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''Apamarga tanduliya'' or the “dehusked seeds of ''Apamarga''”, is the second chapter within ''Bheshaja'' (medicinal treatment) ''Chatushka'' (tetrad constituting four chapters) of [[Sutra Sthana]]. After reading this chapter, the student of Ayurveda would understand the practical application of bio-purificatory drugs and dietary preparations for purificatory measures suggested for the preservation of health and treatment of diseases.  

''Apamarga tanduliya'' or the “dehusked seeds of ''Apamarga''”, is the second chapter within ''Bheshaja'' (medicinal treatment) ''Chatushka'' (tetrad constituting four chapters) of [[Sutra Sthana]]. After reading this chapter, the student of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] would understand the practical application of bio-purificatory drugs and dietary preparations for purificatory measures suggested for the preservation of health and treatment of diseases.  

'''Keywords''': ''Apamarga tanduliya'', dehusked seeds, ''shirovirechana'', ''vamana'', ''virechana'', ''yavagu kalpana'' (gruel), purification therapies.  

'''Keywords''': ''Apamarga tanduliya'', dehusked seeds, ''shirovirechana'', ''vamana'', ''virechana'', ''yavagu kalpana'' (gruel), purification therapies.  

''Trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso), ''Triphala'' (Three myrobalans), ''Danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Wild.) Muell-Arg.), ''Nilini'' (Indigofera tinctoria Linn.), ''Saptala'' (Acacia concinna DC.), ''Vacha'' (Acorus calamus Linn.), ''Kampillaka''(Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.- Arg.), ''Gavakshi'' (Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrader), ''Kshirini'' (Mimusops hexandra Roxb.), ''Udakeerya''(Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre), ''Pilu'' (Salvadora persica Linn.), ''Aragwadha'' (Cassia fistula Linn.), ''Draksha'' (Vitis vinifera Linn.), ''Dravanti'' (Croton tinglium Linn.), ''Nichula'' (Barringtonia acutangula (Linn.) Gaertn.) are the drugs used for purgation when vitiating factors are located in ''Pakwaashaya'' (colon).[9-10]

''Trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum (Linn.) Silva Manso), ''Triphala'' (Three myrobalans), ''Danti'' (Baliospermum montanum (Wild.) Muell-Arg.), ''Nilini'' (Indigofera tinctoria Linn.), ''Saptala'' (Acacia concinna DC.), ''Vacha'' (Acorus calamus Linn.), ''Kampillaka''(Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.- Arg.), ''Gavakshi'' (Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrader), ''Kshirini'' (Mimusops hexandra Roxb.), ''Udakeerya''(Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre), ''Pilu'' (Salvadora persica Linn.), ''Aragwadha'' (Cassia fistula Linn.), ''Draksha'' (Vitis vinifera Linn.), ''Dravanti'' (Croton tinglium Linn.), ''Nichula'' (Barringtonia acutangula (Linn.) Gaertn.) are the drugs used for purgation when vitiating factors are located in ''Pakwaashaya'' (colon).[9-10]

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Trivrit

Trivrit

Operculina turpethum Hareetaki

Operculina turpethum Hareetaki

Thus ends the second chapter named [[Apamarga Tanduliya]] of [[Sutra Sthana]] of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charaka.[ end of chapter 2]

Thus ends the second chapter named [[Apamarga Tanduliya]] of [[Sutra Sthana]] of Agnivesha’s work as redacted by Charaka.[ end of chapter 2]

=== Tattva Vimarsha ===

=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===

* Body purification is an important method for disease management.  ''Shirovirachana'' (catharsis of the cephalic region) is indicated for disease in head region. ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is indicated for vitiated ''kapha'' disorders. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is indicated for vitiated ''pitta'' disorders.  ''Aasthapana'' (enema with decoction) and ''Anuvasana'' (enema with oil/unctuous substances) are indicated in vitiation of disorders of ''vata''.

* Body purification is an important method for disease management.  ''Shirovirachana'' (catharsis of the cephalic region) is indicated for disease in head region. ''Vamana'' (therapeutic emesis) is indicated for vitiated ''kapha'' disorders. ''Virechana'' (therapeutic purgation) is indicated for vitiated ''pitta'' disorders.  ''Aasthapana'' (enema with decoction) and ''Anuvasana'' (enema with oil/unctuous substances) are indicated in vitiation of disorders of ''vata''.

* Physicians require good memory, knowledge of etiology of diseases, self-restraint, and good presence of mind to be able to formulate Ayurvedic preparations and administer them to the patients.

* Physicians require good memory, knowledge of etiology of diseases, self-restraint, and good presence of mind to be able to formulate Ayurvedic preparations and administer them to the patients.

=== Vidhi Vimarsha ===

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

In the previous chapter on the [[Deerghanjiviteeya]] (Quest for longevity) plants and their different useful parts have been explained. There are however some other plants like ''Pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.), ''Maricha'' (Piper nigrum Linn.) which are also useful for panchakarma (five purificatory procedures), but not described in that chapter. Hence in this chapter remaining drugs which are useful for various bio-purificatory therapies and the objectives of applications are enumerated. The drugs mentioned in each group can be used either individually or in combination of as many as are available. [Su.Su.36/33]  

In the previous chapter on the [[Deerghanjiviteeya]] (Quest for longevity) plants and their different useful parts have been explained. There are however some other plants like ''Pippali'' (Piper longum Linn.), ''Maricha'' (Piper nigrum Linn.) which are also useful for panchakarma (five purificatory procedures), but not described in that chapter. Hence in this chapter remaining drugs which are useful for various bio-purificatory therapies and the objectives of applications are enumerated. The drugs mentioned in each group can be used either individually or in combination of as many as are available. [Su.Su.36/33]  

==== Herbs used For shirovirechana(catharsis of cephalic region) ====

==== Herbs used For ''shirovirechana''(catharsis of cephalic region) ====

The drug Apamarga (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) is considered to be the potential drug to eliminate vitiating factors from head. [Ca.Su.25/40] Surasa (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), Shweta Surasa (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), Phanijjaka (Origanum majorana), Kutheraka (Ocimum canum) are the drugs of Surasadi gana. [Su.Su.38], and are said to be krimighna (antimicrobial) and kaphaghna (which alleviate phlegm). Chakrapanidatta comments Ajagandha, as Ajamoda (Apium graveolens Linn.). The reference of krimi(microbe) in the context of those invading the head and not of the body.[ ]    [ verse 1-6]

The drug ''Apamarga'' (Achyranthes aspera Linn.) is considered to be the potential drug to eliminate vitiating factors from head. [Ca.Su.25/40] ''Surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), ''Shweta Surasa'' (Ocimum sanctum Linn.), ''Phanijjaka'' (Origanum majorana), ''Kutheraka'' (Ocimum canum) are the drugs of ''Surasadi gana''. [Su.Su.38], and are said to be ''krimighna'' (antimicrobial) and ''kaphaghna'' (which alleviate phlegm). Chakrapanidatta terms ''Ajagandha'' as ''Ajamoda'' (Apium graveolens Linn.). The reference of ''krimi''(microbe) in the context of those invading the head and not of the body.[ ]    [ verse 1-6]

==== Herbs used in therapeutic emesis ====

==== Herbs used in therapeutic emesis ====

These refer to the plants used for emesis for a disease that originates from the site of kapha; the upper portion of amashaya (stomach). Pitta vitiation may not require emesis, but when this aggravated pitta reaches the site of kapha, then it is to be eliminated through emesis. Different sites or parts of the body are associated with different dosha. So when a vitiated dosha leaves its own “site” and occupies the site of another dosha, then it is to be treated on the lines of treatment for the latter. [Ca.Ci.3/142] Among all plants enumerated for emesis Madnaphala (Catunaregam spinosa ) is considered important owing to its lesser side effects[Ca.Ka.1/13]  and its strong effect. [Ca.Su.25/40].  

These refer to the plants used for emesis for a disease that originates from the site of ''kapha''; the upper portion of ''amashaya'' (stomach). ''Pitta'' vitiation may not require emesis, but when this aggravated ''pitta'' reaches the site of ''kapha'', then it is to be eliminated through emesis. Different sites or parts of the body are associated with different ''dosha''. So when a vitiated ''dosha'' leaves its own “site” and occupies the site of another ''dosha'', then it is to be treated on the lines of treatment for the latter. [Ca.Ci.3/142] Among all plants enumerated for emesis ''Madnaphala'' (Catunaregam spinosa ) is considered important owing to its lesser side effects[Ca.Ka.1/13]  and its strong effect. [Ca.Su.25/40].  

Therefore, it is widely used in clinical practice. Apart from Madanaphala, five other drugs, and in total 355 formulations are described; One of these formulations is Krutavedhana (Luffa acutangula) kalpa (formulations). It is specially indicated to be effective for treating cases of kushtha (skin diseases), garavisha (slow poison) etc for therapeutic emesis.[ ]  [verse 7-8]

Therefore, it is widely used in clinical practice. Apart from ''Madanaphala'', five other drugs, and in total 355 formulations are described; One of these formulations is ''Kritavedhana'' (Luffa acutangula) ''kalpa'' (formulations). It is specially indicated to be effective for treating cases of ''kushtha'' (skin diseases), ''garavisha'' (slow poison) etc for therapeutic emesis.[ ]  [verse 7-8]

==== Herbs for virechana [therapeutic purgation] ====

==== Herbs for ''virechana'' [therapeutic purgation] ====

Evacuation of the fecal matter and other accumulated dosha(vitiated factors) in the lower gastrointestinal tract through the anal route is known as virechana karma(Ch. Ka.1/4). Among the three dosha the morbid accumulation of pitta dosha is best eliminated by this procedure. Abnormal accumulation of kapha dosha in the lower gastro intestinal tract or pitta sthana (place) is also treated by the virechana karma. This also includes treatment of vitiated dosha of the stomach, small intestine, liver and gall bladder, as well as a method of bringing them to the gastro-intestinal tract for their eventual expulsion from the body through rectum. This process not only eradicates the diseases of pitta and blood, but also it helps in rejuvenating all the tissues and organs in the abdomen, improving skin complexion, imparting longevity and increasing immunity.[Ca.Su.15/23; Su.Ci.33/18](Cha. Su. 15/23; Su. Chi. 33/18).

Evacuation of the fecal matter and other accumulated ''dosha''(vitiated factors) in the lower gastrointestinal tract through the anal route is known as ''virechana karma''(Ch. Ka.1/4). Among the three ''dosha'' the morbid accumulation of ''pitta dosha'' is best eliminated by this procedure. Abnormal accumulation of ''kapha dosha'' in the lower gastro-intestinal tract or ''pitta sthana'' (place) is also treated by the ''virechana karma''. This also includes treatment of vitiated ''dosha'' of the stomach, small intestine, liver and gall bladder, as well as a method of bringing them to the gastro-intestinal tract for their eventual expulsion from the body through rectum. This process not only eradicates the diseases of ''pitta'' and blood, but also it helps in rejuvenating all the tissues and organs in the abdomen, improving skin complexion, imparting longevity and increasing immunity.[Ca.Su.15/23; Su.Ci.33/18](Cha. Su. 15/23; Su. Chi. 33/18).

The selection of medicines for purgation depends upon, softness or hardness of bowel movements and constitution of the patient. Among the plants for purgation, Trivrit (Operculina turpethum) is considered the best because it causes comfortable evacuation. [Ca.Su.25/40].[ ]  

The selection of medicines for purgation depends upon, softness or hardness of bowel movements and constitution of the patient. Among the plants for purgation, ''Trivrit'' (Operculina turpethum) is considered the best because it causes comfortable evacuation. [Ca.Su.25/40].[ ]  

Operculina turpethum has anthraquinone glycoside also known as emodin. Unabsorbed in the small intestine, they are passed to the colon where bacteria liberates the active form, which either acts locally or is absorbed into circulation and gets excreted in bile to act on small intestine. The active principle is believed to work on myenteric plexus to increase peristalsis and decrease segmentation.

Operculina turpethum has anthraquinone glycoside also known as emodin. Unabsorbed in the small intestine, they are passed to the colon where bacteria liberates the active form, which either acts locally or is absorbed into circulation and gets excreted in bile to act on small intestine. The active principle is believed to work on myenteric plexus to increase peristalsis and decrease segmentation.

Cassia fistula’s laxative action comes from a group of well documented compounds called anthraquinones that are found in all cassia and senna plants in varying degrees.

Cassia fistula’s laxative action comes from a group of well documented compounds called anthraquinones that are found in all cassia and senna plants in varying degrees.

Eranda (Ricinus communis) is used widely as purgative. It mainly contains triglyceride of ricinoleic acid which is a polar long chain fatty acid. It is hydrolysed in the ileum by lipase to ricinoleic acid and glycerol. It is believed to irritate the mucosa and stimulate intestinal contractions. [ ] [ verse 9-10]

''Eranda'' (Ricinus communis) is used widely as purgative. It mainly contains triglyceride of ricinoleic acid which is a polar long chain fatty acid. It is hydrolysed in the ileum by lipase to ricinoleic acid and glycerol. It is believed to irritate the mucosa and stimulate intestinal contractions. [ ] [ verse 9-10]

==== Herbs used in enema ====  

==== Herbs used in enema ====  

Administration of liquid medicine through the rectal, urethral or vaginal route is collectively known by the term basti (enema) (Sha. Ut. 5/1). In general basti (enema) refers to the administration of medicine through any of the above said routes, but more particularly it refers to the therapeutic enema using the decoction through the rectal route. Administration of medicine done through the urethral or vaginal route is specifically known by the name uttara basti. Moreover the procedure is also practiced to administer the medicine into a sinus wound, where it is referred by the name vrana basti(wound enema).

Administration of liquid medicine through the rectal, urethral or vaginal route is collectively known by the term ''basti'' (enema) (Sha. Ut. 5/1). In general basti (enema) refers to the administration of medicine through any of the above said routes, but more particularly it refers to the therapeutic enema using the decoction through the rectal route. Administration of medicine done through the urethral or vaginal route is specifically known by the name uttara basti. Moreover the procedure is also practiced to administer the medicine into a sinus wound, where it is referred by the name vrana basti(wound enema).

Basti(enema) is a prime procedure among purificatory procedures.  It is described as the best line of treatment to cure the imbalances of vata. Simultaneously it is also true that this procedure is equally effective in rectifying the abnormal accumulation of pitta as well as kapha dosha.  

Basti(enema) is a prime procedure among purificatory procedures.  It is described as the best line of treatment to cure the imbalances of vata. Simultaneously it is also true that this procedure is equally effective in rectifying the abnormal accumulation of pitta as well as kapha dosha.