Changes

|keywords=Dhamargava, Vamana, Luffa cylindrica, Gara visha, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|keywords=Dhamargava, Vamana, Luffa cylindrica, Gara visha, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Kalpa Sthana Chapter 4.Pharmaceutical preparations of Dhamargava

|description=Kalpa Sthana Chapter 4.Pharmaceutical preparations of Dhamargava

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.32.1/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image_alt=charak samhita

|image_alt=charak samhita

|type=article

|type=article

|label7 = Reviewer  

|label7 = Reviewer  

|data7  = Sawant B., Nishteswar K.

|data7  = Sawant B., Nishteswar K.

|label8 = Editor

|label8 = Editors

|data8  = Nishteswar K., Sawant B.

|data8  = Nishteswar K., Sawant B., Deole Y.S., Basisht G.

|label9 = Date of publication  

|label9 = Year of publication  

|data9 = December 17, 2018

|data9 = 2020

|label10 = DOI

|label10 = Publisher

|data10  =

|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]

|header3 =  

|label11 = DOI

 

|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.005 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s07.005]

}}

}}

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

This chapter describes the use of ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) for the purpose of inducing ''vamana'' (emesis). For this, its tender leaves, fruits and flowers are used. Total 60 preparations by using different medium like milk, juice of cow dung, horse dung, ghee, alcohol and decoction of various drugs like ''dhanyaka, tumburu'' etc. In this reference ''vati'' (pill) is prepared of the size of ''kola'' (jujuba). In one preparation emesis is induced after inhaling the powdered fruit sprinkled over the flower of water lily etc. ''Dhamargava'' is used to treat ''gara visha'' (poisoning), ''gulma''(Lump in abdomen), ''udara roga'' ( swellings in abdomen including ascitis), ''kasa'' (cough), ''mano vikara'' (mental disorders) and various chronic and deep seated diseases.

This chapter describes the use of ''dhamargava'' (Luffa cylindrica) for the purpose of inducing [[vamana]] (emesis). For this, its tender leaves, fruits and flowers are used. Total 60 preparations by using different medium like milk, juice of cow dung, horse dung, ghee, alcohol and decoction of various drugs like ''dhanyaka, tumburu'' etc. In this reference ''vati'' (pill) is prepared of the size of ''kola'' (jujuba). In one preparation emesis is induced after inhaling the powdered fruit sprinkled over the flower of water lily etc. ''Dhamargava'' is used to treat ''gara visha'' (poisoning), ''gulma''(Lump in abdomen), ''udara roga'' ( swellings in abdomen including ascitis), ''kasa'' (cough), ''mano vikara'' (mental disorders) and various chronic and deep seated diseases.

'''Keywords''': ''Dhamargava, Vamana,'' Luffa cylindrica, ''Gara visha''.

'''Keywords''': Dhamargava, [[Vamana]], Luffa cylindrica, ''Gara visha''.

</div>

</div>

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

''Dhamargava'' is a ''vamaka'' (emetic) drug. Its synonyms are ''karkotaki, kothaphala, mahajalini'' and ''rajakoshataki''. Its tender leaves, flowers and fruits are used for inducing ''vamana'' (emesis). Two types of ''dhamargava'' are found one is ''tikta'' (bitter) and other ''madhura'' (sweet). ''Tikta'' variety is wild and used as ''aushadha'' (medicine). ''Madhura'' variety is used as ''shaka'' (vegetable).<ref> Dravyaguna- Vigyana, Vol.II, written by Prof. P.V. Sharma, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 1998, 382.</ref>Predominant ''mahabhuta'' in ''vamaka'' drugs are ''agni'' and ''vayu''. By its ''ubhaytobhagahara'' (upper and lower) ''prabhava'' it is ''vamaka'' in nature.

''Dhamargava'' is a ''vamaka'' (emetic) drug. Its synonyms are ''karkotaki, kothaphala, mahajalini'' and ''rajakoshataki''. Its tender leaves, flowers and fruits are used for inducing [[vamana]] (emesis). Two types of ''dhamargava'' are found one is ''tikta'' (bitter) and other ''madhura'' (sweet). ''Tikta'' variety is wild and used as ''aushadha'' (medicine). ''Madhura'' variety is used as ''shaka'' (vegetable).<ref> Dravyaguna- Vigyana, Vol.II, written by Prof. P.V. Sharma, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Reprint 1998, 382.</ref>Predominant ''mahabhuta'' in ''vamaka'' drugs are ''agni'' and ''vayu''. By its ''ubhaytobhagahara'' (upper and lower) ''prabhava'' it is ''vamaka'' in nature.

''Dhamargava'' is one of nineteen ''phalini dravyas''. [Cha. Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82] It is used in ''vamana'' and ''asthapana basti''.[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/85] It is also explained in ''vamaka dravyas''.[Cha. Sa. Sutra Sthana 2/7]. It is used as drug of ''pakvashaya shodhana basti''. [Cha. Sa. [[Sidhi Sthana]] 10/25-27]

''Dhamargava'' is one of nineteen ''phalini dravyas''. [Cha. Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/82] It is used in [[vamana]] and asthapana [[basti]].[Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/85] It is also explained in ''vamaka dravyas''.[Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 2/7]. It is used as drug of pakvashaya shodhana [[basti]]. [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 10/25-27]

Rishi Gautam gives his opinion that ''dhamargava'' is best drug because of its ''kapha-pitta nashaka'' property.[ Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 11/7]]. According to Maharshi Atreya fruit of ''dhamargava'' is best for ''pandu'' (anemia) roga.[Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 11/12]  

Rishi Gautam gives his opinion that ''dhamargava'' is best drug because of its [[kapha]]-[[pitta]] nashaka'' property.[Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 11/7]. According to Maharshi Atreya fruit of ''dhamargava'' is best for ''pandu'' (anemia) roga.[Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 11/12]  

'''Latin name''': Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) M.J. Roem.  

'''Latin name''': Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) M.J. Roem.  

</div></div>

</div></div>

It should be used in conditions of ''gara'' (artificial poison), ''gulma, udara'' (GIT problems), ''kasa'' (cough), ''vata'' situated in the seat of ''kapha, kapha'' located in throat and mouth, diseases caused by accumulation of ''kapha'' and other stable and severe diseases.[4]

It should be used in conditions of ''gara'' (artificial poison), ''gulma, udara'' (GIT problems), ''kasa'' (cough), [[vata]] situated in the seat of [[kapha]], [[kapha]] located in throat and mouth, diseases caused by accumulation of [[kapha]] and other stable and severe diseases.[4]

Fruits, flowers and tender leaves of the plant should be collected by the method said earlier. [5]

Fruits, flowers and tender leaves of the plant should be collected by the method said earlier. [5]

</div></div>

</div></div>

Now, I would say the preparations of over ripened and dry fruits. The meshy /fibrous fruit core containing seeds should be taken out and the fruit should be stuffed with jiggery for the whole night. Next morning it should be given with the decoction of ''madhuka'' or any one of the ''kovidaradi'' drugs in the ailments like ''gulma, udara'' and the disorders of ''kapha''.[7-8]

Now, I would say the preparations of over ripened and dry fruits. The meshy /fibrous fruit core containing seeds should be taken out and the fruit should be stuffed with jiggery for the whole night. Next morning it should be given with the decoction of ''madhuka'' or any one of the ''kovidaradi'' drugs in the ailments like ''gulma, udara'' and the disorders of [[kapha]].[7-8]

The fruit should be given mixed with food to alleviate vomiting and heart disease. [9]

The fruit should be given mixed with food to alleviate vomiting and heart disease. [9]

'''Note: Collection of fruits:''' Fruits of ''dhamargava'' are plucked in spring or autumn season when there are abundant flowers that are growing on flat, even lands that are well nurtured by the ''kusha'' and ''rohisa''. These plants should not be grown directly in sun, and neither along the river bank nor has chasms and crevices or anthills. The fruits themselves ought to be fully developed, ripen and with their juice well formed. A wise physician picking up such fruits should place them covered in a granary of ''yava'' or that of the husks for seven nights. (Bhela Samhita) <ref>Bhela Samhita, Kalpasthana, Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya, 4/1-4, English Commentary by K. H. Krishnamurthy, editor Prof.P.V. Sharma, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi Reprint 2008, 493.</ref>

'''Note: Collection of fruits:''' Fruits of ''dhamargava'' are plucked in spring or autumn season when there are abundant flowers that are growing on flat, even lands that are well nurtured by the ''kusha'' and ''rohisa''. These plants should not be grown directly in sun, and neither along the river bank nor has chasms and crevices or anthills. The fruits themselves ought to be fully developed, ripen and with their juice well formed. A wise physician picking up such fruits should place them covered in a granary of ''yava'' or that of the husks for seven nights. (Bhela Samhita) <ref>Bhela,Kalpa sthana,chapter 4,Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya,Verse1-4 In:K. H. Krishnamurthy,Prof.P.V. Sharma,editors

Bhela Samhita, Kalpa sthana, Dhamargava Kalpa Adhyaya, 4/1-4, English Commentary by K. H. Krishnamurthy, editor Prof.P.V. Sharma, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi Reprint 2008, 493.</ref>

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

</div></div>

</div></div>

''Jivaka'' (Microstylis musifera Ridley), ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii Linn.), ''vira'' (Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.), ''atmagupta'' (Mucuna prurita Hook.), ''shatavari'' (Asparagus racemosus Wild.), ''kakoli'' (Roscoca procera Wall.), ''shravani'' (Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.), ''meda'' (Polygonatum airrhifolium Royle), ''mahameda'' (Polygonatum airrhifolium Royle and other species)  and ''madhulika'' (''jala mulethi, murva'') each powdered separately and mixed with ''dhamargava'' is taken with sugar and honey as linctus in case of heart burning and cough. ''Kapha'' associated with aggravated ''pitta'' it should be taken with lukewarm water.[13-14]

''Jivaka'' (Microstylis musifera Ridley), ''rishabhaka'' (Microstylis wallichii Linn.), ''vira'' (Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.), ''atmagupta'' (Mucuna prurita Hook.), ''shatavari'' (Asparagus racemosus Wild.), ''kakoli'' (Roscoca procera Wall.), ''shravani'' (Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.), ''meda'' (Polygonatum airrhifolium Royle), ''mahameda'' (Polygonatum airrhifolium Royle and other species)  and ''madhulika'' (''jala mulethi, murva'') each powdered separately and mixed with ''dhamargava'' is taken with sugar and honey as linctus in case of heart burning and cough. [[Kapha]] associated with aggravated ''pitta'' it should be taken with lukewarm water.[13-14]

Paste of ''dhamargava'' taken with the soup of the seeds of ''dhanyaka'' (Coriandrum sativum Linn. Tumburu (Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.) alleviates all poisons. [15]

Paste of ''dhamargava'' taken with the soup of the seeds of ''dhanyaka'' (Coriandrum sativum Linn. Tumburu (Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.) alleviates all poisons. [15]

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==

Punarvasu Atreya has expounded the use of ''dhamargava'' for inducing ''vamana'' (emesis), because it has properties similar to that of ''vamaka dravyas'' with predominance of ''agni'' and ''vayu mahabhuta''. These ''mahabhutas'' have property to move upwards, to remove ''doshas'' easily from mouth.

Punarvasu Atreya has expounded the use of ''dhamargava'' for inducing [[vamana]](emesis), because it has properties similar to that of ''vamaka dravyas'' with predominance of [[agni]] and [[vayu]] [[mahabhuta]]. These [[mahabhuta]] have property to move upwards, to remove [[dosha]] easily from mouth.

''Dhamargava'' has ''tikta rasa'', ''laghu, ruksha, tikshna guna'', ''ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka'' - all these properties are helpful in removing the ''kapha''. It has ''ruksha'' and ''tikshna guna'', which are the properties of ''vayu'' and ''agni mahabhuta''. It has ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya'' which increases the ''pitta'' i.e. ''agni mahabhuta''. The ''ubhaytobhagahara'' (emetic and purgative) action of ''dhamargava'' is due to its ''prabhava''. Looking at the above facts ''dharmargava'' should be considered as a drug of choice for ''shodhana'' in ''kapha vyadhis''. This potency is found in its tender leaves, flowers and fruits so these are used for inducing ''vamana''. Total sixty preparations are made using different medium to potentiate the effect of drug by considering ''dushyadi'' factors.

''Dhamargava'' has ''tikta rasa'', ''laghu, ruksha, tikshna [[guna]], ''ushna veerya'' and ''katu vipaka'' - all these properties are helpful in removing the [[kapha]]. It has ''ruksha'' and tikshna [[guna]], which are the properties of [[vayu]] and [[agni]] [[mahabhuta]]. It has ''katu vipaka'' and ''ushna veerya'' which increases the [[pitta]] i.e. [[agni]] [[mahabhuta]]. The ''ubhaytobhagahara'' (emetic and purgative) action of ''dhamargava'' is due to its ''prabhava''. Looking at the above facts ''dharmargava'' should be considered as a drug of choice for ''shodhana'' in [[kapha]] vyadhis. This potency is found in its tender leaves, flowers and fruits so these are used for inducing [[vamana]]. Total sixty preparations are made using different medium to potentiate the effect of drug by considering ''dushyadi'' factors.

=== Pharmacological actions ===

=== Pharmacological actions ===

==== Antiemetic Activity ====

==== Antiemetic Activity ====

The ethanol extract of fruit peel of Luffa cylindrica showed significant ( p < 0.001) antiemetic effect in young chicks. The protective effect of the extract against copper sulfate induced retching in young chicks is possibly by peripheral action as the oral copper sulfate induces emesis by peripheral action through excitation of visceral afferent nerve fibers of the Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT). [19] It has also been established that the peripheral 5-Hydroxy Tryptamine 3 (5-HT3), 5-Hydroxy tryptamine 4 (5-HT4) [20] or Neoro Kynin 1 (NK1) [21] receptors are involved in emesis. Therefore, it may be said that the ethanol extract of Luffa cylindrica fruit peel produced anti-emetic activity by receptor antagonism and has peripheral anti-emetic action.

The ethanol extract of fruit peel of Luffa cylindrica showed significant ( p < 0.001) antiemetic effect in young chicks. The protective effect of the extract against copper sulfate induced retching in young chicks is possibly by peripheral action as the oral copper sulfate induces emesis by peripheral action through excitation of visceral afferent nerve fibers of the Gastro Intestinal Tract (GIT).<ref>Bowman, W. C. & Rand M. J. (1980). Textbook of pharmacology, Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publication.</ref>.It has also been established that the peripheral 5-Hydroxy Tryptamine 3 (5-HT3), 5-Hydroxy tryptamine 4 (5-HT4)<ref>20. Fukui, H., Yamamoto, M., Sasaki, S. & Sato, S. (1993). Involvement of 5-HT3 receptors and vagal afferents in copper sulfate- and cisplatin-induced emesis in monkeys. European Journal of Pharmacology, 249, 13-18.</ref>  or Neoro Kynin 1 (NK1)<ref>Ariumi, H., Saito, R., Nago, S., Hyakusoku, M., Takano, Y. & Kamiya, H-O. (2000). The role of tachykinin NK1 receptors in the area postrema of ferrets in emesis. Neuroscience Letters, 286,123-126.</ref>receptors are involved in emesis. Therefore, it may be said that the ethanol extract of Luffa cylindrica fruit peel produced anti-emetic activity by receptor antagonism and has peripheral anti-emetic action.

Anti-emetic activity by using copper sulfate proposed 5-HT3, 5-HT4 or NK1 receptors antagonism. Therefore it may be said that the extract was able to effectively prevent its effect and has a peripheral anti-emetic action.

Anti-emetic activity by using copper sulfate proposed 5-HT3, 5-HT4 or NK1 receptors antagonism. Therefore it may be said that the extract was able to effectively prevent its effect and has a peripheral anti-emetic action.

==== Anti-fungal Activity ====

==== Anti-fungal Activity ====

In vitro, luffacylin inhibited Mycosphaerella arachidicola and Fusarium oxysporum. [22]

In vitro, luffacylin inhibited Mycosphaerella arachidicola and Fusarium oxysporum.<ref>A.Parkash, TB.Ng, WW.Tso. Peptides. 2002; 23(6): 1019-1024. </ref>

=== Analgesia and sedation ===

=== Analgesia and sedation ===

In mice, intraperitoneal administration of water decoction of sigualuo inhibited acetic acid induced writhing, raised the pain threshold in hot plate and electric shock tests, reduced spontaneous activities, and synergized the effects of pentobarbital sodium. [23-25]

In mice, intraperitoneal administration of water decoction of sigualuo inhibited acetic acid induced writhing, raised the pain threshold in hot plate and electric shock tests, reduced spontaneous activities, and synergized the effects of pentobarbital sodium. <ref>Muthumani.P et al. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and ChemicalSciences. October – December 2010;1(4):11-22.</ref> <ref>Muthumani.P et al. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and ChemicalSciences. October – December 2010;1(4):11-22</ref> <ref>B.Kang, Y.J.Zhang, H.Z.Li. Res Trad Chinese Med 1992; 5: 45-47</ref> <ref>B.Kang, Y.J.Zhang, G.Z. Li. Chinese J Pracl Chinese With Modern Med. 1993; 6(4): 227-228</ref>

=== Milk preparations ===

=== Milk preparations ===

#Cream prepared by boiling the villous fruits of ''dhamargava'' in milk  

#Cream prepared by boiling the villous fruits of ''dhamargava'' in milk  

#Cream scooped out of curd which is prepared by curdling the milk after boiling it with fresh fruits of ''dhamargava''.  

#Cream scooped out of curd which is prepared by curdling the milk after boiling it with fresh fruits of ''dhamargava''.  

#Soaking crushed fruit of ''dhamargava'' in wine for a night and drinking it in morning after thorough maceration and filtering before administering. [verse 7]

#Soaking crushed fruit of ''dhamargava'' in wine for a night and drinking it in morning after thorough maceration and filtering before administering.

=== Emetic preparation ===

=== Emetic preparation ===

Pluck the flower of ''pundarika'' (sacred lotus), ''nalada'' (''khaskhas'' grass variety of lotus Nymphaea alba Linn.) and ''kumuda'' (Indian red water lily) and sprinkle it with fine powder prepared out of ''dhamargava'' fruit. After dusting the flower with powder of ''dhamargava'' give to the patient to inhale the smell. A mixture of this sort will go quickly to the heart (i.e. the sensory feeling area of the brain) and its veins when smelt. Patient should smell it repeatedly this process hastens the emesis. It is by such a formulation alone (''anenaiva kalpana'') that a person vomits out comfortably. [27] [verse 10]

Pluck the flower of ''pundarika'' (sacred lotus), ''nalada'' (''khaskhas'' grass variety of lotus Nymphaea alba Linn.) and ''kumuda'' (Indian red water lily) and sprinkle it with fine powder prepared out of ''dhamargava'' fruit. After dusting the flower with powder of ''dhamargava'' give to the patient to inhale the smell. A mixture of this sort will go quickly to the heart (i.e. the sensory feeling area of the brain) and its veins when smelt. Patient should smell it repeatedly this process hastens the emesis. It is by such a formulation alone (''anenaiva kalpana'') that a person vomits out comfortably.[ Cha. Sa. [[Kalpa Sthana]] 4/11]

== References ==

== References ==