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The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5]
The word ‘buddhi’ refers to the intelligence of a person. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 1/32], [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/5]
All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in Ayurveda, its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.
All the universe is a teacher for a person with sharp intelligence. Self can learn everything by the power of intellect. [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/14] One can acquire knowledge, even beyond the limit of senses, with the help of intelligence. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 11/7] This article describes the concept of buddhi (intellect) in Ayurveda, its application in medical practices, and its relevance in healthcare management.
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==Importance of intellect in preservation of health==
==Importance of intellect in preservation of health==
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One who is endowed with excellent intellectual faculty, submissive mind, clear understanding and knowledge that results in positive speech and actions is not affected by diseases. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 2/47] Therefore, the preservation of buddhi is crucial for the preservation of health and prevention of diseases.
One who is endowed with excellent intellectual faculty, submissive mind, clear understanding and knowledge that results in positive speech and actions is not affected by diseases. [Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 2/47] Therefore, the preservation of buddhi is crucial for the preservation of health and prevention of diseases.
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==Etymology and derivation ==
==Etymology and derivation ==
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The synonyms of buddhi are maneesha, dhishana, dhee, prajna, shemushi, mati, preksha, upalabdhi, chit, samvit, pratipat, jnapti, chetana, samjna, aaman, pradhana and prajnana.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
The synonyms of buddhi are maneesha, dhishana, dhee, prajna, shemushi, mati, preksha, upalabdhi, chit, samvit, pratipat, jnapti, chetana, samjna, aaman, pradhana and prajnana.<ref>Jha Srujan. Amarkosha online application</ref>
==Contextual meanings==
==Contextual meanings==
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This knowledge is critical to prevent exogenous diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/53-54] Acquiring pure knowledge is the treatment of mental disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/58 ] Knowledge of truth makes the person free from all worldly bondages. It is an important mean to attain salvation(moksha).[ Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/16-19]
This knowledge is critical to prevent exogenous diseases. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 7/53-54] Acquiring pure knowledge is the treatment of mental disorders. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/58 ] Knowledge of truth makes the person free from all worldly bondages. It is an important mean to attain salvation(moksha).[ Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 5/16-19]
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== Classification ==
== Classification ==
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Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies.<ref>Plomin, R., von Stumm, S. The new genetics of intelligence. Nat Rev Genet 19, 148–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.104</ref> Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.<ref>Makharia A, Nagarajan A, Mishra A, Peddisetty S, Chahal D, Singh Y. Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children. Ind Psychiatry J. 2016;25(2):189-194. doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16</ref>
Contemporary science documents that 50% of a person’s knowledge is inherited. The inherited genome sequence differences are identified recently by many genome-wide association studies.<ref>Plomin, R., von Stumm, S. The new genetics of intelligence. Nat Rev Genet 19, 148–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.104</ref> Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors like place of residence, family status, parents' education and occupation, and physical exercise can influence a child's intelligence.<ref>Makharia A, Nagarajan A, Mishra A, Peddisetty S, Chahal D, Singh Y. Effect of environmental factors on intelligence quotient of children. Ind Psychiatry J. 2016;25(2):189-194. doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_52_16</ref>
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==Three categories of learners:==
==Three categories of learners:==
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c) High intelligence (pravara buddhi) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/3]
c) High intelligence (pravara buddhi) [Cha. Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8/3]
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===Intelligence quotient (IQ):===
===Intelligence quotient (IQ)===
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A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. <ref>Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review. 27 (11): 403–408. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403</ref> This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children. IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.<ref>Kaufman, Alan S.; Engi Raiford, Susan; Coalson, Diane L. (2016). Intelligent Testing With the WISC-V. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 237.</ref>
A set of standardized tests is used to assess the intellectual ability of an individual. The total score obtained is known as ‘intelligence quotient (IQ)’. <ref>Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006). "Intelligence (IQ) Testing". Pediatrics in Review. 27 (11): 403–408. doi:10.1542/pir.27-11-403</ref> This quotient is useful to diagnose intellectual disabilities and developmental milestones, especially in children. IQ classification based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is shown in the below table.<ref>Kaufman, Alan S.; Engi Raiford, Susan; Coalson, Diane L. (2016). Intelligent Testing With the WISC-V. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 237.</ref>
The maximum capacity of human intellect is innumerable due to the versatility of the objects (vishaya) of perception. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33] The knowledge is limitless.
The maximum capacity of human intellect is innumerable due to the versatility of the objects (vishaya) of perception. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33] The knowledge is limitless.
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==Anatomical aspects of buddhi==
==Anatomical aspects of buddhi==
===Embryological development===
===Embryological development===
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The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation<ref>Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science. 1983 Nov 4;222(4623):516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.6623091. PMID: 6623091.</ref> onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.
The ultrasonographical studies confirm that the fetal responses for vibro-acquistic stimulus start from the 24 weeks of gestation<ref>Birnholz JC, Benacerraf BR. The development of human fetal hearing. Science. 1983 Nov 4;222(4623):516-8. doi: 10.1126/science.6623091. PMID: 6623091.</ref> onwards. This shows the cognitive development (buddhi) in foetus.
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===Site of buddhi===
===Site of buddhi===
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The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13] Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]
The heart (hridaya) is the site of the intellectual faculty (buddhi). [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 9/5] The "sadhaka" variety of [[pitta]] [[dosha]] located in heart conducts physiological functions of intellect. It works for fulfilling the common objectives of one’s life. [A. Hr. Sutra Sthana 12/13] Acharya Bhela adds a sub-type of alochaka [[pitta]] [[dosha]] and names it as “buddhirvaisheshika” (specific to intelligence). It is located in head. [Ref??]
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===Anatomical considerations of intelligence===
===Anatomical considerations of intelligence===
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The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.<ref>Roth G, Dicke U. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 May;9(5):250-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005. PMID: 15866152.</ref>
The size of the brain, cortex, prefrontal cortex, and degree of encephalization are relevant for deciding intellectual capacity. The number of cortical neurons and conduction velocity are considered as the basis of information-processing capacity.<ref>Roth G, Dicke U. Evolution of the brain and intelligence. Trends Cogn Sci. 2005 May;9(5):250-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.005. PMID: 15866152.</ref>
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===Sensory perceptions:===
===Sensory perceptions===
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The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The [[indriya]] are associated with specific areas in the cerebral cortex for proper perception and knowledge. Six types of perceptions (indriya buddhi) are described based on the sensory faculties and mind. [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The sixth sense or mind (manas) associated with intellect (buddhi) is called as (manasa buddhi). [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
The sixth sense or mind (manas) associated with intellect (buddhi) is called as (manasa buddhi). [Chakrapani, Cha. Sa. [[Sharira Sthana]] 1/32-33]
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==Physiological aspects of buddhi==
==Physiological aspects of buddhi==
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Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]
Buddhi and medha are mentioned as the attributes of [[sattva]] [[guna]] as per the mental constitution of the person. [Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 1/18]
A study was conducted to analyse the relation between physical and mental constitution (deha-manasa prakṛiti) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 2016;35(4):201-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.188184</ref>
A study was conducted to analyze the relation between physical and mental constitution (deha-manasa prakṛiti) and intelligence in 150 healthy individuals. It was found that intelligence quotient (IQ) was more in [[kapha]] [[prakriti]] individuals. Moderate IQ was observed in [[pitta]] [[prakriti]]. It was comparatively less in [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individuals.<ref>Nandvadekar V, Binorkar SV. Intelligence quotient and concept of Deha-Mānasa Prakṛti in Ayurveda. Anc Sci Life. 2016;35(4):201-206. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.188184</ref>
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===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===
===Physiology of cognition in Ayurveda===
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==Importance in diagnosis of diseases ==
==Importance in diagnosis of diseases ==
===Importance of buddhi in etio-pathogenesis===
===Importance of buddhi in etio-pathogenesis===
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==Importance in management of disease ==
==Importance in management of disease ==
Normal intellectual functions are crucial for following a wholesome regimen, avoiding harmful factors and preservation of health. Purification therapy (shodhana chikitsa) is administered to attain a pleasant state of intellect (buddhi prasadana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/18] In the treatment of mental disorders, uplifting intellectual functions is one of the treatment modalities. [ A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/ 26]
Normal intellectual functions are crucial for following a wholesome regimen, avoiding harmful factors and preservation of health. Purification therapy (shodhana chikitsa) is administered to attain a pleasant state of intellect (buddhi prasadana). [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/18] In the treatment of mental disorders, uplifting intellectual functions is one of the treatment modalities. [ A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 1/ 26]
Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.<ref>Belaguli G, Savitha H P. An empirical understanding on the concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20</ref>
Restraint of mind highly depends on intellectual abilities. The principle of Ayurveda psychotherapy (sattvavajaya chikitsa) is restoring the psychological equilibrium by giving assurance of emotional support.<ref>Belaguli G, Savitha H P. An empirical understanding on the concept of Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurveda Psychotherapy) and a mini-review of its research update. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res 2019;12:15-20</ref>
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==Importance in healthcare management and teaching:==
==Importance in healthcare management and teaching==
===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===
===Role of intelligence (buddhi) of physician===
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Personified dose of medicines for different treatment purposes depends on the intelligence of the physician. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/36][Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/106].
Personified dose of medicines for different treatment purposes depends on the intelligence of the physician. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 5/36][Su. Sa. Chikitsa Sthana 37/106].
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==Importance of diet and nutrition in promoting intelligence==
==Importance of diet and nutrition in promoting intelligence==
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The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.<ref>Melville K (22 November 2004). "Poor Nutrition Leads to Low IQ". scienceagogo.com.</ref>
The diet deficient in iron, zinc, protein, iodine, B vitamins, omega three fatty acids, magnesium, and other nutrients either in mother during antenatal period or in child during developmental age, can result in lower intelligence.<ref>Melville K (22 November 2004). "Poor Nutrition Leads to Low IQ". scienceagogo.com.</ref>
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===Herbs for promotion of intelligence:===
===Herbs for promotion of intelligence:===
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Different combinations of herbs and nano particles of gold (swarna) are recommended for newborns and young children to promote intellectual functions. They include the following:
Different combinations of herbs and nano particles of gold (swarna) are recommended for newborns and young children to promote intellectual functions. They include the following:
a)Powder of Saussurea lappa (kushtha) along with honey and ghee
a)Powder of Saussurea lappa (kushtha) with honey and ghee
b)Powder of Bacopa monnieri (matsyakshaka), Convolvulus pluricaulis(shankhapushpi) with honey and ghee.
b)Powder of Bacopa monnieri (matsyakshaka), Convolvulus pluricaulis(shankhapushpi) with honey and ghee.
d)Powder of Murraya koenigii (kaitarya), Cynodon dactylon(durva) with honey and ghee.[ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/68-70]
d)Powder of Murraya koenigii (kaitarya), Cynodon dactylon(durva) with honey and ghee.[ Su. Sa. Sharira Sthana 10/68-70]
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===Rasayana promoting intellectual functions (medhya rasayana):===
===Rasayana promoting intellectual functions (medhya rasayana):===
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Continuous learning, engaging in friendly debates, referring, learning new things from other sciences, and devotion to the preceptors of sciences enhance intellectual abilities. [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/2]
Continuous learning, engaging in friendly debates, referring, learning new things from other sciences, and devotion to the preceptors of sciences enhance intellectual abilities. [Su.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/2]
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==Current researches: ==
==Current researches ==
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*A pilot study to examine the correlation among intelligence quotient (IQ), social quotient(SQ), performance quotient (PQ), maladaptive behavior and their relationship with primary (anubandhya) and secondary (anubandha) [[dosha]] was carried out. The 120 children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities were included in the study. It revealed a positive correlation between IQ and SQ. The correlation of secondary [[dosha]] was found to be high with IQ and SQ.<ref>Sharma S, Balsavar A, Beniwal RP, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN. A Pilot Study of Correlation between Intelligence Quotient, Social Quotient, and Ayurveda Parameters in Children. Indian J Psychol Med. </ref>
*A pilot study to examine the correlation among intelligence quotient (IQ), social quotient(SQ), performance quotient (PQ), maladaptive behavior and their relationship with primary (anubandhya) and secondary (anubandha) [[dosha]] was carried out. The 120 children with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities were included in the study. It revealed a positive correlation between IQ and SQ. The correlation of secondary [[dosha]] was found to be high with IQ and SQ.<ref>Sharma S, Balsavar A, Beniwal RP, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN. A Pilot Study of Correlation between Intelligence Quotient, Social Quotient, and Ayurveda Parameters in Children. Indian J Psychol Med. </ref>
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== Theses done==
== Theses done==
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1.Srivatsa(2000): Concept of Manasa Prakriti and its role in Psychopathology w.s.r to Anavastita Cittatva (General Anxiety Disorders) and its Management, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar.
1.Srivatsa(2000): Concept of Manasa Prakriti and its role in Psychopathology w.s.r to Anavastita Cittatva (General Anxiety Disorders) and its Management, Department of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T&R.A, Jamnagar.
4.Aniket Patil (2012), “To Clinically Evaluate the effect of Suvarna binduprashan on immunity and intelligence quotient”, BMK Ayurveda Mahavidhyalaya, KLE, Belgaum
4.Aniket Patil (2012), “To Clinically Evaluate the effect of Suvarna binduprashan on immunity and intelligence quotient”, BMK Ayurveda Mahavidhyalaya, KLE, Belgaum
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==More information==
==More information==
# [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]
# [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]
# [[Katidhapurusha Sharira]]
# [[Katidhapurusha Sharira]]
==References==
==References==