteristic features of [[mahabhuta]] present in dravya are identified to know more about dravya.  

#[[Mahabhuta]] dominance (Panchabhautika pariksha): All dravya in the universe are made from [[panchamahabhuta]]. (five basic elements) – [[akasha]], [[vayu]], [[agni]], [[jala]], and [[prithvi]]. The characteristic features of [[mahabhuta]] present in dravya are identified to know more about dravya.  

#Bheshajaavasthantar pariksha (Examination in different stages): It means examination of drugs in various stages or conditions. e.g. ripe/unripe, fresh/dry, various combination, various dosage forms.

#Examination in different stages (Bheshajaavasthantar pariksha): It means examination of drugs in various stages or conditions. e.g. ripe/unripe, fresh/dry, various combination, various dosage forms.

===Current methods of drug identification===

===Current methods of drug identification===

'''[[Ayurveda]] dravya as nutraceuticals:''' A review focused on the ayurvedic nutraceutical approach gives natural physiological advantages of [[Ayurveda]] formulations and reduces illness risk.<ref>Rahul, Kumar Gupta, Rahul  Soni, Pradeep Singh, Rohit Shrivastava, Jitendra Rajput, Pawan. Health benefits of natural nutrients: ayurveda dravya as nutraceuticals. WJPMR. 2018; 4(4);253-255.</ref> Formulations like Chyavanaprasha, Brahma Rasayana, Phala Ghrita, Arjuna Ksheerapaka, Shatavari Ghrita, and Rasona Ksheerapaka are studied, among other traditional nutraceuticals. All of these nutraceuticals have health benefits such as preventing respiratory diseases, improving physical and mental strength, sexual empowerment, cardio-protection, female hormonal regulation maintenance, etc. The focus of the article was on the ayurvedic perspective of nutraceuticals.

'''[[Ayurveda]] dravya as nutraceuticals:''' A review focused on the ayurvedic nutraceutical approach gives natural physiological advantages of [[Ayurveda]] formulations and reduces illness risk.<ref>Rahul, Kumar Gupta, Rahul  Soni, Pradeep Singh, Rohit Shrivastava, Jitendra Rajput, Pawan. Health benefits of natural nutrients: ayurveda dravya as nutraceuticals. WJPMR. 2018; 4(4);253-255.</ref> Formulations like Chyavanaprasha, Brahma Rasayana, Phala Ghrita, Arjuna Ksheerapaka, Shatavari Ghrita, and Rasona Ksheerapaka are studied, among other traditional nutraceuticals. All of these nutraceuticals have health benefits such as preventing respiratory diseases, improving physical and mental strength, sexual empowerment, cardio-protection, female hormonal regulation maintenance, etc. The focus of the article was on the ayurvedic perspective of nutraceuticals.

'''[[Rasayana]] dravya in oxidative stress:''' Stress levels within cells have grown due to changing diet and lifestyle, necessitating an ayurvedic strategy to compensate and rejuvenate, known as [[Rasayana]]. In a review paper, the researchers focused on raising knowledge of [[rasayana]] therapy and its effects on oxidative stress and premature aging. The review concluded that [[rasayana]] dravya is beneficial in preventing oxidative stress.<ref>Manish Choudhari, Naresh Jain. Role of different rasayana dravya in oxidative stress – a review study. IJSR. 2020; 9(3):71-72.</ref> An ayurvedic formulation rasayanaghanavati showed significant results in reducing stress and premature ageing with anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect.<ref>Deole YS, Chavan SS, Ashok B K, Ravishankar B, Thakar A B, Chandola H M. Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Jun 22];32:375-9. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/3/375/93918</ref> Rasayana avaleha, an ayurvedic formulation, showed efficacy in reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients.<ref>Vyas P, Thakar A B, Baghel M S, Sisodia A, Deole Y. Efficacy of Rasayana Avaleha as adjuvant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in reducing adverse effects. AYU [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Jun 22];31:417-23. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2010/31/4/417/82029</ref>

'''[[Rasayana]] dravya in oxidative stress:''' Stress levels within cells have grown due to changing diet and lifestyle, necessitating an ayurvedic strategy to compensate and rejuvenate, known as [[Rasayana]]. In a review paper, the researchers focused on raising knowledge of [[rasayana]] therapy and its effects on oxidative stress and premature aging. The review concluded that [[rasayana]] dravya is beneficial in preventing oxidative stress.<ref>Manish Choudhari, Naresh Jain. Role of different rasayana dravya in oxidative stress – a review study. IJSR. 2020; 9(3):71-72.</ref> An ayurvedic formulation rasayana ghana vati showed significant results in reducing stress and premature ageing with anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect.<ref>Deole YS, Chavan SS, Ashok B K, Ravishankar B, Thakar A B, Chandola H M. Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Jun 22];32:375-9. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/3/375/93918</ref> Rasayana avaleha, an ayurvedic formulation, showed efficacy in reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients.<ref>Vyas P, Thakar A B, Baghel M S, Sisodia A, Deole Y. Efficacy of Rasayana Avaleha as adjuvant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in reducing adverse effects. AYU [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Jun 22];31:417-23. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2010/31/4/417/82029</ref>

'''Applied aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka:''' Arabdhata and Pratyaarabdhata are two Ayurvedic concepts that are related to the conjugation and configuration of [[mahabhuta]] (five elements). During digestion and metabolism, every material experiences some modifications. A clinical investigation was conducted on 24 healthy adults to better grasp the concepts of arabdhata and pratyarabdhatadata using four distinct medications with the same composition but two different [[vipaka]]. The study's findings revealed that all of the drugs affected koshtha (bowel pattern) according to their [[vipaka]] in a few parameters, particularly stool and defecation habits. But most of the other parameters were statistically insignificant, implying that drugs act according to [[vipaka]] to some extent. However, [[vipaka]] is not the only factor that determines the pharmacological action of the drug.<ref>Jadoun A, Dwivedi R. Effect of selected Samana and Vicitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka. Ayu. 2013;34(4):373-378. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.127718</ref>

'''Applied aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdha dravya w.s.r. to [[Vipaka]]:''' Arabdhata and Pratyaarabdhata are two Ayurvedic concepts that are related to the conjugation and configuration of [[mahabhuta]] (five elements). During digestion and metabolism, every material experiences some modifications. A clinical investigation was conducted on 24 healthy adults to better grasp the concepts of arabdhata and pratyarabdhatadata using four distinct medications with the same composition but two different [[vipaka]]. The study's findings revealed that all of the drugs affected koshtha (bowel pattern) according to their [[vipaka]] in a few parameters, particularly stool and defecation habits. But most of the other parameters were statistically insignificant, implying that drugs act according to [[vipaka]] to some extent. However, [[vipaka]] is not the only factor that determines the pharmacological action of the drug.<ref>Jadoun A, Dwivedi R. Effect of selected Samana and Vicitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka. Ayu. 2013;34(4):373-378. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.127718</ref>

==Available database of herbs and formulations==

==Available database of herbs and formulations==

'''Books and encyclopaedia for further reading'''  

'''Books and encyclopaedia for further reading'''  

*Dravya Guna Vigyan by P.V.Sharma.

*Dravya Guna Vigyan by P.V.Sharma.

*Dravyagunavigyan by Prof.D.S.Lucas

*Dravya guna vigyan by Prof.D.S.Lucas

*Bhavprakashnigantu by Bhavmishra

*Bhavprakash nigantu by Bhavmishra

*Abhinav butidarpan by Shri Ruplal ji vaishya

*Abhinav butidarpan by Shri Ruplal ji vaishya

*Prayogatamaka Dravyaguna Vigyana by Dr. Maya Ram Uniyal

*Prayogatamaka Dravyaguna Vigyana by Dr. Maya Ram Uniyal

*Textbook of Dravyaguna by Dr.K.Nishteswar

*Textbook of Dravyaguna by Dr.K.Nishteswar

*Himalaya ki arogyadayivanaspatiya by Ayush Dept. Govt. of India.

*Himalaya ki arogyadayi vanaspatiya by Ayush Dept. Govt. of India.

*Vanaushadi Chandrodya by Shri Chandrarajbhandari

*Vanaushadi Chandrodya by Shri Chandraraj bhandari

*Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by Vaidya V.M.Gogte

*Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by Vaidya V.M.Gogte

*Chemistry and pharmacology of Ayurvedic medicinal plants by Vd. Mukund Sabnis

*Chemistry and pharmacology of Ayurvedic medicinal plants by Vd. Mukund Sabnis

*Medicinal plants of Uttranchala state by Dr. Anil K. Dhiman

*Medicinal plants of Uttranchal state by Dr. Anil K. Dhiman

*Classical uses of medicinal plants by Prof. P.V.Sharma

*Classical uses of medicinal plants by Prof. P.V.Sharma

*Spices and medicinal plants by PC Bansil

*Spices and medicinal plants by P.C. Bansil

*Studies of medicinal plants and drugs in Dhanvantri nigantu by Dr. S.D.Kamat

*Studies of medicinal plants and drugs in Dhanvantri nigantu by Dr. S.D.Kamat

*Reviews on Indian medicinal plants all the volumes by Medicinal plant unit- ICMR Delhi  

*Reviews on Indian medicinal plants all the volumes by Medicinal plant unit- ICMR Delhi