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|title=Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya

|title=Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya

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|keywords=Longevity, [[Ayurveda]], science of life, [[dravya]], material, [[Mahabhuta]], ''Samanya'' (similarity), Vishesha''(dissimilarity), ''Guna'', ''Karma'', ''Rasa'', ''Dosha'', ''Vata'', ''Pitta'', ''Kapha'', ''Rajas'', ''Tamas'', ''Sattva'', qualities of good and bad [[physician]]s, charak samhita Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine,[[dravya]], [[panchamahabhuta]]   

|keywords=Longevity, [[Ayurveda]], science of life, [[dravya]], material, [[Mahabhuta]], ''Samanya'' (similarity), Vishesha''(dissimilarity), ''Guna'', ''Karma'', ''Rasa'', ''Dosha'', ''Vata'', ''Pitta'', ''Kapha'', ''Rajas'', ''Tamas'', ''Sattva'', qualities of good and bad [[physician]]s, charak samhita Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine,[[dravya]], [[panchamahabhuta]]  fundamental principles of Ayurveda, long life, improving lifespan

|description=The first chapter within Bheshaja Chatushka (tetrad constituting four chapters on medicinal treatment) deals with fundamental concepts of [[Ayurveda]] related to longevity  

|description=The first chapter within Bheshaja Chatushka (tetrad constituting four chapters on medicinal treatment) deals with fundamental concepts of [[Ayurveda]] related to longevity  

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg

'''Abstract'''

'''Abstract'''

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The title of [[Charak Samhita]]’s the very first chapter, [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], literally means the chapter on longevity.  This is symbolic, because it implies that [[Ayurveda]] is not merely the science of life, but also a science of longevity. This chapter deliberates on the purpose of long [[life]] and [[health]] as the means of achieving the four primary instincts of human beings (purushartha chatustaya). These are virtue (dharma), wealth (artha), gratification (kama) and emancipation(moksha). Some of the basic tenets of [[Ayurveda]] and its scope are explained. The chapter introduces fundamental principles of [[Ayurveda]], including its definition, objective, concept of three [[sharira]](bodily) [[dosha]] and their qualities, and two [[manasa]] (mental) [[dosha]] and their treatment. The theory of similarity ([[samanya]]) and dissimilarity ([[vishesha]]), pharmaco-therapeutic aspects, classification of drugs, list of herbs and other animal products useful in purification and pacification therapies are highlighted. Through these deliberations, this chapter essentially lays the foundation for building the body of knowledge on life sciences and healthcare that [[Charak Samhita]] is known for.

The title of [[Charak Samhita]]’s the very first chapter, [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], literally means the chapter on longevity.  This is symbolic, because it implies that [[Ayurveda]] is not merely the science of life, but also a science of longevity. This chapter deliberates on the purpose of long [[life]] and [[health]] as the means of achieving the four primary instincts of human beings (purushartha chatustaya). These are virtue (dharma), wealth (artha), gratification (kama) and emancipation (moksha). Some of the basic tenets of [[Ayurveda]] and its scope are explained. The chapter introduces fundamental principles of [[Ayurveda]], including its definition, objective, concept of three [[sharira]](bodily) [[dosha]] and their qualities, and two [[manasa]] (mental) [[dosha]] and their treatment. The theory of similarity ([[samanya]]) and dissimilarity ([[vishesha]]), pharmaco-therapeutic aspects, classification of drugs, list of herbs and other animal products useful in purification and pacification therapies are highlighted. Through these deliberations, this chapter essentially lays the foundation for building the body of knowledge on life sciences and healthcare that [[Charak Samhita]] is known for.

'''Keywords''': Longevity, [[Ayurveda]], science of life, [[dravya]], material, [[Mahabhuta]], [[Samanya]](similarity), [[Vishesha]](dissimilarity), [[dravya]], [[panchamahabhuta]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Rasa]], [[Dosha]],  [[Vata]], [[Pitta]], [[Kapha]], [[Rajas]], [[Tamas]], [[Sattva]], qualities of good and bad [[physician]]s, medical ethics.

'''Keywords''': Longevity, [[Ayurveda]], science of life, [[dravya]], material, [[Mahabhuta]], [[Samanya]](similarity), [[Vishesha]](dissimilarity), [[dravya]], [[panchamahabhuta]], [[Guna]], [[Karma]], [[Rasa]], [[Dosha]],  [[Vata]], [[Pitta]], [[Kapha]], [[Rajas]], [[Tamas]], [[Sattva]], qualities of good and bad [[physician]]s, medical ethics.

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Bharadwaja [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharadwaja]], a great ascetic, went to Indra[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra]], the King of Gods and the saviour, in quest of longevity. [3]

Bharadwaja [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharadwaja]], a great scholar, went to the King of Gods and the saviour Indra[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra]], in quest of longevity. [3]

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At first, Prajapati [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajapati]] received [[Ayurveda]] in its entirety as recited by Brahma[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma]], from whom the Ashwins (received), and from Ashwins lord Indra received it fully. That is why Bharadwaja , as beseeched by the sages, came to Indra.[4-5]

[[Ayurveda]] in its entirety as recited by Brahma[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma]] was received by Prajapati [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajapati]] at first. Then the Ashwins (received) the knowledge. From Ashwins, lord Indra received it fully. That is why Bharadwaja, as beseeched by the sages, came to Indra.[4-5]

==== Problem of [[health]] and conference for its solution  ====

==== Problem of [[health]] and conference for its solution  ====

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[[Health]] is the best source of virtue, wealth, gratification and emancipation; while diseases are destroyers of this (source), welfare and [[life]] itself. Now this ([[disease]]) has appeared as a great obstacle for human beings and what could be the means for their amelioration. Saying this, they concentrated on finding the solution. Then in that state of [[meditation]] they realized Indra as savior. That only the King of the Gods will be able to tell the correct means of amelioration (of [[diseases]]).[15-17]

[[Health]] is the best source of virtue, wealth, gratification and emancipation; while diseases are destroyers of this (source), welfare and [[life]] itself. Now this ([[disease]]) has appeared as a great obstacle for human beings and what could be the means for their amelioration. Saying this, they concentrated on finding the solution. Then in that state of [[meditation]] they realized Indra as savior. That only the King of the Gods will be able to tell the correct means of amelioration (of [[disease]]).[15-17]

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[[Vayu]] is dry, cold, light, subtle, mobile, non-slimy and rough in its characteristics and can be pacified by drugs that have opposite properties (i.e., creamy or oily, heavy and thick in their property). [[Pitta]] is mildly unctuous, hot, sharp, viscous, sour, mobile and pungent, and can readily be pacified by drugs and food articles having opposite properties. [[Kapha]] is heavy and dense, cold, soft, unctuous, sweet, immobile and slimy, and can be subsided by drugs and food articles possessing opposite properties. [59-61]

[[Vayu]] is dry, cold, light, subtle, mobile, non-slimy and rough in its characteristics and can be pacified by drugs that have opposite properties (i.e., creamy or oily, heavy and thick in their property).  

 

[[Pitta]] is mildly unctuous, hot, sharp, viscous, sour, mobile and pungent, and can readily be pacified by drugs and food articles having opposite properties.  

 

[[Kapha]] is heavy and dense, cold, soft, unctuous, sweet, immobile and slimy, and can be subsided by drugs and food articles possessing opposite properties. [59-61]

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Drug is of three types- (based on [[prabhava]]) (1) some (drugs) are pacifiers of [[dosha]], (2) some vitiate [[dhatu]] and (3) some are taken as (responsible for) maintaining normal [[health]]. [67]  

Drug is of three types- (based on [[prabhava]]) (1) some (drugs) are pacifiers of [[dosha]], (2) some vitiate [[dhatu]] and (3) some are taken as (responsible for) maintaining normal [[health]]. [67]  

=== Classification of Matters according to Source ===

=== Classification of matter according to Source ===

 

तत् पुनस्त्रिविधं प्रोक्तं जङ्गमौद्भिदपार्थिवम्  |६८|

तत् पुनस्त्रिविधं प्रोक्तं जङ्गमौद्भिदपार्थिवम्  |६८|

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tat punastrividhaM proktaM ja~ggamaudbhidapArthivam |68|

tat punastrividhaM proktaM ja~ggamaudbhidapArthivam |68|

According to the source of origin, the drugs are of three types viz. animal origin, plant origin and earth origin.[68]

According to the source of origin, the drugs are of three types viz. animal origin, plant origin and earth origin.[68]

====Animal origin drugs ====

====1. Animal origin drugs ====

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Animal origin drugs - Honey, milk, bile, animal-fat, bone-marrow, blood, flesh, excrements, urine, skin, semen, bone, ligaments, horns, nails, hoof, hair, down (fine soft dense hair) and inspissated bile - are substances obtained from animals. [68-69]

Animal origin drugs - Honey, milk, bile, animal-fat, bone-marrow, blood, flesh, excrements, urine, skin, semen, bone, ligaments, horns, nails, hoof, hair, down (fine soft dense hair) and inspissated bile - are substances obtained from animals. [68-69]

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====Earth origin drugs ====

====2. Earth origin and 3. Plant origin drugs ====

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Drugs obtained from earth are gold, five metals (silver, copper, tin, lead and iron) along with their by-products such as shilajatu (bitumen), sand, lime, red and yellow arsenic (manahshila and hartala), gems, salt, red ochre and antimony.

Drugs obtained from earth are gold, five metals (silver, copper, tin, lead and iron) along with their by-products such as shilajatu (bitumen), sand, lime, red and yellow arsenic (manahshila and hartala), gems, salt, red ochre and antimony.

Plant origin drugs: Plant origin drugs are of four types viz. direct fruiters, creepers, flower based fruiters and herbs. [70-71]  

'''Plant origin drugs:'''

 

Plant origin drugs are of four types viz. direct fruiters, creepers, flower based fruiters and herbs. [70-71]  

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The urine of ewe is slightly bitter, unctuous and not antagonistic to [[pitta]]. The urine of she-goat is astringent, sweet and wholesome and dispels the morbid [[dosha]] [100]

The urine of ewe is slightly bitter, unctuous and not antagonistic to [[pitta]].  

 

The urine of she-goat is astringent, sweet and wholesome and dispels the morbid [[dosha]]. [100]

=====Properties of cow’s urine =====

=====Properties of cow’s urine =====

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The urine of cow is slightly sweet, alleviates discordance of [[dosha]] and cures worms and chronic dermatoses ([[kushtha]]) and relieves itching. Its proper intake cures disorders of abdomen. [101]

The urine of cow is slightly sweet, alleviates discordance of [[dosha]]. It cures worms, skin diseases ([[kushtha]]) and relieves itching. Its proper intake cures disorders of abdomen. [101]

=====Properties of urine of buffalo and elephant =====

=====Properties of urine of buffalo and elephant =====

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Goat-herders, sheep-herders,  cowherders and forest-dwellers are acquainted with names and forms/identification of various medicinal herbs and the plants. [120]

Goat-herds, shepherds,  cowherds and forest-dwellers are acquainted with names and forms/identification of various medicinal herbs and the plants. [120]

====Limitation of knowledge of names of plants only ====

====Limitation of knowledge of names of plants only ====

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Just by knowing the names and forms of herbs, though, no one can claim to have a perfect knowledge of medicinal uses of the plants. [121]

Just by knowing the names and forms of herbs, though, no one can claim to have a perfect knowledge of the medicinal uses of the plants. [121]

====Importance of complete knowledge of therapeutic actions of plants ====

====Importance of complete knowledge of therapeutic actions of plants ====

[[Ayurveda]] has a very scientific principle of ''karya-karana vada'' which says every action (''karya'') has its specific cause (''karana''). Therefore, on the basis of this principle, if the disease is cured, it can be said that a proper medicine having all the requisite curative properties and action has been administered. Similarly, if there is a success in curing a disease, it also implies that the [[physician]] is proficient in [[Ayurveda]] and is endowed with all the good qualities as envisaged in ''Khuddaka chatushpada''. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] l0/ 6] [Verse 135]

[[Ayurveda]] has a very scientific principle of ''karya-karana vada'' which says every action (''karya'') has its specific cause (''karana''). Therefore, on the basis of this principle, if the disease is cured, it can be said that a proper medicine having all the requisite curative properties and action has been administered. Similarly, if there is a success in curing a disease, it also implies that the [[physician]] is proficient in [[Ayurveda]] and is endowed with all the good qualities as envisaged in ''Khuddaka chatushpada''. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] l0/ 6] [Verse 135]

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==References==

==References==

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