Changes

* Theory of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]: [[Samanya]] is the principle which enables to understand similarity between objects, while [[vishesha]] is the principle which enables to understand distinction between objects. [Verse 44-45]

* Theory of [[samanya]] and [[vishesha]]: [[Samanya]] is the principle which enables to understand similarity between objects, while [[vishesha]] is the principle which enables to understand distinction between objects. [Verse 44-45]

* The three fundamental pillars of the sentient human being are [[mind]], [[soul]] and [[body]] constituting its foundation. The objective of [[Ayurveda]] is to understand and explain all aspects of [[purusha]]. [Verse 46-47]

* The three fundamental pillars of the sentient human being are [[mind]], [[soul]] and [[body]] constituting its foundation. The objective of [[Ayurveda]] is to understand and explain all aspects of [[purusha]]. [Verse 46-47]

* Basic elements: [[Panchamahabhuta]] (or the Five Elements), such as [[akasha]] (space),[[vayu]] (air), [[tejas]] (fire), [[apa]] (water), and [[prithvi]] (earth), and spiritual, spatial and temporal elements ([[soul]], [[mind]], [[time]] and [[space]]) are collectively considered basic elements (of this [[universe]]).  All the entities in the universe can be categorized into [[chetana]] (sentient/animate) and ''achetana'' (insentient/inanimate). The basis for this classification is not presence or absence of [[atma]] ([[soul]]), but the presence or absence of sense organs.  [[Guna]] (basic properties/qualities) and [[karma]] (actions):  Sense objects (''shabda'" (sound), ''sparsha''(touch), ''rupa'' (appearance), ''rasa''(taste) and ''gandha''(smell)) are five ''vaisheshika'' (specific) properties.  

* Basic elements: [[Panchamahabhuta]] (or the Five Elements), such as [[akasha]] (space),[[vayu]] (air), [[tejas]] (fire), [[apa]] (water), and [[prithvi]] (earth), and spiritual, spatial and temporal elements ([[soul]], [[mind]], [[time]] and [[space]]) are collectively considered basic elements (of this [[universe]]).  All the entities in the universe can be categorized into [[chetana]] (sentient/animate) and ''achetana'' (insentient/inanimate). The basis for this classification is not presence or absence of [[atma]] ([[soul]]), but the presence or absence of sense organs.  [[Guna]] (basic properties/qualities) and [[karma]] (actions):  Sense objects (''shabda'" (sound), ''sparsha''(touch), ''rupa'' (appearance), [[rasa]](taste) and ''gandha''(smell)) are five ''vaisheshika'' (specific) properties.  

*''Guru'' (heavy), ''laghu'' (light), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''ushna'' (hot), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''ruksha'' (dry), ''manda'' (mild/slow acting), ''tikshna'' (strong/fast acting), ''sthira'' (stable/immobile), ''sara'' (unstable), ''mridu'' (soft), ''kathina'' (hard), ''vishada'' (non-slimy), ''pichchila'' (sticky), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''khara'' (rough), ''sthoola'' (gross), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''sandra'' (solid), ''drava'' (liquid/fluid) are twenty [[samanya]] (general) properties.  

*''Guru'' (heavy), ''laghu'' (light), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''ushna'' (hot), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''ruksha'' (dry), ''manda'' (mild/slow acting), ''tikshna'' (strong/fast acting), ''sthira'' (stable/immobile), ''sara'' (unstable), ''mridu'' (soft), ''kathina'' (hard), ''vishada'' (non-slimy), ''pichchila'' (sticky), ''shlakshna'' (smooth), ''khara'' (rough), ''sthoola'' (gross), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''sandra'' (solid), ''drava'' (liquid/fluid) are twenty [[samanya]] (general) properties.  

*[[Buddhi]] (knowledge) with [[smriti]] ([[memory]]), [[chetana]] (consciousness),  [[dhriti]] (restraint), [[ahankara]] (ego), ''ichcha'' (inclination/desire), ''dwesha'' (aversion), ''sukha'' (comfort] , ''dukkha'' (discomfort), ''prayatna'' (effort) are properties of the [[atman]] or the Self.  

*[[Buddhi]] (knowledge) with [[smriti]] ([[memory]]), [[chetana]] (consciousness),  [[dhriti]] (restraint), [[ahankara]] (ego), ''ichcha'' (inclination/desire), ''dwesha'' (aversion), ''sukha'' (comfort] , ''dukkha'' (discomfort), ''prayatna'' (effort) are properties of the [[atman]] or the Self.  

* [[Guna]]: [[Guna]] (properties) [verse 51] are inherent in a [[dravya]]. [[Karma]] (action) is also inherent in [[dravya]]. But unlike [[karma]], [[guna]] cannot initiate any movement on their own. The movements have to be initiated by [[karma]].  

* [[Guna]]: [[Guna]] (properties) [verse 51] are inherent in a [[dravya]]. [[Karma]] (action) is also inherent in [[dravya]]. But unlike [[karma]], [[guna]] cannot initiate any movement on their own. The movements have to be initiated by [[karma]].  

* [[Karma]](action/effect): Action is inherent in the very phenomenon of combination/conjunction and division/disjunction , and thus, inherent in [[dravya]] as well. The act of combining or dividing is [[karma]] (action). [[Karma]] does not require anything else for showing its effect. [verse 52]

* [[Karma]](action/effect): Action is inherent in the very phenomenon of combination/conjunction and division/disjunction , and thus, inherent in [[dravya]] as well. The act of combining or dividing is [[karma]] (action). [[Karma]] does not require anything else for showing its effect. [verse 52]

* [[Karana]] (cause) and a definition of [[health]]: The factor responsible for action is ''karana'' (or cause), which results in a desired ''karya'' (effect or outcome), which is the end product of ''karma''. In this verse, ''samanya, vishesha'' etc. are termed as ''karana'' (cause), and the ''karya'' (desired effect) is ''dhatusamya'' i.e. homostasis. ''Dhatusamya'' leads to health. Therefore, such a balanced state of the body constituents itself can be a definition of good health. [verse 53]

* [[Karana]] (cause) and a definition of [[health]]: The factor responsible for action is [[karana]] (or cause), which results in a desired [[karya'' (effect or outcome), which is the end product of [[karma''. In this verse, [[samanya]], [[vishesha]] etc. are termed as [[karana]] (cause), and the [[karya]] (desired effect) is [[dhatusamya]] i.e. homeostasis. [[Dhatusamya]] leads to health. Therefore, such a balanced state of the body constituents itself can be a definition of good health. [verse 53]

* ''Karya'' [Results to be achieved]: The objective of [[Ayurveda]] is to maintain and restore equilibrium among ''dhatus'' (the factors responsible for various physiological actions). [verse 53]

* [[Karya]] [Results to be achieved]: The objective of [[Ayurveda]] is to maintain and restore equilibrium among [[dhatu]] (the factors responsible for various physiological actions). [verse 53]

* Three causes of all diseases: Misuse/abuse, avoidance and excessive use of time, intellect and sense objects constitute the threefold cause of both psychic and somatic disorders. [verse 54]

* Three causes of all [[disease]]: Misuse/abuse, avoidance and excessive use of time, intellect and sense objects constitute the threefold cause of both psychic and somatic disorders. [verse 54]

* Locations for disease and pleasures: Body and mind are the locations of disorders as well as pleasures. The balanced use of time, intellect and sense objects is the cause of pleasures. Equilibrium leads to pleasures. [ verse 55]

* Locations for [[disease]] and pleasures: [[Body]] and [[mind]] are the locations of disorders as well as pleasures. The balanced use of [[time]], [[intellect]] and sense objects is the cause of pleasures. Equilibrium leads to pleasures. [ verse 55]

* The soul: The soul is free from all diseases and supreme. It is the cause of consciousness in conjunction with the mind, objects of senses and sense organs. It is eternal and  the seer who witnesses all the psychic and somatic activities. The soul doesn’t get affected by any abnormalities. [verse 56]  

* The [[soul]]: The [[soul]] is free from all [[diseases]] and is supreme. It is the cause of consciousness in conjunction with the [[mind]], objects of senses and sense organs. It is eternal and  the seer who witnesses all the psychic and somatic activities. The [[soul]] doesn’t get affected by any abnormalities. [verse 56]  

*''Dosha'': ''Vata, pitta'' and ''kapha'' are [[dosha]] associated with the body. ''Rajas'' and ''tamas'' are mental [[dosha]]. These [[dosha]] can vitiate the body and mind respectively and are responsible for diseases. [verse 57]

*[[Dosha]]: [[Vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] are [[dosha]] associated with the body. [[Rajas]] and [[tamas]] are mental [[dosha]]. These [[dosha]] can vitiate the [[body]] and [[mind]] respectively and are responsible for [[disease]]. [verse 57]

** Treatment of these [[dosha]]: Body-related [[dosha]] are pacified by the remedial measures of divine and rational therapeutics. The treatment for vitiated mental [[dosha]] includes knowledge of self, specific scientific knowledge, encouragement of mind, remembrance/memory of experiences and meditation/concentration. These are the principles of psychotherapy in [[Ayurveda]]. [verse 58]

** Treatment of these [[dosha]]: Body-related [[dosha]] are pacified by the remedial measures of divine and rational therapeutics. The treatment for vitiated mental [[dosha]] includes knowledge of self, specific scientific knowledge, encouragement of mind, remembrance/memory of experiences and meditation/concentration. These are the principles of psychotherapy in [[Ayurveda]]. [verse 58]

** Properties of vata dosha & treatment: ''Vata dosha'' is ''ruksha''(dry), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''laghu'' (light), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''chala'' (mobile), ''vishada'' (non-slimy) and ''khara'' (rough) in properties and is pacified by the drugs (and substances) having opposite properties. [verse 59]

** Properties of [[vata dosha]] & treatment: [[Vata dosha]] is ''ruksha''(dry), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''laghu'' (light), ''sukshma'' (subtle), ''chala'' (mobile), ''vishada'' (non-slimy) and ''khara'' (rough) in properties and is pacified by the drugs (and substances) having opposite properties. [verse 59]

** Properties of ''pitta dosha'' and treatment: ''Pitta dosha'' is ''sasneha'' (or, with unctuousness), ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (strong/fast acting), ''drava'' (liquid), ''amla'' (sour), ''sara'' (unstable) and ''katu'' (pungent) and is pacified immediately by the drugs (and substances) having opposite properties. [verse 60]

** Properties of [[pitta dosha]] and treatment: [[Pitta dosha]] is ''sasneha'' (or, with unctuousness), ''ushna'' (hot), ''tikshna'' (strong/fast acting), ''drava'' (liquid), ''amla'' (sour), ''sara'' (unstable) and ''katu'' (pungent) and is pacified immediately by the drugs (and substances) having opposite properties. [verse 60]

** Properties of ''kapha dosha'' and treatment: The properties of ''kapha'' are ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mrudu'' (soft), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable/immobile) and ''pichchila'' (slimy). This is subsided by (the drugs and substances having) opposite properties. [verse 61]

** Properties of [[kapha dosha]] and treatment: The properties of [[kapha dosha]] are ''guru'' (heavy), ''sheeta'' (cool), ''mrudu'' (soft), ''snigdha'' (unctuous), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sthira'' (stable/immobile) and ''pichchila'' (slimy). This is subsided by (the drugs and substances having) opposite properties. [verse 61]

** Curability and incurability of diseases: Curable disorders are treated by drugs having opposite properties as mentioned above. The drugs should be administered after due considerations of three factors like ''desha, matra'' and ''kala''. ''Desha'' means the place of birth and ''residence'' of a person. ''Matra'' (dose) should be decided as per the strength of patient, stage of disease, severity of disease and ''agni''. In ''kala'', the season of precipitation of disease and time of administration of drug should be considered.  These factors should be considered to achieve maximum efficacy of the treatments. Treatment of incurable diseases is not advised. [verse 62]  

** Curability and incurability of diseases: Curable disorders are treated by drugs having opposite properties as mentioned above. The drugs should be administered after due considerations of three factors like [[desha]], [[matra]] and [[kala]]. [[Desha]] means the place of birth and residence of a person. [[Matra]] (suitable dose) should be decided as per the strength of patient, stage of disease, severity of disease and [[agni]]. In [[kala]], the season of precipitation of disease and time of administration of drug should be considered.  These factors should be considered to achieve maximum efficacy of the treatments. Treatment of incurable diseases is not advised. [verse 62]  

* ''Rasa'' (taste sensations): It is the object of gustatory sense organ or tongue (rasana). Its source material constituents are [[apa]] and [[prithvi]]. The variation in manifestation of six tastes like sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter and astringent is due to combination of other three [[mahabhuta]] like [[akasha]], [[vayu]] and [[tejas]]. [verse 64]   

* [[Rasa]] (taste sensations): It is the object of gustatory sense organ or tongue (rasana). Its source material constituents are [[apa]] and [[prithvi]]. The variation in manifestation of six tastes like sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter and astringent is due to combination of other three [[mahabhuta]] like [[akasha]], [[vayu]] and [[tejas]]. [verse 64]   

* In ''vata'' disorders, the food and drugs with sweet, sour and salty tastes should be used. Remaining three tastes like pungent, bitter and astringent vitiate ''vata dosha''.  

* In [[vata]] disorders, the food and drugs with sweet, sour and salty tastes should be used. Remaining three tastes like pungent, bitter and astringent vitiate [[vata dosha]].  

* In ''pitta'' disorders, the food and drugs with astringent, sweet and bitter tastes should be used. Remaining three tastes like sour, salty and pungent vitiate ''pitta dosha''.  

* In [[pitta]] disorders, the food and drugs with astringent, sweet and bitter tastes should be used. Remaining three tastes like sour, salty and pungent vitiate [[pitta dosha]].  

* In ''kapha'' disorders, those with astringent, pungent and bitter should be used. Remaining three tastes like sweet, sour and salty vitiate ''kapha dosha''.  

* In [[kapha]] disorders, those with astringent, pungent and bitter should be used. Remaining three tastes like sweet, sour and salty vitiate [[kapha dosha]].  

* These tastes are useful in specific diseases because their basic constituents are opposite to the basic constituents of respective [[dosha]]. [verse 65-66]

* These tastes are useful in specific diseases because their basic constituents are opposite to the basic constituents of respective [[dosha]]. [verse 65-66]

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</div>

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" | Shadrasa(six tastes)

! rowspan="2" | Shad [[rasa]](six tastes)

! rowspan="2" | Panchabhautic composition

! rowspan="2" | Panchabhautika composition

! colspan="3"| Biological impact

! colspan="3"| Biological impact

|-

|-

! Kapha!! Pitta !! Vata

! [[Kapha]]!! [[Pitta]] !! [[Vata]]

|-

|-

| Madhura/Sweet|| Jala + Prithvi || <b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8650;</b> || <b>&#8650;</b>  

| Madhura(Sweet)|| [[Jala]] + [[Prithvi]] || <b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8650;</b> || <b>&#8650;</b>  

|-

|-

| Amla/ Sour|| Prithvi + Agni || <b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>  || <b>&#8650;</b>  

| Amla (Sour)|| [[Prithvi]] + [[Agni]] || <b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>  || <b>&#8650;</b>  

|-

|-

| Lavana/ Salt|| Agni + Jala ||<b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>||  <b>&#8650;</b>

| Lavana (Salt)|| [[Agni]] + [[Jala]] ||<b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>||  <b>&#8650;</b>

|-

|-

| Katu /Pungent|| Vayu + Agni ||<b>&#8650;</b> ||<b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>  

| Katu (Pungent)|| [[Vayu]] + [[Agni]] ||<b>&#8650;</b> ||<b>&#8648;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>  

|-

|-

| Tikta/Bitter || Akash + Vayu || <b>&#8650;</b> ||<b>&#8650;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>  

| Tikta (Bitter) || [[Akash]] + [[Vayu]] || <b>&#8650;</b> ||<b>&#8650;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>  

|-

|-

| Kashaya/Astringent || Vayu + Prithvi || <b>&#8650;</b>|| <b>&#8650;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>

| Kashaya (Astringent) || [[Vayu]] + [[Prithvi]] || <b>&#8650;</b>|| <b>&#8650;</b> || <b>&#8648;</b>

|-

|-

|}

|}

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

* All the material substances are classified into three categories: (1) Pacifiers of [[dosha]], (2) those which vitiate ''dhatu'' and (3) those maintaining health.[Verse 67]

* All the material substances are classified into three categories: (1) Pacifiers of [[dosha]], (2) those which vitiate [[dhatu]] and (3) those maintaining [[health]].[Verse 67]

==Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences)==

==Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences)==