Changes

<div style = "text-align:justify;">

The word ‘Dosha’ literally means impurities or morbidities. In Ayurveda, dosha are the governing principles of physiology and psychology. They are the primary and essential constitutional factors of the human organism. They maintain the integrity of the human body. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23]<ref name="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> The three dosha at physical level, vata, pitta, and kapha, vitiate different body tissues and can lead to diseases in disequilibrium state. [SAT-B.382]<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> They are the actual intrinsic factors which become excited and imbalanced, either conferring a predisposition to or actually causing morbidities disease (vyadhi).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia. Varanasi; 1996.Pg. 20 </ref>  Their state of equilibrium is one of the important pre-requisite for disease free state (arogya) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/4] and [[health]]. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/48]<ref name="Sushruta Samhita" /> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/20]<ref name="Ashtanga Hridaya"/> The dosha have been correlated with systems theory in the field of physics, providing a sound theoretical basis for this Ayurvedic concept, and research utilizing a biostatistical approach to quantify the dosha reveals a sound empirical basis as well.<ref>Sharma H., Chandola H.M., Singh G., Basisht G. Utilization of Ayurveda in health care: an approach for prevention, health promotion, and treatment of disease. Part 1 – Ayurveda in primary health care. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(9):1011–1019.</ref>  Being the units of microcosm in body, the three dosha, kapha, pitta and vata, maintain integrity of the organism by creating, assimilating and diffusing strength in the same way as the Moon (soma), Sun(surya) and Air (anila), maintain integrity of the macrocosm respectively. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/8]<ref name="Sushruta Samhita" />

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

The word ‘Dosha’ literally means impurities or morbidities. In Ayurveda, dosha are the governing principles of physiology and psychology. They are the primary and essential constitutional factors of the human organism. They maintain the integrity of the human body. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/23]<ref name="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> The three dosha at physical level, vata, pitta, and kapha, vitiate different body tissues and can lead to diseases in disequilibrium state. [SAT-B.382]<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> They are the actual intrinsic factors which become excited and imbalanced, either conferring a predisposition to or actually causing morbidities disease (vyadhi).<ref>Dwarkanath C. Introduction to Kayachikitsa. Chaukhambha Orientalia.Third edition.Varanasi; 1996. Pg. 20 </ref>  Their state of equilibrium is one of the important pre-requisite for disease free state (arogya) [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 9/4] and [[health]]. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/48]<ref name="Sushruta Samhita" /> [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/20]<ref name="Ashtanga Hridaya"/> The dosha have been correlated with systems theory in the field of physics, providing a sound theoretical basis for this Ayurvedic concept, and research utilizing a biostatistical approach to quantify the dosha reveals a sound empirical basis as well.<ref>Sharma H., Chandola H.M., Singh G., Basisht G. Utilization of Ayurveda in health care: an approach for prevention, health promotion, and treatment of disease. Part 1 – Ayurveda in primary health care. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(9):1011–1019.</ref>  Being the units of microcosm in body, the three dosha, kapha, pitta and vata, maintain integrity of the organism by creating, assimilating and diffusing strength in the same way as the Moon (soma), Sun(surya) and Air (anila), maintain integrity of the macrocosm respectively. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/8]<ref name="Sushruta Samhita" />

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|label6 = Date of first publication:

|label6 = Date of first publication:

|data6 = January 24, 2021

|data6 = January 24, 2021

|label7 = DOI

|label7 = DOI

|data7 =  Under process

|data7 =  [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.043 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.043]

}}

}}

==Etymology and derivation==

==Etymology and derivation==

The dosha are broadly categorized into two:  

The dosha are broadly categorized into two:  

# Somatic or physical level (sharira dosha): Three dosha viz. vata, pitta and kapha.  

# Somatic or physical level ([[sharira]] dosha): Three dosha viz. vata, pitta and kapha.  

# Psychic or mental level (manas dosha): Two dosha viz. rajas and tamas. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/ 57]

# Psychic or mental level ([[manas]] dosha): Two dosha viz. rajas and tamas. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/ 57]

The present article describes somatic or physical dosha.  

The present article describes somatic or physical dosha.  

==Affinity of vitiation==

==Affinity of vitiation==

Dosha primarily vitiate their own sites of body constituents (dhatu and mala). The vata dosha resides in and vitiates bones (asthi); pitta dosha vitiates sweat (sweda) and blood (rakta dhatu). Kapha dosha affects all remaining body constituents like nutrient fluids (rasa dhatu), muscle tissue (mamsa dhatu), adipose tissue (meda dhatu), bone marrow(majja), reproductive constituents (shukra dhatu), urine (mutra) and stools (purisha). [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/26]<ref name="Ashtanga Hridaya"/>

Dosha primarily vitiate their own sites of body constituents ([[dhatu]] and [[mala]]). The vata dosha resides in and vitiates bones ([[asthi]]); pitta dosha vitiates sweat ([[sweda]]) and blood ([[rakta dhatu]]). Kapha dosha affects all remaining body constituents like nutrient fluids ([[rasa dhatu]]), muscle tissue ([[mamsa dhatu]]), adipose tissue ([[meda dhatu]]), bone marrow ([[majja dhatu]]), reproductive constituents ([[shukra dhatu]]), urine ([[mutra]]) and stools ([[purisha]]). [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 11/26]<ref name="Ashtanga Hridaya"/>

These sites are important in diagnosis of origin of disease pathology, site of lesion, and target oriented treatments.  

These sites are important in diagnosis of origin of disease pathology, site of lesion, and target oriented treatments.

==Importance of dosha==

==Importance of dosha==

'''Table 2: Influence of dosha on digestion and gut pattern '''

'''Table 2: Influence of dosha on digestion and gut pattern '''

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

! Sr.No''' !! ''Dosha''!! ''[[Agni]] (digestion pattern)''!! ''Koshtha (gut pattern)''!! ''Clinical picture''!!

! ''Sr.No'' !! ''Dosha''!! ''[[Agni]] (digestion pattern)''!! ''Koshtha (gut pattern)''!! ''Clinical picture''!!

|-

|-

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 1

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 1

|-

|-

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 1

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 1

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Vata Dosha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Vata dosha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pungent (katu), bitter (tikta), astringent(kashaya), cold potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pungent (katu), bitter (tikta), astringent(kashaya), cold potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sweet(madhura), sour(amla), salty(lavana), hot potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sweet(madhura), sour(amla), salty(lavana), hot potency  

|-

|-

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 2

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 2

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pitta Dosha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pitta dosha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sour(amla), salty(lavana), pungent (katu), hot potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sour(amla), salty(lavana), pungent (katu), hot potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sweet(madhura), bitter (tikta), astringent(kashaya), cold potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sweet(madhura), bitter (tikta), astringent(kashaya), cold potency  

|-

|-

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 3

! rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | 3

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Kapha Dosha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Kapha dosha

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sweet(madhura), sour(amla), salty(lavana), cold potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Sweet(madhura), sour(amla), salty(lavana), cold potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pungent (katu), bitter (tikta), astringent(kashaya), hot potency  

| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pungent (katu), bitter (tikta), astringent(kashaya), hot potency  

|}

|}

The lifestyle activities that produce similar effects as of dosha lead to vitiation of dosha and vice versa.  For example, excess movement increases vata dosha, and rest pacifies vata dosha.  The same principles are applied in treatment of diseases due to vitiation of dosha.  

The lifestyle activities that produce similar effects as of dosha lead to vitiation of dosha and vice versa.  For example, excess movement increases vata dosha, and rest pacifies vata dosha.  The same principles are applied in treatment of diseases due to vitiation of dosha.

=== Season, age, time and circadian rhythm===

=== Season, age, time and circadian rhythm===

=== Assessment of dosha ===

=== Assessment of dosha ===

Manohar PR and his team of researchers proposed the heart rate variability analysis to determine functions of dosha in body. Substantial agreement between the HRV analysis and the clinical method of assessing dosha imbalances in pathological conditions is observed in data.<ref>Ram Manohar, P., Sorokin, O., Chacko, J., & Nampoothiri, V. (2018). An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 9(2), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.008</ref>  S. Shilpa and C.G.Venkatesha Murthy (2011) developed and standardized Mysore Tridosha Scale, wherein only the psychological aspects of the dosha prakriti have been used to build items for the assessment of personality. The psychometric properties of the scale are established with significant reliability and validity of data.

Manohar PR and his team of researchers proposed the heart rate variability analysis to determine functions of dosha in body. Substantial agreement between the HRV analysis and the clinical method of assessing dosha imbalances in pathological conditions is observed in data.<ref>Ram Manohar, P., Sorokin, O., Chacko, J., & Nampoothiri, V. (2018). An exploratory clinical study to determine the utility of heart rate variability analysis in the assessment of dosha imbalance. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 9(2), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.06.008</ref>  S. Shilpa and C.G.Venkatesha Murthy (2011) developed and standardized Mysore Tridosha Scale, wherein only the psychological aspects of the dosha prakriti have been used to build items for the assessment of personality. The psychometric properties of the scale are established with significant reliability and validity of data.<ref>Shilpa, S., & Murthy, C. G. (2011). Development and standardization of Mysore Tridosha scale. Ayu, 32(3), 308–314. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.93905</ref>

=== Relation of dosha to sleep ===

=== Relation of dosha to sleep ===

A study was conducted to determine if each dosha can act as a predictor of quality and quantity of sleep. The survey-based cross-sectional study carried out on 995 persons of both sexes (average age 49.1 years) suggests that higher vata scores are associated with a longer time to fall asleep and a lesser feeling of being rested in the morning. Higher kapha scores, in contrast, are associated with longer daytime naps. These results suggest tridosha play important role in sleep physiology. The dosha can influence the quality and quantity of sleep.

A study was conducted to determine if each dosha can act as a predictor of quality and quantity of sleep. The survey-based cross-sectional study carried out on 995 persons of both sexes (average age 49.1 years) suggests that higher vata scores are associated with a longer time to fall asleep and a lesser feeling of being rested in the morning. Higher kapha scores, in contrast, are associated with longer daytime naps. These results suggest tridosha play important role in sleep physiology. The dosha can influence the quality and quantity of sleep.<ref>Telles, S., Pathak, S., Kumar, A., Mishra, P., & Balkrishna, A. (2015). Ayurvedic doshas as predictors of sleep quality. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 21, 1421–1427. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.893302</ref>

=== Abbreviations ===

=== Abbreviations ===

[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya]], [[Trishothiya Adhyaya]], [[Ashtodariya Adhyaya]], [[Maharoga Adhyaya]], [[Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana Adhyaya]]

[[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]], [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya]], [[Trishothiya Adhyaya]], [[Ashtodariya Adhyaya]], [[Maharoga Adhyaya]], [[Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana Adhyaya]]

== References ==

== References ==