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<p style="text-align:justify;">The term ‘dravya’ means matter, substance, or anything with a quality and activity. Dravya is an entity with an inseparable relationship ([[samavaya]]) with the attributes of quality and action. (SAT-A.176)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> Among the six categories (shatpadartha), dravya is essential to understand the existence of the other five categories. Dravya is the basis of any clinical studies as a drug or formulation. It is a cause ([[karana]]) behind the effect (karya) as per the cause-and-effect theory (karya-karana bhava).  

The term ‘dravya’ means matter, substance, or anything with a quality and activity. Dravya is an entity with an inseparable relationship ([[samavaya]]) with the attributes of quality and action. (SAT-A.176)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/Ayurveda</ref> Among the six categories (shatpadartha), dravya is essential to understand the existence of the other five categories. Dravya is the basis of any clinical studies as a drug or formulation. It is a cause ([[karana]]) behind the effect (karya) as per the cause-and-effect theory (karya-karana bhava).  

<br/>In contemporary science, dravya is considered a substratum, matter, or substance. A substratum is the underlying support or foundation. It is a substance that is a permanent subject of qualities or phenomena. It is the material from which something is made and derives its special qualities.  It is matter or substance that has mass and occupies space.

 

In contemporary science, dravya is considered a substratum, matter, or substance. A substratum is the underlying support or foundation. It is a substance that is a permanent subject of qualities or phenomena. It is the material from which something is made and derives its special qualities.  It is matter or substance that has mass and occupies space.

The universe has countless dravya with multimodal properties. Permutation and combination of dravya and its properties leads to infinite numbers of effects.  It becomes challenging to study them separately and to practice them individually. So, dravya are classified in different ways for easy understanding of the dravya for its application in therapeutics. </p>

 

The universe has countless dravya with multimodal properties. Permutation and combination of dravya and its properties leads to infinite numbers of effects.  It becomes challenging to study them separately and to practice them individually. So, dravya are classified in different ways for easy understanding of the dravya for its application in therapeutics.

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==Definition==

==Definition==

Dravya is the substratum that shelters quality ([[guna]]) and action ([[karma]]) in an inseparable relationship (samavayisambandha) with each other. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/51] [Vai.Da.1/4]<ref name=Va.D> Rajaram Pandit. Vaisheshik darshan, Bombay machine press, Lahore,1976.</ref> [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/3]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>

Dravya is the substratum that shelters quality ([[guna]]) and action ([[karma]]) in an inseparable relationship (samavayisambandha) with each other. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/51] [Vaisheshik Darshan.1/4]<ref name=Va.D> Rajaram Pandit. Vaisheshik darshan. Lahore: Bombay machine press; 1976.</ref> [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/3]<ref name= Susruta> Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>

==Panchabhautikatva of dravya==

==Panchabhautikatva of dravya==

All dravyas have a specific composition of [[panchamahabhuta]] with an appropriate combination and separation (samyoga and vibhaga). There is a dominance of a particular [[mahabhuta]]. This defines them as akashiya ([[akasha]] dominant), vayavya ([[vayu]] dominant), agneya ([[agni]] dominant), apya ([[apa]] dominant) and parthiva ([[prithvi]] dominant).[Vai. Da. 1/5]<ref name=Va.D/>

All dravyas have a specific composition of [[panchamahabhuta]] with an appropriate combination and separation (samyoga and vibhaga). There is a dominance of a particular [[mahabhuta]]. This defines them as akashiya ([[akasha]] dominant), vayavya ([[vayu]] dominant), agneya ([[agni]] dominant), apya ([[apa]] dominant) and parthiva ([[prithvi]] dominant).[Vaisheshik Darshan. 1/5]<ref name=Va.D/>

==Importance of dravya==

==Importance of dravya==

The importance of dravya is described through multiple assumptions. No transformation (paka) can occur without potency ([[virya]]); no potency ([[virya]]) without tastes ([[rasa]]) and no tastes ([[rasa]]) without dravya. Thus, dravya is the substratum of all the [[padartha]] like, [[rasa]], [[guna]] etc. The seven [[padartha]] are responsible for actions ([[karma]]) that reside in the dravya. They do not have independent existence without dravya. Therefore, dravya is most important in all [[padartha]].

The importance of dravya is described through multiple assumptions. No transformation (paka) can occur without potency ([[veerya]]); no potency ([[veerya]]) without tastes ([[rasa]]) and no tastes ([[rasa]]) without dravya. Thus, dravya is the substratum of all the [[padartha]] like, [[rasa]], [[guna]] etc. The seven [[padartha]] are responsible for actions ([[karma]]) that reside in the dravya. They do not have independent existence without dravya. Therefore, dravya is most important in all [[padartha]].

[[Guna]] residing in a dravya is like soul living in a body. The body gives shelter to soul and manifests its various desires and qualities. Dravya gives support to [[rasa]] and [[guna]], and manifests its actions or effects. Hence, the dravya is considered as prime (pradhana) in all [[padartha]].[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 40/3]<ref name=Susruta/>

[[Guna]] residing in a dravya is like soul living in a body. The body gives shelter to soul and manifests its various desires and qualities. Dravya gives support to [[rasa]] and [[guna]], and manifests its actions or effects. Hence, the dravya is considered as prime (pradhana) in all [[padartha]].[Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 40/3]<ref name=Susruta/>

#No-grading (taratamayoganupalabdhi): Gradation of properties (tara tamayoga) is only seen in [[rasa]] and [[guna]] (like madhuratara, madhuratama and laghutara and laghutama grading according to mild, moderate and severe). This kind of grading is not possible with dravya. So, the constituents may vary in nature. Dravya remains stable, therefore, dravya is important.

#No-grading (taratamayoganupalabdhi): Gradation of properties (tara tamayoga) is only seen in [[rasa]] and [[guna]] (like madhuratara, madhuratama and laghutara and laghutama grading according to mild, moderate and severe). This kind of grading is not possible with dravya. So, the constituents may vary in nature. Dravya remains stable, therefore, dravya is important.

#Possibility of various formulations (vikalpa samarthya): Dravya can be utilized in multiple formulations like paste, decoctions, juice, powder, etc. But the [[rasa]] , [[guna]] cannot be used in this manner.  

#Possibility of various formulations (vikalpa samarthya): Dravya can be utilized in multiple formulations like paste, decoctions, juice, powder, etc. But the [[rasa]] , [[guna]] cannot be used in this manner.  

#Occupying the space (pratighata samarthya): Among all the constituents, dravya is the only one that possesses some definite form, shape, and structure, and occupies the space while others do not. Hence dravya is stated to be superior.  

#Occupying the space (pratighata samarthya): Among all the constituents, dravya is the only one that possesses some definite form, shape, and structure, and occupies the space while others do not. Hence dravya is stated to be superior.

==Classification==

==Classification==

'''Chetana dravya (living or with consciousness):''' All living substances with sense organs show visible internal and external activities categorized under chetana dravyas.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/48] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/10]

'''Chetana dravya (living or with consciousness):''' All living substances with sense organs show visible internal and external activities categorized under chetana dravyas.[Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/48] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 26/10]

a) Antaschetana (plant kingdom): Antaschetana are those substances that only have internal consciousness and activity. They are devoid of sense organs. They were classified into four groups- [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/72] [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/29]

a) Antaschetana (plant kingdom): Antaschetana are those substances that only have internal consciousness and activity. They are devoid of sense organs. They were classified into four groups- [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/72] [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/29]<ref name=Susruta/>

*Vanaspati: Trees that bear fruit without having a flower come under vanaspati. e.g. Ficus bengalensis (vata) and Ficus racemosa (udumbara) etc.

#Vanaspati: Trees that bear fruit without having a flower come under vanaspati. e.g. Ficus bengalensis (vata) and Ficus racemosa (udumbara) etc.

*Vanaspatya: Trees that have fruits and flowers are called vanaspatya or vriksha. e.g. Amra and Jamuna.

#Vanaspatya: Trees that have fruits and flowers are called vanaspatya or vriksha. e.g. Mangifera indica Linn. (amra) and Syzygium cumini (jamuna).

*Virudha: Those plants whose branches twine and crawl around the tree or any other objects come under virudha. It has two types- lata and gulma (climbers and shrubs). e.g. Guduchi.

#Virudha: Those plants whose branches twine and crawl around the tree or any other objects come under virudha. It has two types- lata and gulma (climbers and shrubs). e.g. Tinospora cordifolia ([[guduchi]]).

*Aushadha: Plants that perish after yielding their mature fruits are called aushadha. e.g. wheat, pulses and rice.  

#Aushadha: Plants that perish after yielding their mature fruits are called aushadha. e.g. wheat, pulses and rice.  

b) Bahischetana (jangam dravya or animal kingdom): They are substances with internal and external consciousness and activity with all the sense organs.[Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/30]<ref name=Susruta/>

b) Bahischetana (jangam dravya or animal kingdom): They are substances with internal and external consciousness and activity with all the sense organs.[Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 1/30]<ref name=Susruta/>

#Jarayuja: Living beings that take birth from the placenta e.g. Human and Mammals.

#Jarayuja: Living beings that take birth from the placenta e.g. Human and Mammals.

#Andaja: Those who reproduce through the eggs. e.g. Birds.

#Andaja: Those who reproduce through the eggs. e.g. Birds.

#Swedaja: They take birth from sweat or moisture.  e.g. Yuka, Likha, Krimi.

#Swedaja: They take birth from sweat or moisture.  e.g. Lice (yuka), Likha, parasites/micro-organisms (krimi).

#Udbhija: Creatures that come out of earth or soil. e.g. Indragopa (earthworm) & Manduka (frog).

#Udbhija: Creatures that come out of earth or soil. e.g. Earthworm (indragopa) & frog (manduka).

'''Achetana dravya (non living):''' All non-living substances which are devoid of sense organs are categorized under achetana dravyas.

'''Achetana dravya (non living):''' All non-living substances which are devoid of sense organs are categorized under achetana dravyas.

a) Dosha prashamana dravya (pacifier): Dravya is a pacifier of [[dosha]]s.

a) Dosha prashamana dravya (pacifier): Dravya is a pacifier of [[dosha]]s.

b) Dhatu pradushana dravya (vitiator): Some drugs vitiate [[dhatu]]. e.g. visha

b) Dhatu pradushana dravya (vitiator): Some drugs vitiate [[dhatu]]. e.g. Poison (visha)

c) Swasthavrittikara dravya (maintainer): Dravya is responsible for maintaining the good health status of the body.

c) Swasthavrittikara dravya (maintainer): Dravya is responsible for maintaining the good health status of the body.

#Jangama dravya: Dravyas which have an animal origin, such as milk & its products, honey, urine, skin, semen, bile, ligament, fat, marrow, blood, flesh, feces, bone, horn, nail, hoof, hairs etc. are considered as jangama dravyas.

#Jangama dravya: Dravyas which have an animal origin, such as milk & its products, honey, urine, skin, semen, bile, ligament, fat, marrow, blood, flesh, feces, bone, horn, nail, hoof, hairs etc. are considered as jangama dravyas.

#Audhbhida dravya: Dravyas of vegetable origin are audhbhida. They are of four types vanaspati, vanaspatya, aushadi, and virudha.

#Audhbhida dravya: Dravyas of vegetable origin are audhbhida. They are of four types vanaspati, vanaspatya, aushadi, and virudha.

#Parthiva dravya: Dravya obtained from the earth such as metals and mineral products such as gold, five metals (lohas), silver, copper, lead, and tin, along with their excreta silica, calcites, realgar, orpiment, etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/68]

#Parthiva dravya: Dravya obtained from the earth such as metals and mineral products such as gold, five metals (lohas), silver, copper, lead, and tin, along with their excreta silica, calcites, realgar, orpiment, etc. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/68]

*Tikshnaveerya dravya: Zingiber officinale Roscoe ([[shunthi]]) etc.

*Tikshnaveerya dravya: Zingiber officinale Roscoe ([[shunthi]]) etc.

*Madhyamaveerya dravya: Aegle marmelos ([[bilva]]), Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. ([[agnimantha]]).

*Madhyamaveerya dravya: Aegle marmelos ([[bilva]]), Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. ([[agnimantha]]).

*Mriduveerya dravya: Emblica officinalis [[amalaki]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/17]

*Mriduveerya dravya: Emblica officinalis ([[amalaki]]). [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 2/17]

'''Classification based on panchabhautika composition:'''

'''Classification based on panchabhautika composition:'''

#Sheetavirya dravya (cold potency): Santalum album ([[chandana]]), Saccharum officinarum ([[ikshu]]).

#Sheetavirya dravya (cold potency): Santalum album ([[chandana]]), Saccharum officinarum ([[ikshu]]).

#Ushnavirya dravya (hot potency): Aquilaria agallocha ([[agaru]]), Saussurea costus ([[kustha]]) & Valeriana wallichii ([[tagara]])

#Ushnavirya dravya (hot potency): Aquilaria agallocha (agaru), Saussurea costus (kustha) & Valeriana wallichii ([[tagara]])

'''Classification based on post digestive effect (vipaka)'''

'''Classification based on post digestive effect ([[vipaka]])'''

Based on the end product formed during the process of digestion of dravya, they are classified into three types:

Based on the end product formed during the process of digestion of dravya, they are classified into three types:

#Madhura vipaka dravya: e.g. Zingiber officinalis (sunthi), Piper longum ([[pippali]]).

#Madhura vipaka dravya: e.g. Zingiber officinalis ([[shunthi]]), Piper longum ([[pippali]]).

#Amla vipaka dravya: e.g. Rice grain (vrihi), Dolichos biflorus (kulattha).

#Amla vipaka dravya: e.g. Rice grain (vrihi), Dolichos biflorus (kulattha).

#Katu vipaka dravya: e.g. Sesame oil (taila), Salt (lavana). [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10]<ref name=Susruta/>

#Katu vipaka dravya: e.g. Sesame oil (taila), Salt (lavana). [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 40/10]<ref name=Susruta/>

There are three broad methods of drug identification in [[Ayurveda]] as below:

There are three broad methods of drug identification in [[Ayurveda]] as below:

#Namarupagyanam (nomenclature and organoleptic features): Nama means name of a dravya or its synonyms, while ‘rupa’ specifies morphology (akriti) as well as properties and actions ([[guna]] [[karma]]). The branch of science, dravyaguna deals with the study of ‘nama’ and ‘rupa’ of dravya. Pharmacognosy deals with identifying drugs in terms of name, morphology, properties and actions.

#Nomenclature and organoleptic features (namarupagyanam): Nama means name of a dravya or its synonyms, while ‘rupa’ specifies morphology (akriti) as well as properties and actions ([[guna]] [[karma]]). The branch of science, dravyaguna deals with the study of ‘nama’ and ‘rupa’ of dravya. Pharmacognosy deals with identifying drugs in terms of name, morphology, properties and actions.

#Panchabhautika pariksha ([[mahabhuta]] dominance): All dravya in the universe are made from [[panchamahabhuta]]. (five basic elements) – [[akasha]], [[vayu]], [[agni]], [[jala]], and [[prithvi]]. The characteristic features of [[mahabhuta]] present in dravya are identified to know more about dravya.  

#[[Mahabhuta]] dominance (Panchabhautika pariksha): All dravya in the universe are made from [[panchamahabhuta]]. (five basic elements) – [[akasha]], [[vayu]], [[agni]], [[jala]], and [[prithvi]]. The characteristic features of [[mahabhuta]] present in dravya are identified to know more about dravya.  

#Bheshajaavasthantar pariksha (Examination in different stages): It means examination of drugs in various stages or conditions. e.g. ripe/unripe, fresh/dry, various combination, various dosage forms.

#Examination in different stages (Bheshajaavasthantar pariksha): It means examination of drugs in various stages or conditions. e.g. ripe/unripe, fresh/dry, various combination, various dosage forms.

===Current methods of drug identification===

===Current methods of drug identification===

The herbs and formulations described in the classics of [[Ayurveda]] are studied for their utility in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Some of the newer approaches are mentioned below.

The herbs and formulations described in the classics of [[Ayurveda]] are studied for their utility in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Some of the newer approaches are mentioned below.

   

   

'''[[Ayurveda]] dravya as nutraceuticals:''' A review focused on the ayurvedic nutraceutical approach gives natural physiological advantages of [[Ayurveda]] formulations and reduces illness risk.<ref>Rahul, Kumar Gupta, Rahul  Soni, Pradeep Singh, Rohit Shrivastava, Jitendra Rajput, Pawan. (2018). Health benefits of natural nutrients: ayurveda dravya as nutraceuticals. WJPMR. 2018, 4(4),253-255.</ref> Formulations like Chyavanaprasha, Brahma Rasayana, Phala Ghrita, Arjuna Ksheerapaka, Shatavari Ghrita, and Rasona Ksheerapaka are studied, among other traditional nutraceuticals. All of these nutraceuticals have health benefits such as preventing respiratory diseases, improving physical and mental strength, sexual empowerment, cardio-protection, female hormonal regulation maintenance, etc. The focus of the article was on the ayurvedic perspective of nutraceuticals.

'''[[Ayurveda]] dravya as nutraceuticals:''' A review focused on the ayurvedic nutraceutical approach gives natural physiological advantages of [[Ayurveda]] formulations and reduces illness risk.<ref>Rahul, Kumar Gupta, Rahul  Soni, Pradeep Singh, Rohit Shrivastava, Jitendra Rajput, Pawan. Health benefits of natural nutrients: ayurveda dravya as nutraceuticals. WJPMR. 2018; 4(4);253-255.</ref> Formulations like Chyavanaprasha, Brahma Rasayana, Phala Ghrita, Arjuna Ksheerapaka, Shatavari Ghrita, and Rasona Ksheerapaka are studied, among other traditional nutraceuticals. All of these nutraceuticals have health benefits such as preventing respiratory diseases, improving physical and mental strength, sexual empowerment, cardio-protection, female hormonal regulation maintenance, etc. The focus of the article was on the ayurvedic perspective of nutraceuticals.

'''[[Rasayana]] dravya in oxidative stress:''' Stress levels within cells have grown due to changing diet and lifestyle, necessitating an ayurvedic strategy to compensate and rejuvenate, known as [[Rasayana]]. In a review paper, the researchers focused on raising knowledge of [[rasayana]] therapy and its effects on oxidative stress and premature aging. The review concluded that [[rasayana]] dravya is beneficial in preventing oxidative stress.<ref>Manish Choudhari and Naresh Jain. Role of different rasayanadravya in oxidative stress – a review study.IJSR. 2020, 9(3),71-72.</ref> An ayurvedic formulation rasayanaghanavati showed significant results in reducing stress and premature ageing with anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect.<ref>Deole YS, Chavan SS, Ashok B K, Ravishankar B, Thakar A B, Chandola H M. Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Jun 22];32:375-9. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/3/375/93918</ref> Rasayana avaleha, an ayurvedic formulation, showed efficacy in reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients.<ref>Vyas P, Thakar A B, Baghel M S, Sisodia A, Deole Y. Efficacy of Rasayana Avaleha as adjuvant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in reducing adverse effects. AYU [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Jun 22];31:417-23. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2010/31/4/417/82029</ref>

'''[[Rasayana]] dravya in oxidative stress:''' Stress levels within cells have grown due to changing diet and lifestyle, necessitating an ayurvedic strategy to compensate and rejuvenate, known as [[Rasayana]]. In a review paper, the researchers focused on raising knowledge of [[rasayana]] therapy and its effects on oxidative stress and premature aging. The review concluded that [[rasayana]] dravya is beneficial in preventing oxidative stress.<ref>Manish Choudhari, Naresh Jain. Role of different rasayana dravya in oxidative stress – a review study. IJSR. 2020; 9(3):71-72.</ref> An ayurvedic formulation rasayana ghana vati showed significant results in reducing stress and premature ageing with anti-depressant and anxiolytic effect.<ref>Deole YS, Chavan SS, Ashok B K, Ravishankar B, Thakar A B, Chandola H M. Evaluation of anti-depressant and anxiolytic activity of Rasayana Ghana Tablet (A compound Ayurvedic formulation) in albino mice. AYU [serial online] 2011 [cited 2022 Jun 22];32:375-9. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2011/32/3/375/93918</ref> Rasayana avaleha, an ayurvedic formulation, showed efficacy in reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in cancer patients.<ref>Vyas P, Thakar A B, Baghel M S, Sisodia A, Deole Y. Efficacy of Rasayana Avaleha as adjuvant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in reducing adverse effects. AYU [serial online] 2010 [cited 2022 Jun 22];31:417-23. Available from: https://www.ayujournal.org/text.asp?2010/31/4/417/82029</ref>

'''Applied aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka:''' Arabdhata and Pratyaarabdhata are two Ayurvedic concepts that are related to the conjugation and configuration of [[mahabhuta]] (five elements). During digestion and metabolism, every material experiences some modifications. A clinical investigation was conducted on 24 healthy adults to better grasp the concepts of arabdhata and pratyarabdhatadata using four distinct medications with the same composition but two different [[vipaka]]. The study's findings revealed that all of the drugs affected koshtha (bowel pattern) according to their [[vipaka]] in a few parameters, particularly stool and defecation habits. But most of the other parameters were statistically insignificant, implying that drugs act according to [[vipaka]] to some extent. However, [[vipaka]] is not the only factor that determines the pharmacological action of the drug.<ref>Jadoun A, Dwivedi R. Effect of selected Samana and Vicitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka. Ayu. 2013;34(4):373-378. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.127718</ref>

'''Applied aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdha dravya w.s.r. to [[Vipaka]]:''' Arabdhata and Pratyaarabdhata are two Ayurvedic concepts that are related to the conjugation and configuration of [[mahabhuta]] (five elements). During digestion and metabolism, every material experiences some modifications. A clinical investigation was conducted on 24 healthy adults to better grasp the concepts of arabdhata and pratyarabdhatadata using four distinct medications with the same composition but two different [[vipaka]]. The study's findings revealed that all of the drugs affected koshtha (bowel pattern) according to their [[vipaka]] in a few parameters, particularly stool and defecation habits. But most of the other parameters were statistically insignificant, implying that drugs act according to [[vipaka]] to some extent. However, [[vipaka]] is not the only factor that determines the pharmacological action of the drug.<ref>Jadoun A, Dwivedi R. Effect of selected Samana and Vicitra Pratyayarabdha Dravya w.s.r. to Vipaka. Ayu. 2013;34(4):373-378. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.127718</ref>

==Available database of herbs and formulations==

==Available database of herbs and formulations==

'''Books and encyclopaedia for further reading'''  

'''Books and encyclopaedia for further reading'''  

*Dravya Guna Vigyan by P.V.Sharma.

*Dravya Guna Vigyan by P.V.Sharma.

*Dravyagunavigyan by Prof.D.S.Lucas

*Dravya guna vigyan by Prof.D.S.Lucas

*Bhavprakashnigantu by Bhavmishra

*Bhavprakash nigantu by Bhavmishra

*Abhinav butidarpan by Shri Ruplal ji vaishya

*Abhinav butidarpan by Shri Ruplal ji vaishya

*Prayogatamaka Dravyaguna Vigyana by Dr. Maya Ram Uniyal

*Prayogatamaka Dravyaguna Vigyana by Dr. Maya Ram Uniyal

*Textbook of Dravyaguna by Dr.K.Nishteswar

*Textbook of Dravyaguna by Dr.K.Nishteswar

*Himalaya ki arogyadayivanaspatiya by Ayush Dept. Govt. of India.

*Himalaya ki arogyadayi vanaspatiya by Ayush Dept. Govt. of India.

*Vanaushadi Chandrodya by Shri Chandrarajbhandari

*Vanaushadi Chandrodya by Shri Chandraraj bhandari

*Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by Vaidya V.M.Gogte

*Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants by Vaidya V.M.Gogte

*Chemistry and pharmacology of Ayurvedic medicinal plants by Vd. Mukund Sabnis

*Chemistry and pharmacology of Ayurvedic medicinal plants by Vd. Mukund Sabnis

*Medicinal plants of Uttranchala state by Dr. Anil K. Dhiman

*Medicinal plants of Uttranchal state by Dr. Anil K. Dhiman

*Classical uses of medicinal plants by Prof. P.V.Sharma

*Classical uses of medicinal plants by Prof. P.V.Sharma

*Spices and medicinal plants by PC Bansil

*Spices and medicinal plants by P.C. Bansil

*Studies of medicinal plants and drugs in Dhanvantri nigantu by Dr. S.D.Kamat

*Studies of medicinal plants and drugs in Dhanvantri nigantu by Dr. S.D.Kamat

*Reviews on Indian medicinal plants all the volumes by Medicinal plant unit- ICMR Delhi  

*Reviews on Indian medicinal plants all the volumes by Medicinal plant unit- ICMR Delhi  

#Anuruchi Jadoun (2012): Concept of Panchabhautika Arabdhata of Dravyas (Conjugation & Configuration of Mahabhuta and Applied Aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdhat. Department of Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, Gujarat.

#Anuruchi Jadoun (2012): Concept of Panchabhautika Arabdhata of Dravyas (Conjugation & Configuration of Mahabhuta and Applied Aspect of Samana and Vichitra Pratyayarabdhat. Department of Basic Principles, IPGT & RA, Gujarat.

#Agrawal Kanhaiya (2016): Comparative Studies on three types of best virechana Dravyas. Department of Dravyaguna. BHU, Varanasi.

#Agrawal Kanhaiya (2016): Comparative Studies on three types of best virechana Dravyas. Department of Dravyaguna. BHU, Varanasi.

 

 

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== References ==

== References ==