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|title=Ashtodariya Adhyaya

|title=Ashtodariya Adhyaya

|titlemode=append

|titlemode=append

|keywords=kapha, nija, pitta, sannipattika, vikara, vata, numerical classification, diseases

|keywords=kapha, nija, pitta, sannipattika, vikara, vata, numerical classification, diseases,Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita.

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 19. Numerical Classification of Diseases

|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 19. Numerical Classification of Diseases

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<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 19. Numerical Classification of Diseases '''</big>

<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 19. Numerical Classification of Diseases '''</big>

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title =  Ashtodariya Adhyaya

|title =  Ashtodariya Adhyaya

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

}}

}}

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

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We shall now expound the chapter on “Eight abdominal diseases. Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Ashtodariya" (Numerical Classification of Diseases starting from eight types of abdominal diseases). Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]

=== Numerical classification of diseases ===

=== Numerical classification of diseases ===

vātapittaślēṣmaṇāṁ punaḥ sthānasaṁsthānaprakr̥tiviśēṣānabhisamīkṣya  tadātmakānapi casarvavikārāṁ stānēvōpadiśanti buddhimantaḥ||5||

vātapittaślēṣmaṇāṁ punaḥ sthānasaṁsthānaprakr̥tiviśēṣānabhisamīkṣya  tadātmakānapi casarvavikārāṁ stānēvōpadiśanti buddhimantaḥ||5||

sarva eva nijA vikArA nAnyatra vAtapittakaphebhyo nirvartante, yathAhi- shakuniH sarvaM <ref>Manohar P R. Clinical diagnosis in [[Ayurveda]]: Challenges and solutions. Ancient Sci Life 2012;31:149-50 </ref> divasamapi paripatan svAM chAyAM nAtivartate, tathAsvadhAtuvaiShamyanimittAH sarve vikArA vAtapittakaphAnnAtivartante|  

sarva eva nijA vikArA nAnyatra vAtapittakaphebhyo nirvartante, yathAhi- shakuniH sarvaM divasamapi paripatan svAM chAyAM nAtivartate, tathAsvadhAtuvaiShamyanimittAH sarve vikArA vAtapittakaphAnnAtivartante|  

vAtapittashleShmaNAM punaH sthAnasaMsthAnaprakRutivisheShAnabhisamIkShya <ref>William Morris et al.,Stacy Gomes, Marilyn Allen,Glob Adv Health Med. 2012 September; 1(4): 38–41 </ref> tadAtmakAnapi ca sarvavikArAM stAnevopadishanti buddhimantaH||5||

vAtapittashleShmaNAM punaH sthAnasaMsthAnaprakRutivisheShAnabhisamIkShya tadAtmakAnapi ca sarvavikArAM stAnevopadishanti buddhimantaH||5||

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*Diseases are classified into two types based on etiology, clinical features, severity etc. mainly aimed to properly understand pathogenesis as well as to plan treatment. [Verse no. 4(7)]

*Diseases are classified into two types based on etiology, clinical features, severity etc. mainly aimed to properly understand pathogenesis as well as to plan treatment. [Verse no. 4(7)]

*Diseases with no subtypes have been mentioned. The above set includes possible variation of physical and mental causes. ''Urustambha'' occurs due to three ''doshas'' and ''ama, sanyasa'' is psycho-somatic in nature and in ''mahagada'' there is involvement of mental entities only. [Verse no. 4(8)]

*Diseases with no subtypes have been mentioned. The above set includes possible variation of physical and mental causes. ''Urustambha'' occurs due to three ''doshas'' and ''ama, sanyasa'' is psycho-somatic in nature and in ''mahagada'' there is involvement of mental entities only. [Verse no. 4(8)]

*While describing diseases with large number of subtypes separate way of classification was used. All the mentioned diseases are first broadly classified in a group and then sub-types are mentioned. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' and then among these four groups twenty types of ''krimi'' have been mentioned.( Cha.Vi.7) Twenty types of ''prameha'' are broadly classified in three groups on basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned, Similarly, ''yoni vyapada'' are broadly classified as diseases due to ''dosha'' and diseases due to amalgamation of ''dosha'' and ''dushyas'' and under second category 16 types of diseases have been mentioned. [Verse no. 4(9)]

*While describing diseases with large number of subtypes separate way of classification was used. All the mentioned diseases are first broadly classified in a group and then sub-types are mentioned. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' and then among these four groups twenty types of ''krimi'' have been mentioned.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]7] Twenty types of ''prameha'' are broadly classified in three groups on basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned, Similarly, ''yoni vyapada'' are broadly classified as diseases due to ''dosha'' and diseases due to amalgamation of ''dosha'' and ''dushyas'' and under second category 16 types of diseases have been mentioned. [Verse no. 4(9)]

*Importance of ''dosha'' in disease production has been mentioned. Equilibrium of ''dosha'' is important aspect of ''swasthya'' or health and if ''doshas'' are vitiated they will lead to disease formation. Three important factors by which one can diagnose disease have been mentioned in the above verse. [Verse no. 5]

*Importance of ''dosha'' in disease production has been mentioned. Equilibrium of ''dosha'' is important aspect of ''swasthya'' or health and if ''doshas'' are vitiated they will lead to disease formation. Three important factors by which one can diagnose disease have been mentioned in the above verse. [Verse no. 5]

*It has been emphasized that there is separate category of disease (''agantuja vyadhi'') in which involvement of ''doshas'' may not be necessary. [Verse no. 6]

*It has been emphasized that there is separate category of disease (''agantuja vyadhi'') in which involvement of ''doshas'' may not be necessary. [Verse no. 6]

=== ''Udara roga'' ===

=== ''Udara roga'' ===

Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1, Ch.Su.18/31]

Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana 18/31]

So, ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] can be correlated with different intra-abdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegaly, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pliha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.

So, ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] can be correlated with different intra-abdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegaly, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pliha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.

=== ''Mutraghata'' ===

=== ''Mutraghata'' ===

In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1, Dalhana on S.U.58/1, Chakrapaani on C.Chi.26/43-44]

In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1] [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra 58/1]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>, [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/43-44]

Four types of ''mutraghata'' are classified according to ''dosha'' <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 114 </ref>:  

Four types of ''mutraghata'' are classified according to ''dosha'' <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 114 </ref>:  

*''Ashmarija mutraghata'' (''Ashmari'' means stone) can be taken as obstruction of urine due to urolithiasis.  

*''Ashmarija mutraghata'' (''Ashmari'' means stone) can be taken as obstruction of urine due to urolithiasis.  

*In the same way based on the nomenclature ''sharkaraja mutraghata'' can be taken as condition with gravels in urinary tract,  

*In the same way based on the nomenclature ''sharkaraja mutraghata'' can be taken as condition with gravels in urinary tract,  

=== ''Reto dosha'' ===

=== ''Reto dosha'' ===

''Retas'' refers to sperm <ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 887 </ref> so various clinical conditions in which sperm is vitiated can be denoted as common term ''reto dosha'' (Sperm disorders) such as oligospermia, azoospermia and sperm dyskynesia. Sub classification of ''reto dosha'' has been done on any alteration in physical characteristic of ''retas'' with impaired spermatogenesis and impaired sperm emission. [Verse no. 4(1)]

''Retas'' refers to sperm <ref> Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 887 </ref> so various clinical conditions in which sperm is vitiated can be denoted as common term ''reto dosha'' (Sperm disorders) such as oligospermia, azoospermia and sperm dyskynesia. Sub classification of ''reto dosha'' has been done on any alteration in physical characteristic of ''retas'' with impaired spermatogenesis and impaired sperm emission. [Verse no. 4(1)]

=== ''Kushtha'' ===

=== ''Kushtha'' ===

The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[ A.H.Ni. 14/3, A.H.Ni. 14/4]

The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[A.H.Nidana Sthana 14/34]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>

=== ''Pidaka'' ===

=== ''Pidaka'' ===

''Pidaka'' refers to conditions like boil and abscess. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 625 </ref> These are the inflammatory swelling affecting diabetic or non diabetic immune compromised persons.

''Pidaka'' refers to conditions like boil and abscess. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 625 </ref> These are the inflammatory swelling affecting diabetic or non diabetic immune compromised persons.

=== ''Visarpa'' ===

=== ''Visarpa'' ===

''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[ Cha.Chi. 21/11, Chakrapani on C.Chi. 21/11, Dalhana on S.Ni.10/3, Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]

''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/11], [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/11], [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 10/3]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]

It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]

It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]

=== ''Udavarta'' ===

=== ''Udavarta'' ===

''Udavarta'' word refers to excretion <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 185 </ref> and is caused by suppression of natural urges due to which path of ''vata'' is obstructed resulting in hampering of normal functioning and movement of ''vata''. [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni. 27/1] Conditions characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.

''Udavarta'' word refers to excretion <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 185 </ref> and is caused by suppression of natural urges due to which path of ''vata'' is obstructed resulting in hampering of normal functioning and movement of ''vata''. [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni. 27/1] Conditions characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.

=== ''Gulma'' ===

=== ''Gulma'' ===

''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha. Ni. 3/7, Cha. Chi. 5/7]

''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 3/7], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/7]

=== ''Kasa'' ===

=== ''Kasa'' ===

''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [ Cha.Chi.18/8, Su.Utt.52/5]

''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/8], [Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra.52/5]<ref name=Susruta/>

=== ''Shvasa'' ===

=== ''Shvasa'' ===

''Shvasa'' word implies respiration. ''Shvasa vyadhi'' refers to pathological conditions in which there is difficulty in breathing. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1106 </ref> ''Shvasa'' is a condition in which person breathes rapidly like a leather bag which inflates and deflates with speed. ''Shvasa'' refers to impaired cardiorespiratory function including systemic causes. [Madhukosha Teeka on M. Ni. 12.15]

''Shvasa'' word implies respiration. ''Shvasa vyadhi'' refers to pathological conditions in which there is difficulty in breathing. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1106 </ref> ''Shvasa'' is a condition in which person breathes rapidly like a leather bag which inflates and deflates with speed. ''Shvasa'' refers to impaired cardiorespiratory function including systemic causes. [Madhukosha Teeka on M. Ni. 12.15]

=== ''Hikka'' ===

=== ''Hikka'' ===

''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [ Su.U. 50/6, Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]

''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [Su.Sa.Uttara tantra 50/6]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]

=== ''Trishna'' ===

=== ''Trishna'' ===

''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [ A. U. 48/3 ]

''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [A.H.Uttara Sthana 48/3]<ref name=Hridaya/>

=== ''Chhardi'' ===

=== ''Chhardi'' ===

=== ''Arochaka'' ===

=== ''Arochaka'' ===

''Arochaka'' refers to a clinical condition in which person has loss of taste, appetite and aversion to food. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 88 </ref>

''Arochaka'' refers to a clinical condition in which person has loss of taste, appetite and aversion to food. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 88 </ref>

=== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ===

=== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ===

''Shira'' is head and ''hridaya'' is heart.Thus, ''Shiroroga'' are diseases of head and related structures <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1073 </ref> while ''hridroga'' are cardiovascular diseases <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1302 </ref>

''Shira'' is head and ''hridaya'' is heart.Thus, ''Shiroroga'' are diseases of head and related structures <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1073 </ref> while ''hridroga'' are cardiovascular diseases <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1302 </ref>

=== ''Pandu'' ===

=== ''Pandu'' ===

''Pandu'' is pallor of skin<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 616 </ref>  and mucosa and is consistent with anemia.

''Pandu'' is pallor of skin<ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 616 </ref>  and mucosa and is consistent with anemia.

=== ''Unmada'' ===

=== ''Unmada'' ===

=== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ===

=== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ===

''Akshi Roga'' refers to ophthalmic disorders, ''karna roga'' to diseases of ear <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 257 </ref> and ''mukha roga'' as disorders of mouth.

''Akshi Roga'' refers to ophthalmic disorders, ''karna roga'' to diseases of ear <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 257 </ref> and ''mukha roga'' as disorders of mouth.

=== ''Grahani'' ===

=== ''Grahani'' ===

=== ''Klaibya'' ===

=== ''Klaibya'' ===

''Klaibya'' denotes impotence.<ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 324 </ref>

''Klaibya'' denotes impotence.<ref> Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 324 </ref>

=== ''Shotha'' ===

=== ''Shotha'' ===

''Shotha'' is a condition with swelling/distension. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1091 </ref>

''Shotha'' is a condition with swelling/distension. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1091 </ref>

=== ''Kilasa'' ===

=== ''Kilasa'' ===

=== ''Raktapitta'' ===

=== ''Raktapitta'' ===

''Raktapitta'' stand for a group of disorders of bleeding<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 861 </ref>/coagulopathies.

''Raktapitta'' stand for a group of disorders of bleeding<ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 861 </ref>/coagulopathies.

=== ''Jwara'' ===

=== ''Jwara'' ===

''Jwara'' refers to fever.<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 428 </ref>

''Jwara'' refers to fever.<ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 428 </ref>

=== ''Vrana'' ===

=== ''Vrana'' ===

'''''Urustambha''''':  ''Urustambha'', pelvic girdle myopathy and flaccid paraplegia is seen.

'''''Urustambha''''':  ''Urustambha'', pelvic girdle myopathy and flaccid paraplegia is seen.

'''''Sanyasa''''': ''Sanyasa'' is a state of unconsciousness in which a person lies in vegetative state and correlates with coma. [ Ch.Su.24/44-45]  

'''''Sanyasa''''': ''Sanyasa'' is a state of unconsciousness in which a person lies in vegetative state and correlates with coma. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/44-45]  

'''''Mahagada''''': ''Atattvabhinivesha'' is said to be ''Mahagada''. It is a psychological disorder such as hypochondriasis and paranoia. [ Ch.Chi.10/60]  [Verse no. 4(8)]

'''''Mahagada''''': ''Atattvabhinivesha'' is said to be ''Mahagada''. It is a psychological disorder such as hypochondriasis and paranoia. [ Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/60]  [Verse no. 4(8)]

'''''Krimi Roga''''': ''Krimi'' refers to various parasitic infestation.

'''''Krimi Roga''''': ''Krimi'' refers to various parasitic infestation.

'''''Prameha''''': ''Prameha'' is passage of excessive and turbid urine from many causes.

'''''Prameha''''': ''Prameha'' is passage of excessive and turbid urine from many causes.

'''''Yoni Vyapada''''': ''Yoni Vyapada'' refers to different conditions afflicting female genitals. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 858 </ref> Broadly it refers to various gynecological disorders. [Verse no. 4(9)]

'''''Yoni Vyapada''''': ''Yoni Vyapada'' refers to different conditions afflicting female genitals. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 858 </ref> Broadly it refers to various gynecological disorders. [Verse no. 4(9)]

Exogenous causes are important cause of morbidity and mortality and so they are included in international classification of diseases. In separate chapter injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes & external causes of morbidity and mortality have been mentioned in ICD-10. Exogenous causes were given importance in ancient times also and so their role in disease diagnosis and treatment has been emphasized in above verse. [Verse no. 7]

Exogenous causes are important cause of morbidity and mortality and so they are included in international classification of diseases. In separate chapter injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes & external causes of morbidity and mortality have been mentioned in ICD-10. Exogenous causes were given importance in ancient times also and so their role in disease diagnosis and treatment has been emphasized in above verse. [Verse no. 7]