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{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Ayu
|title=Ayu
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Ayu, Ayu in ayurveda, Ayu meaning, Jivita, Ayush, Nityaga, Dhari, Indian System of medicine
|keywords=carakasamhitaonline, charak samhita, caraka samhita, ayurved, Ayu, Ayu in ayurveda, Ayu meaning, Jivita, Ayush, Nityaga, Dhari, life, quality of life, lifespan, what is life, what is ayu, Indian System of medicine, age,Charak Samhita, caraka samhita, Bhojani M.K., yadav vandana, Deole Y.S., Basisht G., Khandel S.K., new edition
|description=The word 'Ayu' denotes concept of life. Ayurveda is known as science of life or knowledge of life
|description=The word 'Ayu' denotes concept of life. Ayurveda is known as science of life or knowledge of life
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|type=article
|type=article
}}
}}
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>The term ‘Ayu’ (also spelled as aayu) means lifespan. It is generally considered age, but it has broader aspects in ancient texts. Ayu is defined as span of life or the continuation of consciousness. Ayu starts with the union of sperm ([[shukra]]) and ovum (shonita) during fertilization and ends with the departure of consciousness ([[prana]]) from the body. In [[Ayurveda]], Ayu (life) is defined as the combination of body, sense organs, mind and soul. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/42] Their combination leads to genesis of life or consciousness, and the loss of this combination leads to the loss of Ayu or death. The definition of Ayu and its classification into Hitayu, Ahitayu, Sukhayu and Dukhayu in [[Ayurveda]] is quoted in a way that covers both the individual and social aspects of life. The ancient holistic science of life - [[Ayurveda]] is principally the means of attaining knowledge about Ayu. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/23] Infact, [[Ayurveda]] is defined as the science which comprises knowledge of life span and perception of the status of the living body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/41] According to Acharya Sushrut, Ayu is therein and attained thereby, thus it is called [[Ayurveda]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/23] Knowledge of Ayu is important because it helps assess the life span of a healthy person, residual life span of a person suffering from severe illness, and the rate of mortality.
The term ‘Ayu’ (also spelled as aayu) means lifespan. It is generally considered age, but it has broader aspects in ancient texts. Ayu is defined as span of life or the continuation of consciousness. Ayu starts with the union of sperm ([[shukra]]) and ovum (shonita) during fertilization and ends with the departure of consciousness ([[prana]]) from the body. In [[Ayurveda]], Ayu (life) is defined as the combination of body, sense organs, mind and soul. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/42] Their combination leads to genesis of life or consciousness, and the loss of this combination leads to the loss of ayu or death. The definition of Ayu and its classification into Hitayu, Ahitayu, Sukhayu and Dukhayu in [[Ayurveda]] is quoted in a way that covers both the individual and social aspects of life. The ancient holistic science of life - [[Ayurveda]] is principally the means of attaining knowledge about Ayu. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/23] Infact, [[Ayurveda]] is defined as the science which comprises knowledge of life span and perception of the status of the living body. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/41] According to Acharya Sushrut, Ayu is therein and attained thereby, thus it is called [[Ayurveda]]. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 1/23] Knowledge of Ayu is important because it helps assess the life span of a healthy person, residual life span of a person suffering from severe illness, and the rate of mortality.
</p>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|label3 = Reviewer
|label3 = Reviewer
|data3 = Basisht G.<sup>2</sup>
|data3 = [[Basisht G.]]<sup>2</sup>Khandel S.K.<sup>3</sup>
|label4 = Editor
|label4 = Editor
|data4 = Deole Y.S.<sup>3</sup>
|data4 = [[Basisht G.]]<sup>2</sup>,[[Deole Y.S.]]<sup>4</sup>
|label5 = Affiliations
|label5 = Affiliations
<sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
<sup>2</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
<sup>3</sup>G.J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
<sup>3</sup>Arogyalaxmi Ayurveda Consultancy, Jaipur, India
<sup>4</sup>Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
|label6 = Correspondence email
|label6 = Correspondence email
|data6 = meera.samhita@aiia.gov.in, carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data6 = meera.samhita@aiia.gov.in, carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label8 = Date of first publication:
|label8 = Date of first publication:
|data8 = August07, 2022
|data8 = August 07, 2022
|label9 = DOI
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = in process
|data9 = {{DoiWithLink}}
}}
}}
<div style='text-align:justify;'>
==Etymology and derivation==
==Etymology and derivation==
#Dukhayu: A kind of life full of sorrow; unhappy life, unpleasant social life.
#Dukhayu: A kind of life full of sorrow; unhappy life, unpleasant social life.
Although Sukhayu and hitakar ayu seem the same, but these are different entities. Sukhayu means instant pleasure, whereas hitayu may or may not be pleasurable at the instant but is pleasurable for self and the society in the future. Sukhayu (pleasurable life) and dukhayu (unpleasurable life) may be either beneficial (hitakar) or nonbeneficial (ahitakar). For example, drinking alcohol may provide pleasure for a short time, but its consumption for a long time is not beneficial. Here living a life that comprises regular consumption of alcohol is sukhayu, but is ahitayu. Similarly, exercise may be unpleasurable, but making exercise a routine is beneficial in the long run. So life that comprises regular exercise may be dukhayu, but is hitayu.
Although sukhayu and hitakar ayu seem the same, but these are different entities. Sukhayu means instant pleasure, whereas hitayu may or may not be pleasurable at the instant but is pleasurable for self and the society in the future. Sukhayu (pleasurable life) and dukhayu (unpleasurable life) may be either beneficial (hitakar) or nonbeneficial (ahitakar). For example, drinking alcohol may provide pleasure for a short time, but its consumption for a long time is not beneficial. Here living a life that comprises regular consumption of alcohol is sukhayu, but is ahitayu. Similarly, exercise may be unpleasurable, but making exercise a routine is beneficial in the long run. So life that comprises regular exercise may be dukhayu, but is hitayu.
==Features of hitakar and ahitakar Ayu==
===Features of hitakar and ahitakar Ayu===
Life is said to be beneficial if the person’s life shows the following features:
Life is said to be beneficial if the person’s life shows the following features:
Contrary to these features, the person's life is known as non beneficial.
Contrary to these features, the person's life is known as non beneficial.
==Features of sukhayu and dukhayu==
===Features of sukhayu and dukhayu===
Life is said to be happy, if the person is not afflicted with any somatic or psychic disorder. He is particularly youthful, capable with strength, energy, reputation, manliness and prowess. He is possessing knowledge of self, specific knowledge of scientific scripts and strong sense organs and sense objects. He has immense wealth, various favourable enjoyments, and has achieved desired results of all actions and freely moves about where he likes. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/24]
Life is said to be happy, if the person is not afflicted with any somatic or psychic disorder. He is particularly youthful, capable with strength, energy, reputation, manliness and prowess. He is possessing knowledge of self, specific knowledge of scientific scripts and strong sense organs and sense objects. He has immense wealth, various favourable enjoyments, and has achieved desired results of all actions and freely moves about where he likes. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/24]
==Directions for measuring span of life in [[Ayurveda]]==
==Directions for measuring span of life in [[Ayurveda]]==
#The age of a healthy human being to be around is one hundred years. [Vagbhatta]
#The age of a healthy human being to be around is one hundred years. [A.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/26]<ref name= Sangraha> Vridha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Sangraha. Edited by Shivaprasad Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba sanskrit series office;2012.</ref>
#Due to the deeds of human beings, one year of life span is lost after every hundred years.
#Due to the deeds of human beings, one year of life span is lost after every hundred years.<ref name=Sangraha/>
#The lifespan depends on the constitution of the person. [[Kapha]] predominant person lives a longer life, [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] while [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individual has a shorter life span. [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/98]
#The lifespan depends on the constitution of the person. [[Kapha]] predominant person lives a longer life, [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/96] while [[vata]] [[prakriti]] individual has a shorter life span. [Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/98]
#Short life span can be predicted by sudden abnormal changes in sense organs, their receptions, and interpretations of objects. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/25]
#Short life span can be predicted by sudden abnormal changes in sense organs, their receptions, and interpretations of objects. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 30/25]
The signs indicate that a child who is physically or mentally compromised, immune-suppressed, and suffering from severe metabolic or genetic disorders is expected to die early. Symbrachydactly may cause short phalanges. Hypospadias or varicocele may cause enlargement of the genitals. Kyphosis, Lordosis, and spinal or bone disorders may cause back deformation. Visible gums may cause gingivitis and other buccal or respiratory conditions in the future.
The signs indicate that a child who is physically or mentally compromised, immune-suppressed, and suffering from severe metabolic or genetic disorders is expected to die early. Symbrachydactly may cause short phalanges. Hypospadias or varicocele may cause enlargement of the genitals. Kyphosis, Lordosis, and spinal or bone disorders may cause back deformation. Visible gums may cause gingivitis and other buccal or respiratory conditions in the future.
===Quality of Life Scale by World Health Organization (WHO-QOL)===
The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a quality of life instrument, the WHOQOL, which captures many subjective aspects of quality of life). The abbreviated version of this scale is known as WHOQOL-BREF. It is applicable for cross-cultural comparisons of quality of life and is available in more than 40 languages. The WHOQOL-BREF is a 26-item instrument consisting of four domains: physical health (7 items), psychological health (6 items), social relationships (3 items), and environmental health (8 items); it also contains QOL and general health items.<ref>WHO. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHOQOL-BREF accessed on 13/08/2022</ref>,<ref>Vahedi S. World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF): Analyses of Their Item Response Theory Properties Based on the Graded Responses Model. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010 Fall;5(4):140-53. PMID: 22952508; PMCID: PMC3395923.</ref>Currently this scale can be applied in research related to Ayu.
==Importance of concept==
==Importance of concept==
'''Ayu vis-à-vis Panchakosha:'''
'''Ayu vis-à-vis Panchakosha:'''
The concept of Ayu resembles and incorporates the Panchakosha Theory (Five interconnecting sheaths) of Yogic sciences’. The Annamaya and Pranamaya Kosha, which are the outermost represents the body component of ayu (sthula sharira), the Manomaya and Vijnanamaya Kosha represents the indriya and mana component of ayu (sukshama sharira) and Anandamaya Kosha represents the [[Atma]] component of ayu (karana sharira). Thus, the concept and components of ayu are comprehensive in all health aspects.
The concept of Ayu resembles and incorporates the Panchakosha Theory (Five interconnecting sheaths) of Yogic sciences’. The Annamaya and Pranamaya Kosha, which are the outermost represents the body component of ayu (sthula sharira), the Manomaya and Vijnanamaya Kosha represents the [[indriya]] and [[mana]] component of ayu (sukshama sharira) and Anandamaya Kosha represents the [[Atma]] component of ayu (karana sharira). Thus, the concept and components of ayu are comprehensive in all health aspects.
==Significance of every component of Ayu==
==Significance of every component of Ayu==
'''Symbiohealth – Need of the hour'''
'''Symbiohealth – Need of the hour'''
A symbiotic relationship between Allopathy and [[Ayurveda]] is fundamental in creating a health care system that is more effective than either system used alone, less expensive, less toxic and more likely to create a healthier society. Maintaining the health of self and creating a healthier society is one of the aspects of Hitakar Ayu, whiche mphasizes the role of Symbiohealth in Ayu. The human body is not like a machine but rather an ecosystem that is formed by Ashtanga Yoga at the upper level, diet rejuvenation and detoxification at the middle level, and [[Kayachikitsa]] and modern medicine at lower level. Maintaining this human ecosystem via symbiohealth is required to acquire Hitakar ayu and Sukhayu.<ref>Basisht GK. Symbiohealth - Need of the hour. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):6-11. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.85715. PMID: 22131751; PMCID: PMC3215420.</ref>
A symbiotic relationship between Allopathy and [[Ayurveda]] is fundamental in creating a health care system that is more effective than either system used alone, less expensive, less toxic and more likely to create a healthier society. Maintaining the health of self and creating a healthier society is one of the aspects of Hitakar Ayu, whiche imphasizes the role of Symbiohealth in Ayu. The human body is not like a machine but rather an ecosystem that is formed by Ashtanga Yoga at the upper level, diet rejuvenation and detoxification at the middle level, and [[Kayachikitsa]] and modern medicine at lower level. Maintaining this human ecosystem via symbiohealth is required to acquire Hitakar ayu and Sukhayu.<ref>Basisht GK. Symbiohealth - Need of the hour. Ayu. 2011 Jan;32(1):6-11. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.85715. PMID: 22131751; PMCID: PMC3215420.</ref>
'''Utility of Vaya and Ayu pariksha according to [[Ayurveda]]'''
'''Utility of Vaya and Ayu pariksha according to [[Ayurveda]]'''
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==References==
==References==
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