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<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
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<div style="text-align:justify;">
In this last chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]], 48 various therapeutic purgative formulations and their applications, the polynyms, the collection and processing procedures and qualities of ''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are explained. The general principles of the selection of ingredients, importance of the processing to potentiate and regulate the actions of formulations for wide acceptance are explained. The three varieties of drugs, actions and their applications in persons with three types of strength of ''doshas'' and ''atura'' (patient) are also described. The general methods to get the desired purgative effects and the measure to manage all the possible clinical conditions are also elaborated. The doses prescribed in the text are for the person with ''madhyama koshtha'' (normal bowel), ''vaya'' (middle age) and ''bala'' (medium strength), with reference to this one can alter the dose either higher or lower.
In this last chapter of [[Kalpa Sthana]], 48 various therapeutic purgative formulations and their applications, the polynyms, the collection and processing procedures and qualities of ''danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are explained. The general principles of the selection of ingredients, importance of the processing to potentiate and regulate the actions of formulations for wide acceptance are explained. The three varieties of drugs, actions and their applications in persons with three types of strength of [[dosha]] and ''atura'' (patient) are also described. The general methods to get the desired purgative effects and the measure to manage all the possible clinical conditions are also elaborated. The doses prescribed in the text are for the person with ''madhyama koshtha'' (normal bowel), ''vaya'' (middle age) and ''bala'' (medium strength), with reference to this one can alter the dose either higher or lower.
Information about different measurements and three ''snehapakas'' (characteristics of unctuous formulations) and their indications are also mentioned in this chapter.
Information about different measurements and three ''snehapakas'' (characteristics of unctuous formulations) and their indications are also mentioned in this chapter.
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
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The ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha doshas'' denote the physiological state of a person, ''rasadi'' seven ''dhatus'' denote the structure or tissue component and ''pranavahaadi srotas'' denote the enzymatic, bio-chemical functional and circulatory activity related to each ''dhatu'' in the living beings.
The [[vata]], [[pitta]] and [[kapha]] [[dosha]] denote the physiological state of a person, ''rasadi'' seven [[dhatu]] denote the structure or tissue component and ''pranavahaadi srotas'' denote the enzymatic, bio-chemical functional and circulatory activity related to each [[dhatu]] in the living beings.
The harmonious blending of this body, sense organs, mind and soul is well defined as life in [[Ayurveda]]. Health is not just absence of the disease, but it is the state of enjoying the life with physical, mental and spiritual happiness. Achievement of real health involves the maintenance, promotion of the health in a healthy individual and management, cure of the illness in a diseased person. The ''bheshaja'' or ''chikitsa'' (treatment) includes the measures for achieving the optimum health both in healthy and diseased one.
The harmonious blending of this body, sense organs, mind and soul is well defined as life in [[Ayurveda]]. Health is not just absence of the disease, but it is the state of enjoying the life with physical, mental and spiritual happiness. Achievement of real health involves the maintenance, promotion of the health in a healthy individual and management, cure of the illness in a diseased person. The ''bheshaja'' or ''chikitsa'' (treatment) includes the measures for achieving the optimum health both in healthy and diseased one.
The major elimination of vitiated ''doshas'' are done by purification procedures i.e. ''shodhana'' (cleansing or elimination therapy). In [[Kalpa Sthana]], 355 formulations for therapeutic emesis and 245 formulations for therapeutic purgatives, a total number of 600 formulations are formulated by using 15 important herbs for the different likings of the persons, doshika involvement and the specific disorders.
The major elimination of vitiated [[dosha]] are done by purification procedures i.e. ''shodhana'' (cleansing or elimination therapy). In [[Kalpa Sthana]], 355 formulations for therapeutic emesis and 245 formulations for therapeutic purgatives, a total number of 600 formulations are formulated by using 15 important herbs for the different likings of the persons, doshika involvement and the specific disorders.
In the present chapter, 48 different formulations of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are described for therapeutic purgation. The chapter concludes [[Kalpa Sthana]] (section on pharmaceutics) and precedes [[Siddhi Sthana]] (section on successful management of [[Panchakarma]]). Therefore, in this chapter, the guidelines for designing effective formulations are mentioned along with those for management of various conditions arise during administration of purification medicines.
In the present chapter, 48 different formulations of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are described for therapeutic purgation. The chapter concludes [[Kalpa Sthana]] (section on pharmaceutics) and precedes [[Siddhi Sthana]] (section on successful management of [[Panchakarma]]). Therefore, in this chapter, the guidelines for designing effective formulations are mentioned along with those for management of various conditions arise during administration of purification medicines.
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The roots of these drugs possess properties like ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''guru''(heavy to digest), ''vikasi'', ''aashukari''(quickly acting) and liquifies and expels ''kapha'' and ''pitta'', and aggravates ''vata dosha''. [6]
The roots of these drugs possess properties like ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''guru''(heavy to digest), ''vikasi'', ''aashukari''(quickly acting) and liquifies and expels [[kapha]] and [[pitta]], and aggravates [[vata]] [[dosha]]. [6]
=== Various preparations ===
=== Various preparations ===
12. ''Taila'' - the medicated oil is useful in ''meha, gulma, udavarta kaphavata roga''.
12. ''Taila'' - the medicated oil is useful in ''meha, gulma, udavarta kaphavata roga''.
13. ''Chatursneha'' – (''ghrita, taila, vasa, majja'') is used in curing the obstruction of ''shakrit'' (feces), ''shukra''(semen) and ''adhovata''(flatus) and other ''vata rogas''. [9-10]
13. ''Chatursneha'' – (''ghrita, taila, vasa, majja'') is used in curing the obstruction of ''shakrit'' (feces), ''shukra''(semen) and ''adhovata''(flatus) and other [[vata]] rogas. [9-10]
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These above eight drugs are taken in equal quantity, powdered and triturated with cow’s urine for a week. One ''panitala'' (around one ''karsha''-approximately 10 grams) of this powder can be used with ghee for purgation. After purgation the ''tarpana'' (the drink which gives satiety) has to be given.
These above eight drugs are taken in equal quantity, powdered and triturated with cow’s urine for a week. One ''panitala'' (around one ''karsha''-approximately 10 grams) of this powder can be used with ghee for purgation. After purgation the ''tarpana'' (the drink which gives satiety) has to be given.
This combination is safe for all the ages, in all the seasons and useful in all the disorders. It is indicated in the ''durbhakta'' (irregular food habits), ''ajirna'' (indigestion), ''parshwarthi'' (pain in the flanks), ''gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''plihodara''(ascitis due to splenic disorder), ''gandamala'' (inflammation of glands on neck), ''vata roga'' and ''pandu''(anemia). [23-26]
This combination is safe for all the ages, in all the seasons and useful in all the disorders. It is indicated in the ''durbhakta'' (irregular food habits), ''ajirna'' (indigestion), ''parshwarthi'' (pain in the flanks), ''gulma'' (abdominal lump), ''plihodara''(ascitis due to splenic disorder), ''gandamala'' (inflammation of glands on neck), [[vata]] roga and ''pandu''(anemia). [23-26]
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#''Gud'' - 8 ''pala''( approximately 320 grams)
#''Gud'' - 8 ''pala''( approximately 320 grams)
These above ingredients are mixed and prepare 10 ''modaka'' (sweet bolus). One ''modaka'' is advised to use on every 10th day with hot water without any dietetic restriction. This is indicated in all the disorders, ''grahani, pandu, arsha, kandu, kotha'' and vitiated ''vata''. [27-29]
These above ingredients are mixed and prepare 10 ''modaka'' (sweet bolus). One ''modaka'' is advised to use on every 10th day with hot water without any dietetic restriction. This is indicated in all the disorders, ''grahani, pandu, arsha, kandu, kotha'' and vitiated [[vata]]. [27-29]
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42.– 43. The decoction of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' either with ''ajagandha'' or ''ajashringi'' is mixed with ''gud'' and fermented. these are the safe therapeutic purgation preparations.
42.– 43. The decoction of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' either with ''ajagandha'' or ''ajashringi'' is mixed with ''gud'' and fermented. these are the safe therapeutic purgation preparations.
44. The decoction of ''danti, dravanti'' and ''masha'' added with ''kinva'' is fermented and used for ''kaphaja gulma, agnimantha, parshvagraha'' and ''katigraha''. [32-34]
44. The decoction of ''danti, dravanti'' and ''masha'' added with ''kinva'' is fermented and used for [[kapha]]ja gulma, agnimantha, parshvagraha'' and ''katigraha''. [32-34]
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'''Note''': There are few variations are observed in the numbers of ''virechana yogas'' explained and summarized in this chapter.
'''Note''': There are few variations are observed in the numbers of [[virechana]] yogas'' explained and summarized in this chapter.
There are only four ''sidhu'' are mentioned in ''priyaladi yogas'', but not five. Eight ''mudga mamsarasa'' formulations can be considered instead of three. ''Kwatha taila yoga'' is nothing but the ''bakshya yoga''. There are six ''asava yogas'' not five. There is no description of five ''gritha yogas''. Still the total numbers of ''yoga'' remains the same.
There are only four ''sidhu'' are mentioned in ''priyaladi yogas'', but not five. Eight ''mudga mamsarasa'' formulations can be considered instead of three. ''Kwatha taila yoga'' is nothing but the ''bakshya yoga''. There are six ''asava yogas'' not five. There is no description of five ''gritha yogas''. Still the total numbers of ''yoga'' remains the same.
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Sixteen recipes each for the likings of the person, the ''dosha'' involved and various disorders of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are mentioned in this chapter. A total number of 48 (16x3) therapeutic purgative formulation are mentioned. [40]
Sixteen recipes each for the likings of the person, the [[dosha]] involved and various disorders of ''danti'' and ''dravanti'' are mentioned in this chapter. A total number of 48 (16x3) therapeutic purgative formulation are mentioned. [40]
=== Number of emetic and purgative formulations ===
=== Number of emetic and purgative formulations ===
==== ''Tikshna'' (sharp acting) ====
==== ''Tikshna'' (sharp acting) ====
The action of the drug which has easy expulsion without any difficulties, quick in action, immediate effect, forceful & unimpeded evacuation, without producing fatigue & painful sensation in the chest, anus, does not produce any discomfort to inner organs, expulses the morbid ''doshas'' completely are said to be ''tikshna'' category of therapeutic emesis, purgation & medicated enema. The drugs which are not deteriorated by water (moisture), fire (heat & temperature), insects (microorganisms), collected from an ideal land, in specific season, with utmost required properties, administered in slightly higher doses, potencified by triturating with the similar quality drugs when used in the person underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' therapy will produce ''tikshna'' action. [51-54]
The action of the drug which has easy expulsion without any difficulties, quick in action, immediate effect, forceful & unimpeded evacuation, without producing fatigue & painful sensation in the chest, anus, does not produce any discomfort to inner organs, expulses the morbid [[doshas]] completely are said to be ''tikshna'' category of therapeutic emesis, purgation & medicated enema. The drugs which are not deteriorated by water (moisture), fire (heat & temperature), insects (microorganisms), collected from an ideal land, in specific season, with utmost required properties, administered in slightly higher doses, potencified by triturating with the similar quality drugs when used in the person underwent proper ''snehana'' & [[swedana]] therapy will produce ''tikshna'' action. [51-54]
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==== ''Madhyama'' (medium) ====
==== ''Madhyama'' (medium) ====
The drugs with slightly less quality than above mentioned characteristic features used in medium dosage will produce medium action in the person who underwent proper ''snehana'' & ''swedana'' and are called as ''madhyama''.
The drugs with slightly less quality than above mentioned characteristic features used in medium dosage will produce medium action in the person who underwent proper [[snehana]] & [[swedana]] and are called as ''madhyama''.
==== ''Mridu''(mild) ====
==== ''Mridu''(mild) ====
The drugs with low quality, less effective, mixed with antagonistic drugs, used in lesser doses, in person having excessive dryness in the body (without ''snehana'' & ''swedana'') acts slowly and are called as ''mridu''. [53-56]
The drugs with low quality, less effective, mixed with antagonistic drugs, used in lesser doses, in person having excessive dryness in the body (without [[snehana]] & [[swedana]]) acts slowly and are called as ''mridu''. [53-56]
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In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains ''pitta''. [59]
In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains [[pitta]]. [59]
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After assessing the three types of strength of ''doshas'' & ''atura'' the drugs can be administered repeatedly or avoided totally. [60]
After assessing the three types of strength of [[dosha]] & ''atura'' the drugs can be administered repeatedly or avoided totally. [60]
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If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of ''doshas'', then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action. [61]
If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of [[dosha]], then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action. [61]
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The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested ''doshas'' without getting digested where as therapeutic purgative drugs expels the ''doshas'' during the digestion. That’s why one should not wait for the digestion of emetic drugs. [62]
The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested [[dosha]] without getting digested where as therapeutic purgative drugs expels the [[dosha]] during the digestion. That’s why one should not wait for the digestion of emetic drugs. [62]
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If the purgative drugs get digested without expelling the ''doshas'' or vomited, then the physician can give the suitable purgative drugs once again confidently. [63]
If the purgative drugs get digested without expelling the [[dosha]] or vomited, then the physician can give the suitable purgative drugs once again confidently. [63]
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In case of inadequate clearance of ''doshas'' in the persons with good digestive power, abundant morbid ''doshas'' and adequate unctuousness, allow him/her to have the food on that day and administer the drug next day. Debilitated persons with abundant morbid ''doshas'', evacuates naturally after ''dosha paka''. For them the laxative food items have to be administered for adequate elimination of ''doshas''. [64-65]
In case of inadequate clearance of [[dosha]] in the persons with good digestive power, abundant morbid [[dosha]] and adequate unctuousness, allow him/her to have the food on that day and administer the drug next day. Debilitated persons with abundant morbid [[dosha]], evacuates naturally after [[dosha]] paka. For them the laxative food items have to be administered for adequate elimination of [[dosha]]. [64-65]
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In adequate & inadequate cleansing by medicated emesis & purgation the appropriate diet & decoction is given to pacify the remnant ''doshas''. [66]
In adequate & inadequate cleansing by medicated emesis & purgation the appropriate diet & decoction is given to pacify the remnant [[dosha]]. [66]
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In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid ''doshas'' is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered. [67]
In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid [[dosha]] is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered. [67]
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When the amount of morbid ''doshas'' is high in a weak person, then the ''doshas'' can be eliminated by repeated administration of mild drugs. If not, this morbid ''doshas'' may end the life. [69]
When the amount of morbid [[dosha]] is high in a weak person, then the [[dosha]] can be eliminated by repeated administration of mild drugs. If not, this morbid [[dosha]] may end the life. [69]
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If the ''virechana'' medicine combined with the morbid ''kapha'' is vomited, then induce proper ''vamana'' to that person. After ''vamana'' give an appropriate ''kavala'' (holding medicine in mouth for gargling), ''langhana'' & ''virechana''.
If the [[virechana]] medicine combined with the morbid [[kapha]] is vomited, then induce proper [[vamana]] to that person. After [[vamana]] give an appropriate ''kavala'' (holding medicine in mouth for gargling), [[langhana]] & [[virechana]].
If the elimination is obstructed, incomplete or delayed then consume hot water. It reduces ''adhamana'' (distention of the abdomen), ''trishna'' (thirst), ''chhardi'' (vomiting) and ''vibhandha''(constipation).
If the elimination is obstructed, incomplete or delayed then consume hot water. It reduces ''adhamana'' (distention of the abdomen), ''trishna'' (thirst), ''chhardi'' (vomiting) and ''vibhandha''(constipation).
If the administered drug is obstructed by the morbid ''doshas'', unable to expel by upward & downward direction, associated with belching & bodyache, then appropriate ''swedana'' (fomentation) is given. [70-72]
If the administered drug is obstructed by the morbid [[dosha]], unable to expel by upward & downward direction, associated with belching & bodyache, then appropriate [[swedana]] (fomentation) is given. [70-72]
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Even after adequate ''virechana'', if person has belching of the drugs, then it has to be removed immediately by emesis.
Even after adequate [[virechana]], if person has belching of the drugs, then it has to be removed immediately by emesis.
In the condition of excess elimination and when the administered drug is digested, then the purgation should be stopped with suitable ''sheetopachara'' (cold measures) by the physician. [73]
In the condition of excess elimination and when the administered drug is digested, then the purgation should be stopped with suitable ''sheetopachara'' (cold measures) by the physician. [73]
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There may be possibilities of ''virechana'' drugs obstructed in the chest region (stomach) because of ''kapha'', then elimination starts in the evening or night after the reduction of ''kapha''. [74]
There may be possibilities of [[virechana]] drugs obstructed in the chest region (stomach) because of [[kapha]], then elimination starts in the evening or night after the reduction of [[kapha]]. [74]
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The purgative drugs will be digested in the persons, who are ''ruksha'' (dryness in body) and indulge in fasting. This aggravates the ''vata dosha'', obstructs the drugs and moves in upper direction without purgation. This is treated with other purgative combination mixed with ''sneha'' (unctuous substance) & ''lavana'' (salt). [75]
The purgative drugs will be digested in the persons, who are ''ruksha'' (dryness in body) and indulge in fasting. This aggravates the [[vata]] [[dosha]], obstructs the drugs and moves in upper direction without purgation. This is treated with other purgative combination mixed with ''sneha'' (unctuous substance) & ''lavana'' (salt). [75]
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During the digestion of ''virechana'' drugs, if a person complains of ''trishna'' (thirst), ''moha'' (confusion), ''bhrama'' (giddiness), ''murchcha'' (fainting), then ''pitta shamaka'' (''pitta'' pacifying), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sheeta'' (cold potency) medicaments & therapies are beneficial. [76]
During the digestion of [[virechana]] drugs, if a person complains of ''trishna'' (thirst), ''moha'' (confusion), ''bhrama'' (giddiness), ''murchcha'' (fainting), then [[pitta]] shamaka ([[pitta]] pacifying), ''madhura'' (sweet), ''sheeta'' (cold potency) medicaments & therapies are beneficial. [76]
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If the purgative drug covered (wrapped) with ''kapha'' produces ''lalastrava'' (salivation), ''hrillasa'' (nausea), ''vishtambha'' (constipation), ''lomaharsha'' (horripilation), then ''tikshana'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''katu'' (pungent) drugs having ''kaphahara'' properties are used. [77]
If the purgative drug covered (wrapped) with [[kapha]] produces ''lalastrava'' (salivation), ''hrillasa'' (nausea), ''vishtambha'' (constipation), ''lomaharsha'' (horripilation), then ''tikshana'' (sharply acting), ''ushna'' (hot potency), ''katu'' (pungent) drugs having [[kapha]]hara properties are used. [77]
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If inadequate purgation occurs in the ''krura koshtha'' persons even after proper ''snehapana'', for them ''langhana'' is advised. This will remove the morbid ''kapha'' and the obstruction caused by ''sneha''. [78]
If inadequate purgation occurs in the ''krura koshtha'' persons even after proper ''snehapana'', for them [[langhana]] is advised. This will remove the morbid [[kapha]] and the obstruction caused by ''sneha''. [78]
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In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess ''morbid vata, krura koshtha,'' performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite the purgatives get digested without purgation. Then it is ideal to treat with enemata followed by suitable purgatives. This enema facilitates the expulsion of doshas through purgation immediately. [79-80]
In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess morbid [[vata]], krura koshtha, performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite the purgatives get digested without purgation. Then it is ideal to treat with enemata followed by suitable purgatives. This enema facilitates the expulsion of doshas through purgation immediately. [79-80]
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In a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite, the morbid of ''doshas'' are reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to ''vata'' (air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), ''agni'' (fire). Even they can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating) .
In a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite, the morbid of [[dosha]] are reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to [[vata]](air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), ''agni'' (fire). Even they can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating) .
These persons are subjected to ''sneha'' to protect from ''vata prakopa'' without ''shodhana'' ( purification therapy). ''Shodhana'' can be performed only when they are afflicted by the illness indicated for ''shodhana''. [81-82]
These persons are subjected to ''sneha'' to protect from [[vata]] prakopa without ''shodhana'' ( purification therapy). ''Shodhana'' can be performed only when they are afflicted by the illness indicated for ''shodhana''. [81-82]
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The employment of ''snigdha virechana'' (unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' persons. To manage the morbidity caused by excess ''snehana, ruksha virechana'' (non-unctuous purgatives) is advised.
The employment of snigdha [[virechana]](unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' persons. To manage the morbidity caused by excess ''snehana, ruksha [[virechana]] (non-unctuous purgatives) is advised.
The wise physician if employed the ''virechana'' in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion) will not give room for injustice.
The wise physician if employed the [[virechana]] in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion) will not give room for injustice.
Improper employment (selection & administration) of ''shodhana'' causes dreadful effect similar to ''visha,'' where as fruitful effect if used properly. Maximum effort is made to carry out proper ''shodhana'' essentially when ever it is needed. [83-85]
Improper employment (selection & administration) of ''shodhana'' causes dreadful effect similar to ''visha,'' where as fruitful effect if used properly. Maximum effort is made to carry out proper ''shodhana'' essentially when ever it is needed. [83-85]
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''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is mostly used for the ''abhyanga'' (unction), the ''mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route (''nasya''), ''madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema (''basti''). [104]
''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is mostly used for the ''abhyanga'' (unction), the ''mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route ([[nasya]]), ''madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema ([[basti]]). [104]
=== Two types of measurements ===
=== Two types of measurements ===
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
*''Danti''(Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are strong purgative drugs with ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ashukari'' (quickly acting), ''vikasi'' ( immediately getting distributed in body) properties. Roots of these plants are used for therapeutic purpose after purification. These drugs are mainly indicated in ''gulma''(abdominal lumps), ''udara'' (abdominal diseases including ascitis), and ''udavarta''. These drugs can liquefy ''kapha-pitta dosha'' and expel them out.
*''Danti''(Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) and ''dravanti'' (Croton tiglium L.) are strong purgative drugs with ''tikshna'' (sharply acting), ''ashukari'' (quickly acting), ''vikasi'' ( immediately getting distributed in body) properties. Roots of these plants are used for therapeutic purpose after purification. These drugs are mainly indicated in ''gulma''(abdominal lumps), ''udara'' (abdominal diseases including ascitis), and ''udavarta''. These drugs can liquefy [[kapha]]-[[pitta]] [[dosha]] and expel them out.
*The nomenclature of the combination is always in the name of main ingredient. The remaining ingredients in the formulations boost, regulate and act in accordance to the main ingredient.
*The nomenclature of the combination is always in the name of main ingredient. The remaining ingredients in the formulations boost, regulate and act in accordance to the main ingredient.
*In a formulation, the action of main ingredient should not be hampered by the addition of other ingredients having opposite qualities. Addition of ingredients with similar properties will enrich the action of the formulations.
*In a formulation, the action of main ingredient should not be hampered by the addition of other ingredients having opposite qualities. Addition of ingredients with similar properties will enrich the action of the formulations.
*There are three categories of drugs based upon their therapeutic potential of elimination viz. ''tikshna'' (sharp acting), ''madhyama'' (medium potential), ''mridu'' (mild acting).
*There are three categories of drugs based upon their therapeutic potential of elimination viz. ''tikshna'' (sharp acting), ''madhyama'' (medium potential), ''mridu'' (mild acting).
*These three drugs shall be administered in respective category according to strength of disease and patient.
*These three drugs shall be administered in respective category according to strength of disease and patient.
*In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains ''pitta''.
*In case of improper emesis by the previously administered drug then the therapeutic emetic drugs are repeatedly given till the vomitus contains [[pitta]].
*If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of ''doshas'', then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action.
*If the administered therapeutic eliminating drugs expelled out immediately or gets digested completely without adequate clearance of [[dosha]], then another suitable drug shall be administered to get the desired therapeutic action.
*The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested ''doshas'' without getting digested.
*The therapeutic emetic drugs expel undigested [[dosha]] without getting digested.
*Therapeutic purgative drugs expel the ''doshas'' during digestion.
*Therapeutic purgative drugs expel the [[dosha]] during digestion.
*Various conditions of inadequate elimination can be managed after giving proper elimination therapy again. Or medicine and diet can be given to digest remnant ''doshas''.
*Various conditions of inadequate elimination can be managed after giving proper elimination therapy again. Or medicine and diet can be given to digest remnant [[dosha]].
*In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid ''doshas'' is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered.
*In weak persons, who underwent cleansing procedure earlier, when the accumulation of morbid [[dosha]] is less, unknown and unassessed ''koshtha'' (bowel), mild drugs (''mridu shodhana dravya'') shall be administered.
*It is always best & safe to use the ''mridu shodhana dravyas'' (mild purification) repeatedly as they are less harmful rather than using the ''tikshana shodhana dravyas'' (strong purification), which may cause sudden threat to life.
*It is always best & safe to use the ''mridu shodhana dravyas'' (mild purification) repeatedly as they are less harmful rather than using the ''tikshana shodhana dravyas'' (strong purification), which may cause sudden threat to life.
*In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess morbid ''vata, krura koshtha,'' performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite, the purgatives get digested without purgation. In these patients, enema shall be administered before purgation. This enema facilitates the expulsion of ''doshas'' through purgation immediately.
*In persons with ''rukshata'' (dryness in body), excess morbid [[vata]], krura koshtha,'' performing regular physical exercise, with good appetite, the purgatives get digested without purgation. In these patients, enema shall be administered before purgation. This enema facilitates the expulsion of [[dosha]] through purgation immediately.
*The morbid ''doshas'' are naturally reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to ''vata'' (air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), ''agni'' (fire) in a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite. These persons can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating).
*The morbid [[dosha]] are naturally reduced by ''karma'' (activities), exposure to [[vata]] (air), ''atapa'' (sunlight), [[agni]] (fire) in a person who consumes ''ruksha ahara'' (diet with excess dry items), performs regular exercise, has good appetite. These persons can tolerate the untoward affects of ''viruddha'' (incompatible diet) & ''adhyashana'' (frequent eating).
*''Snigdha virechana'' (unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' (excess unctuous) persons. The morbidity caused by excess ''snehana'' is managed by ''ruksha virechana'' (non-unctuous purgatives). ''Virechana'' shall be administered in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion).
*''Snigdha virechana'' (unctuous purgatives) is contraindicated in ''atisnigdha'' (excess unctuous) persons. The morbidity caused by excess ''snehana'' is managed by ''ruksha virechana'' (non-unctuous purgatives). [[Virechana]] shall be administered in the person who are fit for the purgative therapy as per the ''desha'' (habitat), ''kala'' (season), and ''pramana'' (body proportion).
*The consistency of ''sneha'' (unctuous drug) shall be changed according to its route of administration. ''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is used for the ''abhyanaga'' (unction). ''Mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route (''nasya''). ''Madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema (''basti'').
*The consistency of ''sneha'' (unctuous drug) shall be changed according to its route of administration. ''Kharapaka sneha'' (dense) is used for the ''abhyanaga'' (unction). ''Mridupaka sneha'' (soft/thin) is ideal for administration through the nasal route ([[nasya]]). ''Madhyama paka sneha'' (medium) is preferred both oral administration (''pana'') as well as for enema ([[basti]]).
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences ) ==
It is always recommended to use the ''tulya virya'' (drugs with similar qualities/ actions) drugs in the formulations. The ''viruddha virya'' drugs used will help for easy administration, can cure & manage the disease in specific and wide acceptance by the person. (verse 46)
It is always recommended to use the ''tulya virya'' (drugs with similar qualities/ actions) drugs in the formulations. The ''viruddha virya'' drugs used will help for easy administration, can cure & manage the disease in specific and wide acceptance by the person. (verse 46)
When the ''vamana'' and ''virechana dravyas'' are obstructed, then ''swedana'' is performed in chest and abdomen respectively. (verse 70-72)
When the [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] dravyas are obstructed, then [[swedana]] is performed in chest and abdomen respectively. (verse 70-72)
In the process of preparing the medicated ''sneha'' depending upon the degree of frying of the paste added to ''sneha'' is identified as three types –
In the process of preparing the medicated ''sneha'' depending upon the degree of frying of the paste added to ''sneha'' is identified as three types –