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{{#seo:
|title=Aragvadhiya Adhyaya
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Aragvadha, cassia, churnapradeha, pradeha, lepa, pralepa, kushtha, skin diseases, external applications, external cleansing, Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine, charak samhita, carak samhita, charaka samhita, formulations, external purification.
|description=Sutra Sthana Chapter 3.Aragvadha(cassia) and other medicines
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=carak samhita
|type=article
}}
<big>'''Sutra Sthana Chapter 3. Aragvadha(cassia) and other medicines '''</big>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Aragvadhiya Adhyaya
|title = Aragvadhiya Adhyaya
|data2 = ''Bheshaja Chatushka''
|data2 = ''Bheshaja Chatushka''
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
|label3 = Preceding Chapter
|data3 = [[Apamarga Tanduliya]]
|data3 = [[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]]
|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
|label4 = Succeeding Chapter
|label5 = Other Sections
|label5 = Other Sections
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]
|label6 = Translator and commentator
|data6 = Dubey S.D., Sen B., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]]
|label7 = Reviewer
|data7 = Jani D., Sirdeshpande M.
|label8 = Editors
|data8 = Jani D., [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y.S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]
|label9 = Year of publication
|data9 = 2020
|label10 = Publisher
|data10 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|label11 = DOI
|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.005 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.005]
}}
}}
<big>'''Abstract'''</big>
<p style='text-align:justify;'>While the preceding chapter (Apamarga Tanduliya) dealt with internal application of therapies in the form of Panchakarma, this chapter deals with the external application of medications. Thirty two types of external applications are enlisted in this chapter. The important indication is Kushtha (Skin diseases). These are systemic disorders considered as major disease (maharoga). They require internal cleansing and purification treatments prior to external treatments – and hence, the sequence of the chapters. Without prior internal treatment, local treatments have limited efficacy. </p>
'''Keywords''': ''Aragvadha, churnapradeha, pradeha, lepa, pralepa, kushtha'', skin diseases, external applications, external cleansing.
'''Keywords''': Aragvadha, churnapradeha, pradeha, lepa, pralepa, kushtha, skin diseases, external applications, external cleansing.
==Introduction==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
This chapter includes thirty-two types of formulations in the form of powder or paste (''churna/pradeha''). The paste is prepared by mixing the powder with oil, ''ghrita'' (ghee, or clarified butter), milk, butter milk or cow urine etc. Occasionally, oil smearing in the affected part is a pre-requisite for such application of powder (''avachurnana'' and ''udvartana''), so that the drug used gets in contact with the oily surface and enhances the rate of penetration. Different kinds of skin diseases and conditions like ''shopha'' (swelling), pain in the abdomen, head and flanks, ''vatarakta'' (painful inflammation of joints), etc. are discussed here for external cleansing treatments.
The three types of external applications viz. ''pralepa, pradeha'' and ''alepa'' are mentioned in this chapter. ''Pralepa'' is a form which is applied cold, in a thin layer irrespective of its absorbability. It is indicated in vitiation of ''[[pitta]]'' and ''[[rakta]] [[dosha]]''.''Pradeha'' is thick and it is generally applied in the form of bolus. It is applied in cold in case of ''[[pitta]]-[[rakta]]'' vitiation and hot in cases of ''[[vata]]-[[kapha]]'' vitiation. ''Alepa'' is the medium form which is neither too thin nor too thick. Thus the thickness or thinness of paste application determines its specific effect. Temperature of paste also plays role in determining effect of application. The underlying mechanism may be due to absorption through sweat pores.
</div>
==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English translation ==
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
अथात आरग्वधीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
अथात आरग्वधीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
athāta āragvadhīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
athāta āragvadhīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||
</div></div>
Now we shall expound the chapter "Aragvadhiya" (Cassia and other medicines). Thus said Lord Atreya. [1-2]
=== Six formulations used for local application ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
आरग्वधः सैडगजः करञ्जो वासा गुडूची मदनं हरिद्रे| <br />
श्र्याह्वः सुराह्वः खदिरो धवश्च निम्बो विडङ्गं करवीरकत्वक्||३|| <br />
ग्रन्थिश्च भौर्जो लशुनः शिरीषः सलोमशो गुग्गुलुकृष्णगन्धे| <br />
फणिज्झको वत्सकसप्तपर्णौ पीलूनि कुष्ठं सुमनःप्रवालाः||४|| <br />
वचा हरेणुस्त्रिवृता निकुम्भो भल्लातकं गैरिकमञ्जनं च| <br />
मनःशिलाले गृहधूम एला काशीसलोध्रार्जुनमुस्तसर्जाः||५|| <br />
इत्यर्धरूपैर्विहिताः षडेते गोपित्तपीताः पुनरेव पिष्टाः| <br />
सिद्धाः परं सर्षपतैलयुक्ताश्चूर्णप्रदेहा भिषजा प्रयोज्याः||६|| <br />
कुष्ठानि कृच्छ्राणि नवं किलासं सुरेशलुप्तं किटिभं सदद्रु| <br />
भगन्दरार्शांस्यपचीं सपामां हन्युः प्रयुक्तास्त्वचिरान्नराणाम्||७||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
āragvadhaḥ saiḍagajaḥ karañjō vāsā guḍūcī madanaṁ haridrē| <br />
śryāhvaḥ surāhvaḥ khadirō dhavaśca nimbō viḍaṅgaṁ karavīrakatvak||3|| <br />
granthiśca bhaurjō laśunaḥ śirīṣaḥ salōmaśō guggulukr̥ṣṇagandhē| <br />
phaṇijjhakō vatsakasaptaparṇau pīlūni kuṣṭhaṁ sumanaḥpravālāḥ||4|| <br />
vacā harēṇustrivr̥tā nikumbhō bhallātakaṁ gairikamañjanaṁ ca| <br />
manaḥśilālē gr̥hadhūma ēlā kāśīsalōdhrārjunamustasarjāḥ||5|| <br />
ityardharūpairvihitāḥ ṣaḍētē gōpittapītāḥ punarēva piṣṭāḥ| <br />
siddhāḥ paraṁ sarṣapatailayuktāścūrṇapradēhā bhiṣajā prayōjyāḥ||6|| <br />
kuṣṭhāni kr̥cchrāṇi navaṁ kilāsaṁ surēśaluptaṁ kiṭibhaṁ sadadru| <br />
bhagandarārśāṁsyapacīṁ sapāmāṁ hanyuḥ prayuktāstvacirānnarāṇām||7||<br />
AragvadhaH saiDagajaH kara~jjo vAsA guDUcI madanaM haridre| <br />
shryAhvaH surAhvaH khadiro dhavashca nimbo viDa~ggaM karavIrakatvak||3|| <br />
granthishca bhaurjo lashunaH shirIShaH salomasho guggulukRuShNagandhe| <br />
phaNijjhako vatsakasaptaparNau pIlUni kuShThaM sumanaHpravAlAH||4|| <br />
vacA hareNustrivRutA nikumbho bhallAtakaM gairikama~jjanaM ca| <br />
manaHshilAle gRuhadhUma elA kAshIsalodhrArjunamustasarjAH||5|| <br />
ityardharUpairvihitAH ShaDete gopittapItAH punareva piShTAH| <br />
siddhAH paraM sarShapatailayuktAshcUrNapradehA bhiShajA prayojyAH||6|| <br />
kuShThAni kRucchrANi navaM kilAsaM sureshaluptaM kiTibhaM sadadru| <br />
bhagandarArshAMsyapacIM sapAmAM hanyuH prayuktAstvacirAnnarANAm||7|| <br />
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
# ''Aragvadha, aidagaja (chakramarda), karanja, vasa, guduchi, madana,'' ''haridra'' and ''daruharidra'';
# ''Shryahvah(sarala),'' ''surahvah (devadaru), khadira, dhava, nimba, vidanga'', bark of ''karaviraka;''
# ''Granthi'' (nodes) of ''bhorja, lashuna, shirisha, lomasha (kasisa), guggulu,'' and ''krishnagandha (shigru);''
# ''Phanizzaka, vatsaka (kutaja), saptaparna, pilu,'' ''kushtha,'' and ''sumana pravala'' (tender leaves of ''Jati'');
# ''Vacha, harenu, trivruta, nikumbha (danti), bhallataka, gairika'' and ''anjana;''
# ''Manashila, gr̥uhadhuma, ela kasisa, lodhra, arjuna, musta,'' and ''sarja;''
These six formulations, when mixed with ''pita-gopitta'' (ox-bile) and ground, and then mixed again with ''sarshapa-taila'' (mustard oil) before their administration by a wise physician in the form of a ''churnapradeha'' (paste), cure ''kushtha'' diseases (which are difficult to treat otherwise), ''kilasa'' (leucoderma) in the early stages, ''sureshalupta'' (alopecia), ''kitibha'' (resembling psoriasis), ''dadru'' (ringworm), ''bhagandara'' (fistula), ''arsha'' (piles), ''apachi'' (cervical and axillary lymphadenitis), and ''pama'' (papular eruptions) quickly.[3-7]
=== Kushthadi formulation-I ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कुष्ठं हरिद्रे सुरसं पटोलं निम्बाश्वगन्धे सुरदारुशिग्रू| <br />
ससर्षपं तुम्बुरुधान्यवन्यं चण्डां च चूर्णानि समानि कुर्यात्||८|| <br />
तैस्तक्रपिष्टैः प्रथमं शरीरं तैलाक्तमुद्वर्तयितुं यतेत| <br />
तेनास्यकण्डूः पिडकाः सकोठाः कुष्ठानि शोफाश्च शमं व्रजन्ति||९|| <br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kuṣṭhaṁ haridrē surasaṁ paṭōlaṁ nimbāśvagandhē suradāruśigrū| <br />
sasarṣapaṁ tumburudhānyavanyaṁ caṇḍāṁ ca cūrṇāni samāni kuryāt||8|| <br />
taistakrapiṣṭaiḥ prathamaṁ śarīraṁ tailāktamudvartayituṁ yatēta| <br />
tēnāsyakaṇḍūḥ piḍakāḥ sakōṭhāḥ kuṣṭhāni śōphāśca śamaṁ vrajanti||9|| <br />
kuShThaM haridre surasaM paTolaM nimbAshvagandhe suradArushigrU| <br />
sasarShapaM tumburudhAnyavanyaM caNDAM ca cUrNAni samAni kuryAt||8|| <br />
taistakrapiShTaiH prathamaM sharIraM tailAktamudvartayituM yateta| <br />
tenAsyakaNDUH piDakAH sakoThAH kuShThAni shophAshca shamaM vrajanti||9|| <br />
</div></div>
''Kushtha'', (both types of) ''haridra, surasa (tulasi), patola, nimba, ashvagandha, suradaru, shigru, sarshapa, tumburudhanya'' (seeds of ''tumburu''), ''vanya (kaivarta mustaka),'' and ''chanda''- powdered in equal quantities, admixed with ''takra'' (buttermilk) and grounded well - make for an effective formulation that alleviates diseases like ''kandu, pidaka, kotha,'' all types of ''kushtha'' and ''shopha''. Before anointing this formulation, the body or an affected part of the body is smeared with oil. [8-9]
</div>
=== Kushthadi formulation-II ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कुष्ठामृतासङ्गकटङ्कटेरीकासीसकम्पिल्लकमुस्तलोध्राः| <br />
सौगन्धिकं सर्जरसो विडङ्गं मनःशिलाले करवीरकत्वक्||१०|| <br />
तैलाक्तगात्रस्य कृतानि चूर्णान्येतानि दद्यादवचूर्णनार्थम्| <br />
दद्रूः सकण्डूः किटिभानि पामा विचर्चिका चैव तथैति शान्तिम्||११|| <br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
kuṣṭhāmr̥tāsaṅgakaṭaṅkaṭērīkāsīsakampillakamustalōdhrāḥ| <br />
saugandhikaṁ sarjarasō viḍaṅgaṁ manaḥśilālē karavīrakatvak||10|| <br />
tailāktagātrasya kr̥tāni cūrṇānyētāni dadyādavacūrṇanārtham| <br />
dadrūḥ sakaṇḍūḥ kiṭibhāni pāmā vicarcikā caiva tathaiti śāntim||11|| <br />
kuShThAmRutAsa~ggakaTa~gkaTerIkAsIsakampillakamustalodhrAH| <br />
saugandhikaM sarjaraso viDa~ggaM manaHshilAle karavIrakatvak||10|| <br />
tailAktagAtrasya kRutAni cUrNAnyetAni dadyAdavacUrNanArtham| <br />
dadrUH sakaNDUH kiTibhAni pAmA vicarcikA caiva tathaiti shAntim||11|| <br />
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Kushtha, amritasanga (tuttha), katankateri (daruharidra), kasisa, kampillaka, mustaka, lodhra, saugandhika'' (''gandhatruna'' or sulphur), ''sarjarasa (rala), vidanga, manahshila, ala (haratala),'' and the bark of ''karaviraka'' - mixed and ground into a powder - is used for the purpose of dusting (''avachurnana'') on the body already smeared with oil. This medication helps cure ''dadru''(ring worms), ''kandu'' (itching), as well as all kinds of ''kiṭibha'' (resembling psoriasis), ''pama''(papular eruptions) and ''vicharchika'' (eczema). [10-11]
</div>
===Manahshiladi formulation-I ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मनःशिलाले मरिचानि तैलमार्कं पयः कुष्ठहरः प्रदेहः| <br />
तुत्थं विडङ्गं मरिचानि कुष्ठं लोध्रं च तद्वत् समनःशिलं स्यात्||१२||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
manaḥśilālē maricāni tailamārkaṁ payaḥ kuṣṭhaharaḥ pradēhaḥ| <br />
tutthaṁ viḍaṅgaṁ maricāni kuṣṭhaṁ lōdhraṁ ca tadvat samanaḥśilaṁ syāt||12|| <br />
manaHshilAle maricAni tailamArkaM payaH kuShThaharaH pradehaH| <br />
tutthaM viDa~ggaM maricAni kuShThaM lodhraM ca tadvat samanaHshilaM syAt||12|| <br />
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
''Manahshila, ala, maricha'' (seeds of maricha), ''taila'' (mustard oil), and ''arka-paya'' (latex of ''arka'') , ground and made into a paste (''pradeha'') , alleviates ''kushtha'' . ''Tuttha, vidanga, maricha, kushtha,'' and ''lodhra'', along with ''manahshila'' can also be used in the preparation. [12]
</div>
=== Rasanjanadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
रसाञ्जनं सप्रपुन्नाडबीजं युक्तं कपित्थस्य रसेन लेपः| <br />
करञ्जबीजैडगजं सकुष्ठं गोमूत्रपिष्टं च परः प्रदेहः||१३||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
rasāñjanaṁ saprapunnāḍabījaṁ yuktaṁ kapitthasya rasēna lēpaḥ| <br />
karañjabījaiḍagajaṁ sakuṣṭhaṁ gōmūtrapiṣṭaṁ ca paraḥ pradēhaḥ||13||<br />
rasA~jjanaM saprapunnADabIjaM yuktaM kapitthasya rasena lepaH| <br />
kara~jjabIjaiDagajaM sakuShThaM gomUtrapiShTaM ca paraH pradehaH||13||<br />
</div></div>
''Rasanjana'' and ''prapunnadabija,'' mixed with the juice of ''kapittha'' makes a good ''lepa'' for ''kushtha''. Similarly, ''karanjabija, aidagaja,'' and ''kushtha'' -ground with ''gomutra'' - makes an effective ''pradeha'' (for ''kushtha''). [13]
=== Haridradi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
उभे हरिद्रे कुटजस्य बीजं करञ्जबीजं सुमनःप्रवालान्| <br />
त्वचं समध्यां हयमारकस्य लेपं तिलक्षारयुतं विदध्यात्||१४||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ubhē haridrē kuṭajasya bījaṁ karañjabījaṁ sumanaḥpravālān| <br />
tvacaṁ samadhyāṁ hayamārakasya lēpaṁ tilakṣārayutaṁ vidadhyāt||14|| <br />
ubhe haridre kuTajasya bIjaM kara~jjabIjaM sumanaHpravAlAn| <br />
tvacaM samadhyAM hayamArakasya lepaM tilakShArayutaM vidadhyAt||14|| <br />
</div></div>
Both types of ''haridra'', seeds of ''kutaja'', seeds of ''karanja'', tender leaves of ''sumana (jati),'' bark and pith of ''hayamaraka'' ''(karaviraka)'' - mixed with ''kshara'' of ''tila'' (alkali preparation of sesame) - make a good ''lepa'' (for ''kushtha''). [14]
===Manahshiladi formulation-II ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
मनःशिला त्वक् कुटजात् सकुष्ठात् सलोमशः सैडगजः करञ्जः| <br />
ग्रन्थिश्च भौर्जः करवीरमूलं चूर्णानि साध्यानि तुषोदकेन||१५|| <br />
पलाशनिर्दाहरसेन चापि कर्षोद्धृतान्याढकसम्मितेन| <br />
दर्वीप्रलेपं प्रवदन्ति लेपमेतं परं कुष्ठनिसूदनाय||१६||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
manaḥśilā tvak kuṭajāt sakuṣṭhāt salōmaśaḥ saiḍagajaḥ karañjaḥ| <br />
granthiśca bhaurjaḥ karavīramūlaṁ cūrṇāni sādhyāni tuṣōdakēna||15|| <br />
palāśanirdāharasēna cāpi karṣōddhr̥tānyāḍhakasammitēna| <br />
darvīpralēpaṁ pravadanti lēpamētaṁ paraṁ kuṣṭhanisūdanāya||16||<br />
manaHshilA tvak kuTajAt sakuShThAt salomashaH saiDagajaH kara~jjaH| <br />
granthishca bhaurjaH karavIramUlaM cUrNAni sAdhyAni tuShodakena||15|| <br />
palAshanirdAharasena cApi karShoddhRutAnyADhakasammitena| <br />
darvIpralepaM pravadanti lepametaM paraM kuShThanisUdanAya||16|| <br />
</div></div>
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Powder of ''manashila'', bark of ''kuṭaja, kushtha, lomasha, aidagaja, karanja, bhurja granthi,'' and roots of ''karavira'', - each of these taken one ''karsha'' (10 g) and cooked with ''adhaka'' (2.56 liters) quantity of ''tushodaka'' and ''palashanirdaharasa'' (juice of ''palasha'' that is obtained from burning the roots), when reduced to a semi-solid state (''darvipralepa''), makes the best ''lepa'' for ''kushtha''. [15-16]
</div>
=== Chaturanguladi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
पर्णानि पिष्ट्वा चतुरङ्गुलस्य तक्रेण पर्णान्यथ काकमाच्याः| <br />
तैलाक्तगात्रस्य नरस्य कुष्ठान्युद्वर्तयेदश्वहनच्छदैश्च||१७||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
parṇāni piṣṭvā caturaṅgulasya takrēṇa parṇānyatha kākamācyāḥ| <br />
tailāktagātrasya narasya kuṣṭhānyudvartayēdaśvahanacchadaiśca||17||<br />
parNAni piShTvA catura~ggulasya takreNa parNAnyatha kAkamAcyAH| <br />
tailAktagAtrasya narasya kuShThAnyudvartayedashvahanacchadaishca||17|| <br />
</div></div>
A ''lepa'' prepared by grinding the leaves of ''chaturangula (aragvadha),'' the leaves of ''kakamachi,'' and the leaves of ''ashvahana'' ''(karaviraka)'' with ''takra'', should be anointed on the (oil-smeared) body of a person affected with ''kushtha.'' [17]
=== Kola-kulatthadi formulation in ''Vata'' disorders ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
कोलं कुलत्थाः सुरदारुरास्नामाषातसीतैलफलानि कुष्ठम्| <br />
वचा शताह्वा यवचूर्णमम्लमुष्णानि वातामयिनां प्रदेहः||१८|| <br />
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kōlaṁ kulatthāḥ suradārurāsnāmāṣātasītailaphalāni kuṣṭham| <br />
vacā śatāhvā yavacūrṇamamlamuṣṇāni vātāmayināṁ pradēhaḥ||18||<br />
kolaM kulatthAH suradArurAsnAmAShAtasItailaphalAni kuShTham| <br />
vacA shatAhvA yavacUrNamamlamuShNAni vAtAmayinAM pradehaH||18|| <br />
</div></div>
''Kola, kulattha, suradaru, rasna, masha, atasi, tailaphalani, kushtha, vachaa, shatahva, yavachurna'' (all in equal quantity), ground with ''amla (kanji or a fermented sour beverage),'' is used as a hot ''(ushna) pradeha'' for patients suffering from ''vatika'' disorders. [18]
=== Anup matsyadi ''pradeha'' formulation ===
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आनूपमत्स्यामिषवेसवारैरुष्णैः प्रदेहः पवनापहः स्यात्| <br />
स्नेहैश्चतुर्भिर्दशमूलमिश्रैर्गन्धौषधैश्चानिलहः प्रदेहः||१९||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ānūpamatsyāmiṣavēsavārairuṣṇaiḥ pradēhaḥ pavanāpahaḥ syāt| <br />
snēhaiścaturbhirdaśamūlamiśrairgandhauṣadhaiścānilahaḥ pradēhaḥ||19|| <br />
AnUpamatsyAmiShavesavArairuShNaiH pradehaH pavanApahaH syAt| <br />
snehaishcaturbhirdashamUlamishrairgandhauShadhaishcAnilahaH pradehaH||19|| <br />
</div></div>
''Pradeha'' made of hot ''veshavara'' (a preparation of meat) prepared with ''anupamatsyamisha'' (meat of marshy fish) subsides ''[[vata]]''. Similarly, four types of ''sneha, dashamula'' and ''gandhaushadha,'' when mixed together, make a ''[[vata]]'' alleviating ''pradeha''. [19]
===Yavadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तक्रेण युक्तं यवचूर्णमुष्णं सक्षारमर्तिं जठरे निहन्यात्| <br />
कुष्ठं शताह्वां सवचां यवानां चूर्णं सतैलाम्लमुशन्ति वाते||२०||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
takrēṇa yuktaṁ yavacūrṇamuṣṇaṁ sakṣāramartiṁ jaṭharē nihanyāt| <br />
kuṣṭhaṁ śatāhvāṁ savacāṁ yavānāṁ cūrṇaṁ satailāmlamuśanti vātē||20||<br />
takreNa yuktaM yavacUrNamuShNaM sakShAramartiM jaThare nihanyAt| <br />
kuShThaM shatAhvAM savacAM yavAnAM cUrNaM satailAmlamushanti vAte||20|| <br />
</div></div>
''Yavachurṇa'' mixed with ''takra,'' heated and added with ''kshara'' serves as an abdominal pain relieving drug. ''Kushtha, shatahva, vacha,'' and ''yavachurna'' - mixed with ''taila'' and ''amla'' - is indicated in ''[[vata]]'' related disorders. [20]
=== Shatavhadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
उभे शताह्वे मधुकं मधूकं बलां प्रियालं च कशेरुकं च| <br />
घृतं विदारीं च सितोपलां च कुर्यात् प्रदेहं पवने सरक्ते||२१||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ubhē śatāhvē madhukaṁ madhūkaṁ balāṁ priyālaṁ ca kaśērukaṁ ca| <br />
ghr̥taṁ vidārīṁ ca sitōpalāṁ ca kuryāt pradēhaṁ pavanē saraktē||21|| <br />
ubhe shatAhve madhukaM madhUkaM balAM priyAlaM ca kasherukaM ca| <br />
ghRutaM vidArIM ca sitopalAM ca kuryAt pradehaM pavane sarakte||21|| <br />
</div></div>
Both types of ''shatahva, madhuka, bala, priyala, kasheruka,'' and ''vidari'' - ground and mixed with ''ghrita'' and ''sitopala'' - makes a ''pradeha'' in ''vatarakta'' disorders. [21]
=== Rasnadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
रास्ना गुडूची मधुकं बले द्वे सजीवकं सर्षभकं पयश्च| <br />
घृतं च सिद्धं मधुशेषयुक्तं रक्तानिलार्तिं प्रणुदेत् प्रदेहः||२२||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
rāsnā guḍūcī madhukaṁ balē dvē sajīvakaṁ sarṣabhakaṁ payaśca| <br />
ghr̥taṁ ca siddhaṁ madhuśēṣayuktaṁ raktānilārtiṁ praṇudēt pradēhaḥ||22|| <br />
rAsnA guDUcI madhukaM bale dve sajIvakaM sarShabhakaM payashca| <br />
ghRutaM ca siddhaM madhusheShayuktaM raktAnilArtiM praNudet pradehaH||22|| <br />
</div></div>
''Ghrita'' prepared with ''rasna, guduchi, madhuka'', two types of ''bala'' (''bala'' and ''atibala''), ''jivaka, rishabhaka'', mixed with milk and added with honey-wax (''madhushesha'') is used to prepare a ''pradeha'' for alleviating discomfort due to ''vatarakta.'' [22]
=== Godhumadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
वाते सरक्ते सघृतं प्रदेहो गोधूमचूर्णं छगलीपयश्च| <br />
नतोत्पलं चन्दनकुष्ठयुक्तं शिरोरुजायां सघृतं प्रदेहः||२३||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
vātē saraktē saghr̥taṁ pradēhō gōdhūmacūrṇaṁ chagalīpayaśca|<br />
natōtpalaṁ candanakuṣṭhayuktaṁ śirōrujāyāṁ saghr̥taṁ pradēhaḥ||23|| <br />
vAte sarakte saghRutaM pradeho godhUmacUrNaM chagalIpayashca|23| <br />
natotpalaM candanakuShThayuktaM shirorujAyAM saghRutaM pradehaH||23|| <br />
</div></div>
In ''vatarakta,'' the ''pradeha'' is prepared using ''godhumachurna'' mixed with ''ghrita'' and ''chagalipaya'' (goat’s milk). In the case of ''shiroruja,'' the ''pradeha'' is prepared by mixing ''nata, utpala, chandana, kushtha'' with ''ghrita.'' [23]
=== Prapaudarikadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
प्रपौण्डरीकं सुरदारु कुष्ठं यष्ट्याह्वमेला कमलोत्पले च| <br />
शिरोरुजायां सघृतः प्रदेहो लोहैरकापद्मकचोरकैश्च||२४||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
prapauṇḍarīkaṁ suradāru kuṣṭhaṁ yaṣṭyāhvamēlā kamalōtpalē ca| <br />
śirōrujāyāṁ saghr̥taḥ pradēhō lōhairakāpadmakacōrakaiśca||24|| <br />
prapauNDarIkaM suradAru kuShThaM yaShTyAhvamelA kamalotpale ca| <br />
shirorujAyAM saghRutaH pradeho lohairakApadmakacorakaishca||24|| <br />
</div></div>
A ''pradeha'' prepared by mixing ''prapaundarika, suradaru, kushtha, yashtyahva, ela, kamala, utpala, loha (agaru), eraka, padmaka'' and ''choraka'' with ''ghrita'' is useful in treating headache ( ''shiroruja'') . [24]
=== Rasna-Haridradi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
रास्ना हरिद्रे नलदं शताह्वे द्वे देवदारूणि सितोपला च| <br />
जीवन्तिमूलं सघृतं सतैलमालेपनं पार्श्वरुजासु कोष्णम्||२५||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
rāsnā haridrē naladaṁ śatāhvē dvē dēvadārūṇi sitōpalā ca| <br />
jīvantimūlaṁ saghr̥taṁ satailamālēpanaṁ pārśvarujāsu kōṣṇam||25||<br />
rAsnA haridre naladaM shatAhve dve devadArUNi sitopalA ca| <br />
jIvantimUlaM saghRutaM satailamAlepanaM pArshvarujAsu koShNam||25|| <br />
</div></div>
''Rasna'', two types of ''haridra, nalada (jatamamsi),'' two types of ''shatavha, devadaru'' (seeds of ''devadaru''), ''sitopala'' and roots of ''jivanti'', mixed with ''ghrita'' and ''taila'', is used to prepare a luke warm alepana that serves as an effective medication to treat ''parshvaruja'' (pain in flanks). [25]
=== Shaivaladi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शैवालपद्मोत्पलवेत्रतुङ्गप्रपौण्डरीकाण्यमृणाललोध्रम्| <br />
प्रियङ्गुकालेयकचन्दनानि निर्वापणः स्यात् सघृतः प्रदेहः||२६||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śaivālapadmōtpalavētratuṅgaprapauṇḍarīkāṇyamr̥ṇālalōdhram| <br />
priyaṅgukālēyakacandanāni nirvāpaṇaḥ syāt saghr̥taḥ pradēhaḥ||26|| <br />
shaivAlapadmotpalavetratu~ggaprapauNDarIkANyamRuNAlalodhram| <br />
priya~ggukAleyakacandanAni nirvApaNaH syAt saghRutaH pradehaH||26|| <br />
</div></div>
''Shaivala, padma, utpala, vetra, tunga (punnaga), prapaunḍarika, amranala (uhira), lodhra, priyangu, kaleyaka,'' and ''chandana'' mixed with ''ghrita'' makes an effective ''nirvapaṇa'' (heat alleviating) ''pradeha''. [26]
=== Sita-latadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
सितालतावेतसपद्मकानि यष्ट्याह्वमैन्द्री नलिनानि दूर्वा| <br />
यवासमूलं कुशकाशयोश्च निर्वापणः स्याज्जलमेरका च||२७||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
sitālatāvētasapadmakāni yaṣṭyāhvamaindrī nalināni dūrvā| <br />
yavāsamūlaṁ kuśakāśayōśca nirvāpaṇaḥ syājjalamērakā ca||27||<br />
sitAlatAvetasapadmakAni yaShTyAhvamaindrI nalinAni dUrvA| <br />
yavAsamUlaM kushakAshayoshca nirvApaNaH syAjjalamerakA ca||27|| <br />
</div></div>
''Sita (shweta durva), lata (manjishtha), vetasa, padmaka, yashtyavha, aindri (gorakshakarkati), nalina (kamala), durva,'' roots of ''yavasa'', ''kusha'' and ''kasha, jala (hribera)'' and ''eraka'' are used to make a ''nirvapana (pradeha)'' for alleviating heat. [27]
===Shaileyadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शैलेयमेलागुरुणी सकुष्ठे चण्डा नतं त्वक् सुरदारु रास्ना| <br />
शीतं निहन्यादचिरात् प्रदेहो विषं शिरीषस्तु ससिन्धुवारः||२८||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śailēyamēlāguruṇī sakuṣṭhē caṇḍā nataṁ tvak suradāru rāsnā| <br />
śītaṁ nihanyādacirāt pradēhō viṣaṁ śirīṣastu sasindhuvāraḥ||28|| <br />
shaileyamelAguruNI sakuShThe caNDA nataM tvak suradAru rAsnA| <br />
shItaM nihanyAdacirAt pradeho viShaM shirIShastu sasindhuvAraH||28|| <br />
</div></div>
''Shaileya, ela, aguru, kushtha, chanda, nata (tagara), tvak (dalachini), suradaru'' and ''rasna'' are key ingredients needed for preparing a quick, cold alleviating ''pradeha''. A ''pradeha'' made of ''shirisha'' mixed with ''sindhuvara'' neutralizes poisons quickly. [28]
===Shirishadi formulation ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
शिरीषलामज्जकहेमलोध्रैस्त्वग्दोषसंस्वेदहरः प्रघर्षः|
शिरीषलामज्जकहेमलोध्रैस्त्वग्दोषसंस्वेदहरः प्रघर्षः| <br />
पत्राम्बुलोध्राभयचन्दनानि शरीरदौर्गन्ध्यहरः प्रदेहः||२९||
पत्राम्बुलोध्राभयचन्दनानि शरीरदौर्गन्ध्यहरः प्रदेहः||२९||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
śirīṣalāmajjakahēmalōdhraistvagdōṣasaṁsvēdaharaḥ pragharṣaḥ|
śirīṣalāmajjakahēmalōdhraistvagdōṣasaṁsvēdaharaḥ pragharṣaḥ| <br />
patrāmbulōdhrābhayacandanāni śarīradaurgandhyaharaḥ pradēhaḥ||29||
patrāmbulōdhrābhayacandanāni śarīradaurgandhyaharaḥ pradēhaḥ||29||<br />
shirIShalAmajjakahemalodhraistvagdoShasaMsvedaharaH pragharShaH|
shirIShalAmajjakahemalodhraistvagdoShasaMsvedaharaH pragharShaH| <br />
patrAmbulodhrAbhayacandanAni sharIradaurgandhyaharaH pradehaH||29||
patrAmbulodhrAbhayacandanAni sharIradaurgandhyaharaH pradehaH||29|| <br />
</div></div>
Shirisha, lamajjaka (ushira), hema (nagakeshara) and lodhra help prepare balms for pragharsha (rubbing) that help alleviate skin diseases and excessive perspiration. A pradeha made of patra (tejapatra), ambu (hribera), lodhra, abhaya (ushira) and chandana alleviates foul smell of the body. [29]
''Shirisha, lamajjaka (ushira), hema (nagakeshara)'' and ''lodhra'' help prepare balms for ''pragharsha'' (rubbing) that help alleviate skin diseases and excessive perspiration. A ''pradeha'' made of ''patra (tejapatra),'' ''ambu (hribera), lodhra, abhaya (ushira)'' and ''chandana'' alleviates foul smell of the body. [29]
===Summary ===
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
तत्र श्लोकः-
तत्र श्लोकः- <br />
इहात्रिजः सिद्धतमानुवाच द्वात्रिंशतं सिद्धमहर्षिपूज्यः|
इहात्रिजः सिद्धतमानुवाच द्वात्रिंशतं सिद्धमहर्षिपूज्यः| <br />
चूर्णप्रदेहान् विविधामयघ्नानारग्वधीये जगतो हितार्थम्||३०||
चूर्णप्रदेहान् विविधामयघ्नानारग्वधीये जगतो हितार्थम्||३०||<br />
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
tatra ślōkaḥ-
tatra ślōkaḥ- <br />
ihātrijaḥ siddhatamānuvāca dvātriṁśataṁ siddhamaharṣipūjyaḥ|
ihātrijaḥ siddhatamānuvāca dvātriṁśataṁ siddhamaharṣipūjyaḥ| <br />
cūrṇapradēhān vividhāmayaghnānāragvadhīyē jagatō hitārtham||30||
cūrṇapradēhān vividhāmayaghnānāragvadhīyē jagatō hitārtham||30|| <br />
tatra shlokaH-
tatra shlokaH- <br />
ihAtrijaH siddhatamAnuvAca dvAtriMshataM siddhamaharShipUjyaH|
ihAtrijaH siddhatamAnuvAca dvAtriMshataM siddhamaharShipUjyaH| <br />
cUrNapradehAn vividhAmayaghnAnAragvadhIye jagato hitArtham||30||
cUrNapradehAn vividhAmayaghnAnAragvadhIye jagato hitArtham||30|| <br />
</div></div>
Now (the concluding) verses:
Now (the concluding) verses:
Here, Atri’s son (i.e., Lord Atreya), worshiped by accomplished and great sages, mentioned 32 successful (disease alleviating) churnapradeha, destroyers of various disorders (described in the chapter of aragvadhiya) for the welfare of the world. [30]
Here, Atri’s son (i.e., Lord Atreya), worshipped by accomplished and great sages, mentioned 32 successful (disease alleviating) ''churnapradeha'', destroyers of various disorders (described in the chapter of ''aragvadhiya'') for the welfare of the world. [30]
<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
इत्यग्निवेशकृते तन्त्रे चरकप्रतिसंस्कृते श्लोकस्थाने आरग्वधीयो नाम तृतीयोऽध्यायः||३||
इत्यग्निवेशकृते तन्त्रे चरकप्रतिसंस्कृते श्लोकस्थाने आरग्वधीयो नाम तृतीयोऽध्यायः||३||
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
ityagnivēśakr̥tē tantrē carakapratisaṁskr̥tē ślōkasthānē āragvadhīyō nāma tr̥tīyō'dhyāyaḥ||3||
ityagnivēśakr̥tē tantrē carakapratisaṁskr̥tē ślōkasthānē āragvadhīyō nāma tr̥tīyō'dhyāyaḥ||3||
</div></div>
Thus ends the third chapter titled Aragvadhiya in [[Sutra Sthana]] in the treaties composed by Agnivesha and redacted by Charak. [3]
== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
*The skin diseases have multiple pathologies based upon etiological factors like microbial infection, allergy, injury, poisons, chemical contacts etc. and require multipronged treatment. They can be managed with internal administration and external applications of medicines. The Ayurvedic drugs are known to have multiple effects. Their combination with other herbs and processing method of preparation increases their spectrum of action. ''Argavadha'' is a medicinal herb considered one of the best for making such preparations.
*Drugs mentioned in the chapter have antibacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, antihistaminic, deodorant, analgesic, poison neutralizing, cauterizing, cleansing, moisturizing, normalizing pigmentation, hair regrowth and wound healing properties.
*Various solvents are used to extract a specific active component for the desired effect.
</div>
===''Tattva Vimarsha''===
== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
The drugs mentioned in verse 3-7 are found effective as ''kushthaghna'' (effective in skin diseases), ''kandughna'' (effective in pruritus) and ''arshoghna'' (effective in hemorrhoids) ''mahakashaya''. ''Kuṭaja'' is indicated in bleeding hemorrhoids while ''bhallataka'' is indicated in non-bleeding ones. By adding these two drugs of opposing action, their spectrum of action is enhanced considerably. Their ability to penetrate the affected areas is enhanced further when admixed with ''gopitta'' and mustard oil. This combination is particularly effective in treating rectal fistula and hemorrhoids. Sulfur is effective in treating most of the skin diseases and ''neem'' is a rich source of sulfur. Minerals like ''manahshila, kasisa'' and ''praval'' are used commonly for treating skin diseases because of their richness in sulfur. In psoriasis there is a deficiency of fatty acids, sulfur and immunoglobulins in the skin. Oil, ghrita, milk, ''neem'' (Azadirachta Indica) and ''amrita'' (Tinospora cordifolia) preparations help in correcting those deficiencies. The use of ''atasi'' (flax) poultice has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect in ''vatavyadhi''. ''Amrita'' (Tinospora cordifolia) and ''yashtimadhu'' (liquorice) have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and are used for ''vatarakta''. ''Vesavara'' and ''dashamoola'' are used as analgesics. ''Dashamoola'' has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties. ''Shirisha'' (Albizia lebbeck) is indicated as the best drug for treating dermal toxicity.
Powdered drug is used most effectively in the form of ''udvartana'' (smearing or massaging powdered drugs) on body parts smeared in oil. [8-9]
The utility of applying oil before administering powdered medication is to provide passage for lipid-soluble substances. [10-11]
There are various forms of external therapies (''churnapradeha, pradeha, lepa, pralepa, udvartana, avachurnana, alepana'' and ''pragharsha''). Apart from ''kushtha'', other conditions covered under the 32 types of ''churnapradeha'' are as follows:
=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===
===== Table 1: Showing indications of 32 types of churnapradeha =====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ''Indication/Actions'' !! ''Translation'' !! ''Numbers''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Kushtha hara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Alleviates skin diseases
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 15
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Vatahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Pacifies vitiated ''vata''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 05
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Vataraktahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Alleviates gout
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 03
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Shirorujahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Subsides headache
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 02
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Parshwarujahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Subsides pain in the sides of the chest
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 01
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Nirvapana''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Relieves burning and heat
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 02
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Shitahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Relieves cold
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 01
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Vishahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Counteracts poisons
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 01
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Twagdosasamswedahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Cures skin diseases and perspiration
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 01
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | ''Shariradaurgandhyahara''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Destroys foul smell in the body
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 01
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" | Total:
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: left;" |
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | 32
|-
|}
''Alepa'' has been given due importance as an initial treatment for all types of ''shopha'' (swelling). Among the remedies applied internally and externally, it is superior to others because it alleviates pain instantaneously. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/3]<ref name=Susrutha>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005</ref>
Types of ''lepa'' (external application):[Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/6]<ref name=Susrutha/>
According to character and therapeutic use, ''alepa'' can be divided into three types viz., ''pralepa, pradeha'' and ''alepa''. It could be shown as tabulated below-
Table 1: Showing indications of 32 types of churnapradeha
===== Table 2: Showing character and indications of different types of alepa =====
Alepa has been given due importance as an initial treatment for all types of sopha (swelling). Among the remedies applied internally and externally, it is superior to others because it alleviates pain instantaneously 18
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Type !! Pralepa !! Pradeha!! Alepa
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Characteristics
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Cold, thin, non-drying or drying
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Hot or cold, thick, little or non-drying
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Medium character
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Indications
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | --
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Pacifies ''[[vata]]-[[kapha]]'', cleanses, heals and alleviates inflammatory swelling and pain''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | Normalizes ''[[rakta]]'' and ''[[pitta]]''
|-
|}
''Lepa'' is of four types, viz. ''avachurnana'' (dusting), ''udvartana'' (anointing), ''jalapishtalepana'' (paste made by mixing with water), and ''rasakriyalepana'' (by mixing with semisolids). [Chakrapanidatta Chikitsa Sthana 7/84-96]<ref name=Cakrapani>Chakrapanidatta, Cakradatta (Chikitsasangraha). Edited by Priya Vrat Sharma. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha publishers; 2002</ref>
==== Method of application ====
==== Method of application ====
The method of use, quantity, time of application and other pharmacotherapeutic aspects are not in scope of this chapter. However, it is to be noted that an alepa is generally advised for application against the direction of the hair growth (pratiloma) to enhance its penetration (swedavahi shira) 23.
The method of use, quantity, time of application and other pharmaco-therapeutic aspects are not in scope of this chapter. However, it is to be noted that an ''alepa'' is generally advised for application against the direction of the hair growth (pratiloma) to enhance its penetration (''swedavahi shira''). [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/4]<ref name=Susrutha/>
The quantity, or dosage, of medication in the case of topical medicines is measured by the thickness of the layer of paste. Typically, it should be equivalent to the thickness of fresh skin of a buffalo 24. Thickness of a layer of pralepa should be equivalent to the thickness of a typical chandana (sandal paste) application. Pradeha is typically applied as a thick paste or bolus (pinda)25. Thus, it is thin and thick pastes for application of pralepa/anulepana and pradeha respectively 26,27.
==== Quantity and thickness of application ====
The quantity, or dosage, of medication in the case of topical medicines is measured by the thickness of the layer of paste. Typically, it should be equivalent to the thickness of moist skin of a buffalo. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/11] In current times, the thickness measures around 4-5 millimetre. <ref name="Patil lepa"> Patil S, Chaudhary AK. Topical dosages forms (Lepa Kalpana) of Ayurveda: An unexplored treasure. Int J Green Pharm. 2015;9(4):12. Accessed on June 1,2020.Available from https://www.greenpharmacy.info/index.php/ijgp/article/viewFile/579/492 </ref>
Thickness of a layer of ''pralepa'' should be equivalent to the thickness of a typical ''chandana'' (sandal paste) application. ''Pradeha'' is typically applied as a thick paste or bolus (''pinda'').[Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/6]<ref name=Susrutha/> Thus, it is thin and thick pastes for application of ''pralepa/anulepana'' and ''pradeha'' respectively. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/6]<ref name=Susrutha/><ref>YogindraNathSen, Charak. Nidana Sthana, Cha.1 Jwara Nidana ver.36. In: YogindraNathSen, Editor. Charakopaskara Charak Samhita.1st ed. ???;?</ref>
It can be stated that the thickness of applications as pradeha(thick paste) is more than or equal to 4 to 5 mm. Pralepa (thin paste) applications include thickness less than 4 to 5 mm. <ref name="Patil lepa"/>
==== Indication and contraindications ====
==== Indication and contraindications ====
Hot pradeha is indicated in vāta and kapha ailments while cold pradeha in conditions due to pittaja and raktaja disorders 28. It is also stated that alēpa is indicated in non-suppurative, inflammatory swellings (avidagdha sopha) whereas pradeha/upnah (poultice) is used for suppurative swellings29. Pradeha could also be applied at night in case of swellings caused by vata and kapha30.
Hot ''pradeha'' is indicated in ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]'' ailments while cold ''pradeha'' in conditions due to ''pittaja'' and ''raktaja'' disorders. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/6]<ref name=Susrutha/> It is also stated that ''alepa'' is indicated in non-suppurative, inflammatory swellings (''avidagdha sopha'') whereas ''pradeha/upnah'' (poultice) is used for suppurative swellings. [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/6-9]<ref name=Susrutha/> ''Pradeha'' could also be applied at night in case of swellings caused by ''[[vata]]'' and ''[[kapha]]''.[Dalhana on Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/12-14]<ref name=Susrutha/>
Pastes should not be used at night. Stale paste, pastes applied on top of an existing layer, or repeating of used pastes are prohibited 31.
Pastes should not be used at night. Stale paste, pastes applied on top of an existing layer, or repeating of used pastes are prohibited. [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 18/12-14]<ref name=Susrutha/>
===== Cross references of external medications in [[Kushtha Chikitsa]] =====
Forms References Remarks
{| class="wikitable"
Avachurṇana CS.Ci.7/99, 104
|-
Alepa CS.Ci.7/95, 104
! Forms !! References !! Remarks
Alepana CS.Ci.7/99, 132
|-
Ghrishṭa CS.Ci.7/57
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Avachurṇana''
Lepa CS.Ci.7/53, 87, 93, 94, 96, 118, 127, 158, 167, 169 and 171
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/99, 104
Pragharshana CS.Ci.7/99, 104
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
Pralepa CS.Ci.7/128
|-
Pralepana CS.Ci.7/90, 130
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Alepa''
Pradeha CS.Ci.7/55, 57, 134, 157, 159
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/95, 104
Udvartana CS.Ci.7/104, 127, 128
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
Unmardana CS.Ci.7/95 Udvartana, Chakrapani
|-
Udgharsha CS.Ci.7/92 Avachurṇana, Chakrapani
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Alepana''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/95, 104
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Ghrishṭa''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/57
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Lepa''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/53, 87, 93, 94, 96, 118, 127, 158, 167, 169 and 171
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pragharshana''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/99, 104
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pralepa''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/128
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pralepana''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/90, 130
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Pradeha ''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/55, 57, 134, 157, 159
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Udvartana''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/104, 127, 128
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Unmardana''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/95
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Udvartana, Chakrapani''
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Udgharsha''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | CS.Ci.7/92
| rowspan="1" style="text-align: center;" | ''Avachurṇana, Chakrapani''
|-
|}
Regarding taila, sarshapa taila (mustard oil) is most commonly used in kushtha.
Regarding ''taila, sarshapa taila'' (mustard oil) is most commonly used in ''kushtha''.
A specific procedure for obtaining pharmacologically active extract from palasha (Butea monosperma), an anti-parasitic, has been mentioned in the text as palashanirdaharasa. It is obtained by uprooting and then cutting the tree off the main root, burning off the segment above the root and collecting the resulting juices in an earthen pot79. [15-16]
A specific procedure for obtaining pharmacologically active extract from ''palasha'' (Butea monosperma), an anti-parasitic, has been mentioned in the text as ''palashanirdaharasa''. It is obtained by uprooting and then cutting the tree off the main root, burning off the segment above the root and collecting the resulting juices in an earthen pot [Chakrapanidatta Sutra Sthana 3/3-17]<ref name=Cakrapani/> [15-16]
Vesavara is defined as mashed boneless flesh cooked with jaggery and ghrita, mixed with black pepper 81
''Vesavara'' is defined as mashed boneless flesh cooked with ''jaggery'' and ''ghrita'', mixed with black pepper [Chakrapanidatta Sutra Sthana 3/19]<ref name=Cakrapani/>
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==References==
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