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Cymbopogon citrates

Cymbopogon citrates

==== Pre-requisites of ''Panchakarma'' Procedure ====  

==== Pre-requisites of [[Panchakarma]] Procedure ====  

‎तान्युपस्थितदोषाणां स्नेहस्वेदोपपादनैः|  

‎तान्युपस्थितदोषाणां स्नेहस्वेदोपपादनैः|  

Therapeutic aptness or rational therapy depends on the ''matra'' (dose) and ''kala''(time). Success of the treatment depends on ''yukti'' (rational planning). But prior to the application of ''yukti'' (rational planning) the physician should always possess complete knowledge about drugs. [16]

Therapeutic aptness or rational therapy depends on the ''matra'' (dose) and ''kala''(time). Success of the treatment depends on ''yukti'' (rational planning). But prior to the application of ''yukti'' (rational planning) the physician should always possess complete knowledge about drugs. [16]

==== Description of various medicated ''yavagu'' [gruels] ====

==== Description of various medicated ''yavagu'' (gruels) ====

अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि यवागूर्विविधौषधाः|  

अत ऊर्ध्वं प्रवक्ष्यामि यवागूर्विविधौषधाः|  

# Gruel used in diarrhea due to ''pitta'' and ''kapha'': Gruel prepared with ''Shalaparni''(Desmodium gangeticum DC.), ''Bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''Bilwa'' (Aegle marmelos), ''Prishnaparni'' (Uraria picta Desv.),  ''Amla dadima'' (sour Punica granatum) is beneficial in ''pitta'' and ''shleshmaja atisara'' (diarrhoea with dominant ''pitta'' and ''kapha'').[20]

# Gruel used in diarrhea due to ''pitta'' and ''kapha'': Gruel prepared with ''Shalaparni''(Desmodium gangeticum DC.), ''Bala'' (Sida cordifolia), ''Bilwa'' (Aegle marmelos), ''Prishnaparni'' (Uraria picta Desv.),  ''Amla dadima'' (sour Punica granatum) is beneficial in ''pitta'' and ''shleshmaja atisara'' (diarrhoea with dominant ''pitta'' and ''kapha'').[20]

# Gruel in blood tinged diarrhoea : Gruel prepared with half part of water, half part of ''chaga dugdha'' (Goats milk), ''Hribera'' (Pavonia odorata Wild.), ''Utpala'' (Nymphaea alba Linn.), ''Nagara'' (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and ''Prishniparni'' (Uraria picta Desv.) is beneficial in ''raktatisaara'' (blood tinged diarrhea/dysentry). [21]

# Gruel in blood tinged diarrhoea : Gruel prepared with half part of water, half part of ''chaga dugdha'' (Goats milk), ''Hribera'' (Pavonia odorata Wild.), ''Utpala'' (Nymphaea alba Linn.), ''Nagara'' (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) and ''Prishniparni'' (Uraria picta Desv.) is beneficial in ''raktatisaara'' (blood tinged diarrhea/dysentry). [21]

# Gruel for diarrhoea with indigestion: Whereas in the case of diarrhea associated with ''Ama'', gruel prepared with ''Ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum), ''Amla dadima'' (Sour pomegranate Punica granatum Cim.)and Nagara (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is beneficial.[22]

# Gruel for diarrhoea with indigestion: Whereas in the case of diarrhea associated with ''Ama'', gruel prepared with ''Ativisha'' (Aconitum heterophyllum), ''Amla dadima'' (Sour pomegranate Punica granatum Cim.)and ''Nagara'' (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is beneficial.[22]

# Gruel for ''mutrakrichchra''(dysuria): In the case of 'mutrakrichchra''(dysuria) one should use the gruel prepared with ''Shwadamshtra'' (Tribulus terrestris), ''Kantakari'' (Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad.& Wendl.), and ''Phanita'' (a preparation of sugarcane).[22]

# Gruel for ''mutrakrichchra''(dysuria): In the case of 'mutrakrichchra''(dysuria) one should use the gruel prepared with ''Shwadamshtra'' (Tribulus terrestris), ''Kantakari'' (Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad.& Wendl.), and ''Phanita'' (a preparation of sugarcane).[22]

# Gruel for ''krimi'' (worm infestation): Gruel prepared with ''Vidanga'' (Embelia ribes), ''Pippalimoola'' (Piper longum), ''Shigru'' (Moringa oleifera Lam.), ''Maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''Souvarchala lavana'' (black salt) along with buttermilk is beneficial in treating ''krimi'' (worm infestations). [23]

# Gruel for ''krimi'' (worm infestation): Gruel prepared with ''Vidanga'' (Embelia ribes), ''Pippalimoola'' (Piper longum), ''Shigru'' (Moringa oleifera Lam.), ''Maricha'' (Piper nigrum) and ''Souvarchala lavana'' (black salt) along with buttermilk is beneficial in treating ''krimi'' (worm infestations). [23]

In the previous chapter on the [[Deerghanjiviteeya]] (Quest for longevity) plants and their different useful parts have been explained. There are however some other plants like ''Pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.), ''Maricha'' (Piper nigrum Linn.) which are also useful for panchakarma (five purificatory procedures), but not described in that chapter. Hence in this chapter remaining drugs which are useful for various bio-purificatory therapies and the objectives of applications are enumerated. The drugs mentioned in each group can be used either individually or in combination of as many as are available. [Su.Su.36/33]  

In the previous chapter on the [[Deerghanjiviteeya]] (Quest for longevity) plants and their different useful parts have been explained. There are however some other plants like ''Pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.), ''Maricha'' (Piper nigrum Linn.) which are also useful for panchakarma (five purificatory procedures), but not described in that chapter. Hence in this chapter remaining drugs which are useful for various bio-purificatory therapies and the objectives of applications are enumerated. The drugs mentioned in each group can be used either individually or in combination of as many as are available. [Su.Su.36/33]  

==== Herbs used For ''shirovirechana''(catharsis of cephalic region) ====

==== Herbs used For ''Shirovirechana''(catharsis of cephalic region) ====

The drug ''Apamarga'' (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) is considered to be the potential drug to eliminate vitiating factors from head. [Ca.Su.25/40] ''Surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), ''Shweta Surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), ''Phanijjaka'' (Origanum majorana), ''Kutheraka'' (Ocimum canum) are the drugs of ''Surasadi gana''. [Su.Su.38], and are said to be ''krimighna'' (antimicrobial) and ''kaphaghna'' (which alleviate phlegm). Chakrapanidatta terms ''Ajagandha'' as ''Ajamoda'' (Apium graveolens Linn.). The reference of ''krimi''(microbe) in the context of those invading the head and not of the body.[ ]    [ verse 1-6]

The drug ''Apamarga'' (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) is considered to be the potential drug to eliminate vitiating factors from head. [Ca.Su.25/40] ''Surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), ''Shweta Surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), ''Phanijjaka'' (Origanum majorana), ''Kutheraka'' (Ocimum canum) are the drugs of ''Surasadi gana''. [Su.Su.38], and are said to be ''krimighna'' (antimicrobial) and ''kaphaghna'' (which alleviate phlegm). Chakrapanidatta terms ''Ajagandha'' as ''Ajamoda'' (Apium graveolens Linn.). The reference of ''krimi''(microbe) in the context of those invading the head and not of the body.[ ]    [ verse 1-6]

==== Herbs used in enema ====  

==== Herbs used in enema ====  

Administration of liquid medicine through the rectal, urethral or vaginal route is collectively known by the term ''basti'' (enema) (Sha. Ut. 5/1). In general basti (enema) refers to the administration of medicine through any of the above said routes, but more particularly it refers to the therapeutic enema using the decoction through the rectal route. Administration of medicine done through the urethral or vaginal route is specifically known by the name uttara basti. Moreover the procedure is also practiced to administer the medicine into a sinus wound, where it is referred by the name vrana basti(wound enema).

Administration of liquid medicine through the rectal, urethral or vaginal route is collectively known by the term ''basti'' (enema) (Sha. Ut. 5/1). In general ''basti'' (enema) refers to the administration of medicine through any of the above said routes, but more particularly it refers to the therapeutic enema using the decoction through the rectal route. Administration of medicine done through the urethral or vaginal route is specifically known by the name ''uttara basti''. Moreover the procedure is also practiced to administer the medicine into a sinus wound, where it is referred by the name ''vrana basti''(wound enema).

Basti(enema) is a prime procedure among purificatory procedures.  It is described as the best line of treatment to cure the imbalances of vata. Simultaneously it is also true that this procedure is equally effective in rectifying the abnormal accumulation of pitta as well as kapha dosha.  

''Basti''(enema) is a prime procedure among purificatory procedures.  It is described as the best line of treatment to cure the imbalances of ''vata''. Simultaneously it is also true that this procedure is equally effective in rectifying the abnormal accumulation of ''pitta'' as well as ''kapha dosha''.  

Depending upon the composition of medicines used in the administration of enema, it is said to be of two types: asthapana or niruha (with decoction) and anuvasana(with oil).

Depending upon the composition of medicines used in the administration of enema, it is said to be of two types: ''asthapana'' or ''niruha'' (with decoction) and ''anuvasana''(with oil).

The decoction of herbs used for niruha or asthapana helps in keeping the body healthy as well as prolongs the life span. The enema administered using such herbs is referred as asthapana basti (Su. Chi. 35/17-18).  

The decoction of herbs used for ''niruha'' or ''asthapana'' helps in keeping the body healthy as well as prolongs the life span. The enema administered using such herbs is referred as ''asthapana basti'' (Su. Chi. 35/17-18).  

Likewise, the enema administered predominantly containing sneha (oil) is known as anuvasana basti. Among these two types of enema, niruha (decoction enema) is considered superior to anuvasana (oil enema) because it is more effective in the elimination of vitiated factors. Details about these drugs have been mentioned in [[Vimana Sthana]] (Cha. Vi. 8/ 138-144).   

Likewise, the enema administered predominantly containing ''sneha'' (oil) is known as ''anuvasana basti''. Among these two types of enema, ''niruha'' (decoction enema) is considered superior to ''anuvasana'' (oil enema) because it is more effective in the elimination of vitiated factors. Details about these drugs have been mentioned in [[Vimana Sthana]] (Cha. Vi. 8/ 138-144).   

The pharmacodynamics of systemic effect of basti (enema) may be understood through the absorption mechanism, concept of systems biology, neural stimulation mechanism, and excretory mechanism. As it is a homogenous emulsion mixture of honey, saindhava (salt), sneha dravya (oil/unctuous material), kalka (paste of drugs), and decoction of crude drugs which is given through rectum. Through rectal route large quantity of drugs can be delivered for systemic circulation. The concept of systems biology is that a change at cellular level can bring changes in tissues, organs and consequently in the whole body. As per recent advancements in medicine, the intestine not only is a highly vascular organ, but is also a highly innervated organ that forms ‘enteric nervous system’ (ENS). ENS may work synergistically with the central nervous system of body. The cleansing action of basti (enema) is related to the facilitation of excretion of morbid substances responsible for the disease process into the colon, from where it is evacuated. [ ]  

The pharmacodynamics of systemic effect of ''basti'' (enema) may be understood through the absorption mechanism, concept of systems biology, neural stimulation mechanism, and excretory mechanism. As it is a homogenous emulsion mixture of honey, ''saindhava'' (salt), ''sneha dravya'' (oil/unctuous material), ''kalka'' (paste of drugs), and decoction of crude drugs which is given through rectum. Through rectal route large quantity of drugs can be delivered for systemic circulation. The concept of systems biology is that a change at cellular level can bring changes in tissues, organs and consequently in the whole body. As per recent advancements in medicine, the intestine not only is a highly vascular organ, but is also a highly innervated organ that forms an "enteric nervous system" (ENS). ENS may work synergistically with the central nervous system of body. The cleansing action of ''basti'' (enema) is related to the facilitation of excretion of morbid substances responsible for the disease process into the colon, from where it is evacuated. [ ]  

[verse 11-14]

[verse 11-14]

==== Panchakarma therapy ====

==== [[Panchakarma]] therapy ====

The Sanskrit term panchakarma denotes five therapeutic procedures. Pancha(five), and karma (work) refer to the therapy that brings about homeostasis. Vamana (emesis), virechana (purgation), asthapana basti (enema), anuvasana basti (purgation) and nasya (nasal therapy) are the five procedures comprising panchakarma.  Sushruta enumerates vamana (emesis), virechana (purgation), basti (enema), nasya (nasal therapy) and raktamokshana (blood-letting) under five purificatory procedure.   

The Sanskrit term [[Panchakarma]] denotes five therapeutic procedures. ''Pancha''(five), and ''karma'' (work) refer to the therapy that brings about homeostasis. ''Vamana'' (emesis), ''virechana'' (purgation), ''asthapana basti'' (enema), ''anuvasana basti'' (purgation) and ''nasya'' (nasal therapy) are the five procedures comprising [[Panchakarma]].  Sushruta enumerates ''vamana'' (emesis), ''virechana'' (purgation), ''basti'' (enema), ''nasya'' (nasal therapy) and ''raktamokshana'' (blood-letting) under five purificatory procedure.   

Besides these five purificatory procedures, there are several other therapies like ashchotana, a method of administering medicine in to the eye that are capable of bringing about evacuation of the morbid vitiated factors from the body. However, only five major procedures are referred as panchakarma procedures. Ability of evacuation, superiority of efficacy, and enormity of the procedure, target dosha (vitiated factor) eradication and various other actions are characteristics of panchakarma.  Though specific procedures like anjana and ashchotana (application of medicine to eye) are capable of evacuating morbid vitiated factors, their efficacy is minimum and restricted to one organ. That is why these procedures are not enlisted in the class of panchakarma treatment.  

Besides these five purificatory procedures, there are several other therapies like ''ashchotana'', a method of administering medicine in to the eye that are capable of bringing about evacuation of the morbid vitiated factors from the body. However, only five major procedures are referred as [[Panchakarma]] procedures. Ability of evacuation, superiority of efficacy, and enormity of the procedure, target ''dosha'' (vitiated factor) eradication and various other actions are characteristics of [[Panchakarma]].  Though specific procedures like ''anjana'' and ''ashchotana'' (application of medicine to eye) are capable of evacuating morbid vitiated factors, their efficacy is minimum and restricted to one organ. That is why these procedures are not enlisted in the class of [[Panchakarma]] treatment.  

Elimination of vitiated factors from the body is the main aim of panchakarma. Pre-therapeutic procedures, snehana (oleation) and swedana (sudation) are done to shift dosha from peripheral tissues to gut for removal by panchakarma.  

Elimination of vitiated factors from the body is the main aim of [[Panchakarma]]. Pre-therapeutic procedures, ''snehana'' (oleation) and ''swedana'' (sudation) are done to shift ''dosha'' from peripheral tissues to gut for removal by [[Panchakarma]].  

There are certain situations in which snehana (oleation) and swedana (sudation) karma may not be necessary before administering bio-purificatory measures. In suitable cases and at appropriate times, a physician is required to eliminate,   vitiated factors from gastro-intestinal tract, dominated by kapha, responsible for causing fever by using emetic therapy. In this case emesis is administered even without oleation and sudation therapy.  

There are certain situations in which ''snehana'' (oleation) and ''swedana'' (sudation) ''karma'' may not be necessary before administering bio-purificatory measures. In suitable cases and at appropriate times, a physician is required to eliminate, vitiated factors from gastro-intestinal tract, dominated by ''kapha'', responsible for causing fever by using emetic therapy. In this case emesis is administered even without oleation and sudation therapy.  

Administration of fatty substances either through the internal route or external route is referred to as snehana chikitsa (oleation). Before evacuation, oleation helps in the mobilization of vitiated factors from the site of morbidity to the site of elimination.

Administration of fatty substances either through the internal route or external route is referred to as snehana chikitsa (oleation). Before evacuation, oleation helps in the mobilization of vitiated factors from the site of morbidity to the site of elimination.