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Line 17: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − + − [[File:Pitta dosha and Agni.jpg|thumb|right|'''Fig.1: Agni and Pitta dosha''']]+ Line 48:
Line 58: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Agni is present in the form of [[pitta dosha]] in the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/11] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/9] It is a separate entity than [[pitta dosha]] as observed through various references.<ref>Agrawal AK, Yadav CR, Meena MS. Physiological aspects of Agni. Ayu. 2010;31(3):395-398. doi:10.4103/0974-8520.77159</ref> [[Pitta dosha]] can be considered as the facilitator for the process of agni.+ Line 63:
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Line 367: − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + − == Future areas of research ==+ + + − Research is needed to study the biological effects of various factors mentioned above. The role of hormones like insulin, thyroid hormones, growth hormones in regulating tissue metabolism is well studied. However, the pharmacological effect of various dietary recipes, lifestyle factors and medicinal formulations on these hormones needs to be elaborated. The focused study on relation of agni with theories of epigenetics, inflammation, gut microbiome can produce insightful outcomes and new treatment options. + − The personalized medicine and personalized diet patterns depend completely of individualistic patterns of agni. The concept can provide leads beyond current theories of calorie consumption and nutrition. + + − + − + + + + + + + − 2. Relation of Jaṭharagni and Dhatvagni clinical and experimental study by A.K.Mishra, Dept. of Kayacikitsa, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1972.+ − 3. Concept of Jaṭharagni by Tiwari Ashutosh, Dept of Basic Principles, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1980.+ − 4. Agni Vivecana by Govind Ram Paysi, Dept. of Basic Principles, N.I.A. Rajasthan University Jaipur, 1985.+ − 5. Concept of Dhatu and Dhatvagni W.S.R. to Asṭhi dhatu and Asṭhyagni By Madhavilatta G. Bhatt, Dept. of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar,1995.+ − 6. Doşadhātumalakşayavŗddhivijñānīya Adhyāya of Suśruta Saṃhitā & Assessment of the principle “Pūrvah pūrvoativŗddhatvātvardhayeddhi param” in context of Raktakşaya by Vaibhav Dadu, Dept. of Basic principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar, 2007.+ + + + + + + + + + Line 319:
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{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Agni
|title=Agni
|titlemode=append
|titlemode=append
|keywords=Agni, Agni Meaning, concept of agni, digestion in ayurveda, metabolism, factors affecting digestion, digestive health, panchamahabhuta, Grahani Chikitsa, Pitta dosha, Jatharagni, Bhutagni, Dhatvagni, Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, Indian system of medicine, alternative medicine
|keywords=Agni, Agni Meaning, concept of agni, digestion in ayurveda, metabolism, factors affecting digestion, digestive health, digestive disorders, prakriti and agni, Grahani Chikitsa, Pitta dosha, Jatharagni, Bhutagni, Dhatvagni, Deole Y.S., Basisht G., Bhojani M. Joglekar A., Kabadwal D., Charak Samhita, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, Indian system of medicine, alternative medicine
|description=Agni includes digestive or metabolic factors.
|description=Agni includes digestive or metabolic factors.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|type=article
|type=article
}}
}}
<p style='text-align:justify;'>‘Agni’ literally means fire. In [[Ayurveda]] biology, agni denotes all factors responsible for digestion and metabolism/transformation. (Code:SAT-B.488)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> It is the heat (ushma) generated from [[pitta dosha]] in the body. Therefore, all functions of agni are similar to [[pitta dosha]].
‘Agni’ literally means fire. In [[Ayurveda]] biology, agni denotes all factors responsible for digestion and metabolism/transformation. (Code:SAT-B.488)<ref>National AYUSH Morbidity and Standardized Terminologies Electronic Portal by Ministry of AYUSH Available on http://namstp.ayush.gov.in/#/sat</ref> It is the heat (ushma) generated from [[pitta dosha]] in the body. Therefore, all functions of agni are similar to [[pitta dosha]].
In [[panchamahabhuta]] (five fundamental elements), [[agni mahabhuta]] is the fire element. It is responsible for the transformation or change in the form of an element. This [[agni mahabhuta]] in macrocosm is represented by agni in microcosm of human body.
In [[panchamahabhuta]] (five fundamental elements), [[agni mahabhuta]] is the fire element. It is responsible for the transformation or change in the form of an element. This [[agni mahabhuta]] in macrocosm is represented by agni in microcosm of human body.
</p>
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Contributors
|title = Contributors
|data1 = Health / Agni (digestion capacity and digestive health)
|data1 = Health / Agni (digestion capacity and digestive health)
|label2 = Author
|label2 = Author
|data2 = Deole Y.S.
|data2 = Deole Y.S.<sup>1</sup>
|label3 = Reviewed by
|label3 = Co-authors
|data3 = Basisht G.
|data3 = Bhojani M.K.,<sup>2</sup> Kabadwal Dipti,<sup>2</sup>Joglekar A.<sup>3</sup>
|label4 = Affiliations
|label4 = Reviewed by
|data4 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar
|data4 = Basisht G.<sup>4</sup>
|label5 = Correspondence email:
|label5 = Affiliations
|data5 = carakasamhita@gmail.com
|data5 = <sup>1</sup> Department of Kayachikitsa, G.J.Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabhvidya Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
|label6 = Date of first publication:
|data6 = September 13, 2021
<sup>2</sup>Department of Sharir Kriya, A.I.I.A. , New Delhi, India
|label7 = DOI
|data7 = 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.073
<sup>3</sup> Department of Samhita Siddhant, A.I.I.A., New Delhi, India
<sup>4</sup> Rheumatologist, Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
|label6 = Correspondence email:
|data6 = dryogeshdeole@gmail.com,
carakasamhita@gmail.com
|label7 = Publisher
|data7 = [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Development Centre]], I.T.R.A., Jamnagar, India
|label8 = Date of first publication:
|data8 = September 13, 2021
|label9 = DOI
|data9 = 10.47468/CSNE.2021.e01.s09.073
}}
}}
== Importance ==
== Importance ==
<div style="text-align:justify;">
<div style="text-align:justify;">
Agni is a crucial factor in life. Diminution of agni is life-threatening. Normal functioning of agni leads to longevity. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/4] Sustenance of life, complexion, strength, health, nourishment, luster, [[ojas]], teja (energy) and prana (life energy) depend on the status of agni in the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/3] The quantity of diet is decided by agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/3] The digestion of food, metabolism, transformation, and nutrition of tissues depend on status of agni.
Agni is a crucial factor in life. Agni has been meant to be sign of healthy life in the body.<ref name=Agrawal>Agrawal AK, Yadav CR, Meena MS. Physiological aspects of Agni. Ayu. 2010 Jul;31(3):395-8. doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.77159. PMID: 22131747; PMCID: PMC3221079.</ref> Diminution of agni is life-threatening. Normal functioning of agni leads to longevity. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/4] Sustenance of life, complexion, strength, health, nourishment, luster, [[ojas]], teja (energy) and prana (life energy) depend on the status of agni in the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/3] The quantity of diet is decided by agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 4/3] The digestion of food, metabolism, transformation, and nutrition of tissues depend on status of agni.
It is an important factor for the assessment of health and disease. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8] State of equilibrium of agni is an important component of health. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 13/41]<ref>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> All diseases are caused due to impaired agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13] Proper metabolism is key to good health. Agni is the energy that drives all metabolic processes.<ref>Payyappallimana U, Venkatasubramanian P. Exploring Ayurvedic Knowledge on Food and Health for Providing Innovative Solutions to Contemporary Healthcare. Front Public Health. 2016;4:57. Published 2016 Mar 31. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00057</ref> Selection of medicine, route and time of administration is decided based on agni of the individual. The preparatory procedures of panchakarma like oleation therapy ([[snehana]]), dose of unctuous medicine, purification protocol and its follow up measures are subjected to assessment of agni.
It is an important factor for the assessment of health and disease. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 8] State of equilibrium of agni is an important component of health. [Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 13/41]<ref>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref> All diseases are caused due to impaired agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13] Proper metabolism is key to good health. Agni is the energy that drives all metabolic processes.<ref>Payyappallimana U, Venkatasubramanian P. Exploring Ayurvedic Knowledge on Food and Health for Providing Innovative Solutions to Contemporary Healthcare. Front Public Health. 2016;4:57. Published 2016 Mar 31. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00057</ref> Selection of medicine, route and time of administration is decided based on agni of the individual. The preparatory procedures of panchakarma like oleation therapy ([[snehana]]), dose of unctuous medicine, purification protocol and its follow up measures are subjected to assessment of agni.
The acceptance of macro and micronutrients in the body depends on the status of agni. It is a crucial factor for nutrition. Apart from gross digestion and metabolism, agni is responsible for bio-energetic and biochemical transformations in the body. The relation of agni with gut microbiome can be studied to explore new insights in medical treatments. This article describes the concept of agni in Ayurveda texts and its applications in current medical science.
The acceptance of macro and micronutrients in the body depends on the status of agni. It is a crucial factor for nutrition. Apart from gross digestion and metabolism, agni is responsible for bio-energetic and biochemical transformations in the body. Jatharagni especially converts heterogeneous component of food into homogenous and produces energy, which is essential for various vital function in the body.<ref>Vani G, Prasad J. Concept of Agni and Aharapaka (metabolic transformation) in ayurveda. Int Ayurvedic Med J 2013;1:1 7.</ref> The relation of agni with gut microbiome can be studied to explore new insights in medical treatments. This article describes the concept of agni in Ayurveda texts and its applications in current medical science.
==Meaning==
==Meaning==
=== Etymological derivation ===
=== Etymological derivation ===
Vanhi, pawaka, anala, vaishvanara, tejasa, shikhi
Vanhi, pawaka, anala, vaishvanara, tejasa, shikhi
The following synonyms specifically indicate Jatharagni in the body:
1) Vaishwanara: It is helpful in digestion of different types of food like eatable (ashita), drinkable (peeta), lickable (leedha), masticable (khadita) etc.
2) Sarvapaka: It states that the agni converts the heterogeneous form of heavy or light food component into homogeneous form.
3) Tanoonpata: This synonym is considered to be similar to the function of vitality or life. Where there is agni, there is life. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/5]
4) Amivachantana: It is responsible for prevention and cure of the disease or [[ama]] that is causative factor of all the types of diseases.
5) Damunas: It is the factor which is responsible for maintenance of healthy life.
6) Shuchi: It is considered as the purest form or purest entity. In context of digestion it might be considered as equilibrium form of digestive capacity (jatharagni), i.e. samagni.
Various synonyms like kaya agni [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 11/34], antaragni [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/3], udarastha agni, pachakagni [Su.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21] , Jatharanala [A.Hr.Sutra Sthana 13] , Paktru [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15] used to describe the jatharagni. It can also be compared with the 'audarya' type of 'teja' [Tarkasangraha].
=== Physiological entities resembling and comprising of jatharagni ===
1) Pachaka Pitta (Pitta responsible for digestion)
2) Shareeroshma (Body heat)
3) [[Teja mahabhuta]]
4) Digestive enzymes (salivary amylase, lipase , proteases , peptides) , gastric juices (hydrochloric acid , peptic acid), Hormones (ghrelin ,insulin , cortisol)
=== Agni and [[pitta dosha]] ===
=== Agni and [[pitta dosha]] ===
[[File:Pitta dosha and Agni.jpg|thumb|right|'''Fig.1: Agni and Pitta dosha''']]
Agni is present in the form of [[pitta dosha]] in the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 12/11] [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/9] It is a separate entity than [[pitta dosha]] as observed through various references.<ref name=Agrawal/> [[Pitta dosha]] can be considered as the facilitator for the process of agni.
The similarities and differences between Agni and Pitta can be given as below-
====A) Similarities between Agni and [[Pitta dosha]] ====
1. Both of these perform similar functions of dahana , pachana , abhipravartana (digestion , assimilation and transformation) of food
2. Both of these, when diminished state, can be ignited using the [[dravya]] of similar attributes like hot (ushna) , sharp (teekshana), liquid (drava) etc.
3. Both of these in increased state (vriddha avastha) respond to cold measures (sheeta kriya).
4. Heat (ushma) is considered as the function of normal [[pitta]] in the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 18/50]
==== B) Dissimilarities between Agni and [[Pitta dosha]] ====
1. In the manifestation of [[Grahani]] disease, vitiated [[pitta dosha]] is involved suggesting that both the agni and [[pitta dosha]] differ from one other. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/121]
2. In the palitya roga (Graying of Hair) involvement of both the body heat (shareera ushma-agni) and [[pitta dosha]] are mentioned separately suggesting that both of these are distinct entities. [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/132]
3. [[Pitta dosha]] is unctuous(snigdha) and flows downwards (adhogami), while agni is dry (ruksha) and goes upwards (urdhwagami) [A.Hr. Sutra Sthana 9/17]
4. The Ghee or ghrita pacifies the [[pitta dosha]], while it helps in ignition of agni. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43]
5. While describing the condition of [[swasthya]], both sama [[dosha]] and sama agni are mentioned depicting the distinction between the two entities. [Su. Sa. Sutra Sthana 15/41]
6. Consumption of fish , divaswapna (day sleep) can aggravate the [[pitta dosha]], but pacifies the agni. [Dalhana on Su.Sa. Sutra Sthana 21/9]
== Classification ==
== Classification ==
This agni is responsible for all amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes secreted by various exocrine glands in the gut, which actually cause digestion, i.e., breaking down different macromolecules into their constituent units.<ref>Patwardhan K/ Vidhi Vimarsha of Grahani Chikitsa. In Charak Samhita New Edition. Available from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Grahani_Chikitsa#Areas_of_Further_Research</ref>
This agni is responsible for all amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes secreted by various exocrine glands in the gut, which actually cause digestion, i.e., breaking down different macromolecules into their constituent units.<ref>Patwardhan K/ Vidhi Vimarsha of Grahani Chikitsa. In Charak Samhita New Edition. Available from https://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/index.php?title=Grahani_Chikitsa#Areas_of_Further_Research</ref>
2. Bhutagni has five fundamental elements, corresponding to respective mahabhuta. Those are: parthiva ([[prithvi mahabhuta]] dominant), apya ([[jala mahabhuta]] dominant), tejasa (teja or [[agni mahabhuta]] dominant), vayavya ( [[vayu mahabhuta]] dominant) and nabhasa ( [[akasha mahabhuta]] dominant). They act on the corresponding substrate based on [[mahabhuta]] composition to make them homologous to body constituents. This includes factors responsible for digestion and metabolism at the organic level. Five types of bhutagni act after jatharagni, but before dhatvagni on the food and its metabolites. This represents the basic metabolism of various food components and minerals at hepatic level like carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
2. [[Bhutagni]] has five fundamental elements, corresponding to respective mahabhuta. Those are: parthiva ([[prithvi mahabhuta]] dominant), apya ([[jala mahabhuta]] dominant), tejasa (teja or [[agni mahabhuta]] dominant), vayavya ( [[vayu mahabhuta]] dominant) and nabhasa ( [[akasha mahabhuta]] dominant). They act on the corresponding substrate based on [[mahabhuta]] composition to make them homologous to body constituents. This includes factors responsible for digestion and metabolism at the organic level. Five types of [[bhutagni]] act after jatharagni, but before [[dhatvagni]] on the food and its metabolites. This represents the basic metabolism of various food components and minerals at hepatic level like carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
This agni carries out the absorption of nutrients in the liver, which plays an essential role in metabolism. Several processes such as trans-amination, de-amination, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glycolysis etc. take place in the liver. Therefore, the overall intermediary metabolism (involving fats, carbohydrates and proteins) can be understood as the functioning of the bhutagni.
This agni carries out the absorption of nutrients in the liver, which plays an essential role in metabolism. Several processes such as trans-amination, de-amination, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, glycolysis etc. take place in the liver. Therefore, the overall intermediary metabolism (involving fats, carbohydrates and proteins) can be understood as the functioning of the [[bhutagni]].
[[File:Three classes of agni.jpg|thumb|right| '''Fig.2: Three classes of agni''']]
[[File:Three classes of agni.jpg|thumb|right| '''Fig.2: Three classes of agni''']]
3. Dhatvagni is present in the seven body tissue components ([[rasa dhatu]], [[rakta dhatu]] , [[mamsa dhatu]], [[meda dhatu]], [[majja dhatu]], [[asthi dhatu]] and [[shukra dhatu]]) and is responsible for transformation of one dhatu into another namely rasagni, raktagni, mamsagni, medo-agni, majjo-agni, asthi agni and shukra agni. This includes factors responsible for digestion and metabolism at [[dhatu]] (various tissues). This includes the endocrine and exocrine secretions, neurotransmitter and other chemical factors.
3. [[Dhatvagni]] is present in the seven body tissue components ([[rasa dhatu]], [[rakta dhatu]] , [[mamsa dhatu]], [[meda dhatu]], [[majja dhatu]], [[asthi dhatu]] and [[shukra dhatu]]) and is responsible for transformation of one dhatu into another namely rasagni, raktagni, mamsagni, medo-agni, majjo-agni, asthi agni and shukra agni. This includes factors responsible for digestion and metabolism at [[dhatu]] (various tissues). This includes the endocrine and exocrine secretions, neurotransmitter and other chemical factors.
The small portions of agni are present in each [[dhatu]]. The increase or decrease of these agni leads to depletion or overproduction of [[dhatu]] respectively. [A.Hri. Sutra Sthana 11/24] This suggests the negative feedback and autoregulatory mechanism of agni.
The small portions of agni are present in each [[dhatu]]. The increase or decrease of these agni leads to depletion or overproduction of [[dhatu]] respectively. [A.Hri. Sutra Sthana 11/24] This suggests the negative feedback and autoregulatory mechanism of agni.
All hormones (such as insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, testosterone etc.) that promote the transportation of various nutrients into the cells, along with the enzymes participating in the Kreb’s cycle, are to be included under the term dhatvagni.
All hormones (such as insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones, testosterone etc.) that promote the transportation of various nutrients into the cells, along with the enzymes participating in the Kreb’s cycle, are to be included under the term [[dhatvagni]].
All three classes with thirteen agni are interconnected and interdependent. The energy mechanism takes place in every body cell. This shows agni is present in every cell. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. The release of adenocine tri phosphate (ATP) to give energy is an example of agni working at cellular level.
All three classes with thirteen agni are interconnected and interdependent. The energy mechanism takes place in every body cell. This shows agni is present in every cell. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. The release of adenocine tri phosphate (ATP) to give energy is an example of agni working at cellular level.
== Location ==
== Location ==
The jatharagni is located in the the gastrointestinal tract (koshtha). The lower part of the stomach and duodenum (grahani) is the main site where the initial digestive process occurs. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/56-57], [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/10], [A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/50] The bhutagni mainly works in the liver and hepato-biliary system. Dhatvagni are located and work at their respective abodes of body tissues.
The jatharagni is located in the the gastrointestinal tract (koshtha). The lower part of the stomach and duodenum (grahani) is the main site where the initial digestive process occurs. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/56-57], [Su.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/10], [A.Hr.Sharira Sthana 3/50] Pittadhara kala (a layer responsible for [[pitta dosha]]) is responsible for the digestion of the gross components of the food in the body resembles the seat of jatharagni. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/18-19]. Nabhi (umbilicus) is the site of flame (jyoti sthana) or specialized seat of the agni in the abdominal region. [Su.Sa. Sharira Sthana 4/57] Jatharagni has similar character with pittoshma, which is the eminent component for digestion and situated in solar circle (surya mandala) in umbilicus.[Bhela Samhita]
The [[bhutagni]] mainly works in the liver and hepato-biliary system. [[Dhatvagni]] are located and work at their respective abodes of body tissues.
== Properties ==
== Properties ==
== Functions of agni ==
== Functions of agni ==
The important function of agni is digestion and transformation of ingested food substance to biologically acceptable form. Agni produces the essence or useful part of the food (anna rasa) and the waste part of the food (kitta bhaga). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]28/4] The essence of food is then circulated further for processing by bhutagni and dhatvagni. The waste part leads to formation of excretory products ([[mala]]) including stool (purisha), urine ([[mutra]]) and sweat (sweda).
The important function of agni is digestion and transformation of ingested food substance to biologically acceptable form. Agni produces the essence or useful part of the food (anna rasa) and the waste part of the food (kitta bhaga). [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 28/4] The essence of food is then circulated further for processing by [[bhutagni]] and [[dhatvagni]]. The waste part leads to formation of excretory products ([[mala]]) including stool ([[purisha]]), urine ([[mutra]]) and sweat ([[sweda]]).
The bhutagni acts for selective uptake of their corresponding components of food. Similarly, dhatvagni acts for selective transformation of food component into the respective body tissues. The waste products formed in this process lead to formation of metabolic wastes (dhatu mala) at various levels. Thus, agni plays vital role in formation and nourishment of body tissues.
The [[bhutagni]] acts for selective uptake of their corresponding components of food. Similarly, [[dhatvagni]] acts for selective transformation of food component into the respective body tissues. The waste products formed in this process lead to formation of metabolic wastes ([[dhatu]] [[mala]]) at various levels. Thus, agni plays vital role in formation and nourishment of body tissues.
Apart from digestion and metabolism, agni plays essential role in thermo-regulation, normal complexion, energy generation, strength and immunity.
Apart from digestion and metabolism, agni plays essential role in thermo-regulation, normal complexion, energy generation, strength and immunity.
Agni reduces the bulk and moisture. Thus, combustion and reduction are functions of agni.
Agni reduces the bulk and moisture. Thus, combustion and reduction are functions of agni.
== Physiological factors supporting agni ==
== Physiological factors supporting agni ==
==== 4. [[Snehana (unction therapy)|Oleation therapy]] or fats ====
==== 4. [[Snehana (unction therapy)|Oleation therapy]] or fats ====
The unctuous or fat portion of food enhances taste, stimulates and expedites digestion. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/25.2] The oleation theapy (snehana) is prescribed before purification process to correct digestion. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13] Administration of fat in moderate quantity is advised to kindle digestion in low digestive process. It is contraindicated in persons with polyphagia or aggravated pitta.
The unctuous or fat portion of food enhances taste, stimulates and expedites digestion. [Cha.Sa. [[Vimana Sthana]] 1/25.2] The oleation therapy ([[snehana]]) is prescribed before purification process to correct digestion. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13] Administration of fat in moderate quantity is advised to kindle digestion in low digestive process. It is contraindicated in persons with polyphagia or aggravated [[pitta]].
=== II. Pathophysiological conditions ===
=== II. Pathophysiological conditions ===
==== 5. Status of pitta dosha ====
==== 5. Status of [[pitta dosha]] and [[rakta dhatu]] ====
Individuals with highly aggravated [[pitta dosha]] in duodenum have excessive digestive strength. Therefore, are able to digest and metabolize fats easily. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/70] The circadian variation of [[pitta dosha]] may also influence the status of agni.
Individuals with highly aggravated [[pitta dosha]] in duodenum have excessive digestive strength. Therefore, are able to digest and metabolize fats easily. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/70] The circadian variation of [[pitta dosha]] may also influence the status of agni.
Proper physiological functioning of the agni is considered to the resultant of the vishuddha (pure) rakta dhatu in the body. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 24/24]. Abnormalities in [[rakta dhatu]] can result in disorders of agni.
==== 6. Purification procedures ====
==== 6. Purification procedures ====
The digestion is weakened after administration of purification procedures. Therefore, a specific diet pattern (sansarjana krama) is prescribed to correct digestion as a follow up protocol. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/16]
The digestion is weakened after administration of [[purification]] procedures. Therefore, a specific diet pattern (sansarjana krama) is prescribed to correct digestion as a follow up protocol. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 15/16] On the contrary,
proper purification ([[shodhana]]) including [[vamana]] , [[virechana]] and [[basti]] [Cha. Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]], 1/17,27,42] leads to the optimum ignition of agni in the body. [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 16/ 6, 17] Depletion therapies ([[Apatarpana]] or [[langhana]]) also leads to normalizing agni in proper way and diminution when performed in excess. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 23/27]
==== 7. Excess fat deposition or corpulence (aavarana of vata dosha by meda) ====
==== 7. Excess fat deposition or corpulence (aavarana of [[vata dosha]] by [[meda]]) ====
Due to the obstruction of body channels by [[Meda dhatu|medas]], the movement of [[vata dosha]] is specially confined to koshtha (gut). This results in stimulation of agni and rapid digestion of food. Hence, the person quickly feels hunger pains and suffers from voracious appetite. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/5-6]
Due to the obstruction of body channels by [[Meda dhatu|medas]], the movement of [[vata dosha]] is specially confined to koshtha (gut). This results in stimulation of agni and rapid digestion of food. Hence, the person quickly feels hunger pains and suffers from voracious appetite. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 21/5-6]
==== 10. Age ====
==== 10. Age ====
The strength of agni is at peak in young and middle age. It is low in old age. The ageing process adversely affects agni. Hence, the food pattern shall be modified as per age.
The strength of agni is at peak in young and middle age. It is low in old age. The ageing process adversely affects agni. Hence, the food pattern shall be modified as per age.
==== 11.[[Dravya]] (medication) ====
The consumption of [[dravya]] like ghee, Drakshasava, Snehapana or Snehakarma in general can lead to the ignition and improvement of the status of agni [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 13/43] , [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]]13/58] , [Cha. Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/4] , [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/201]. [[Deepana]] and [[pachana]] are lead to the ignition of agni and digestion of [[ama]] result in proper functioning of the agni [Sharangdhar Samhita Prathama Khanda 4/3-4]. The consumption of [[rasayana]] like Chyavanprasha , Bhallataka rasayana help in improving the agni and digestive function in general [Cha. Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/74] , [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/2/17].
==== 12. [[Prakriti]] (body constitution) ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table : Relation of jatharagni with [[prakriti]]
|-
! Strength of jatharagni !! [[Prakriti]]
|-
| Pravara (High) || [[Pitta]]
|-
| Heena (Low) || [[Kapha]]
|-
| Vishama (Irregular) || [[Vata]]
|-
| Sama (Equilibrium)|| Equilibrium (Sama) [[Prakriti]]
|}
== Assessment of agni ==
== Assessment of agni ==
Singh A, Patwardhan K. et. al. developed and validated a self-assessment tool to estimate strength of agni. The study also evaluated the practical utility of developed tool by recording serum lipid parameters. Lipid parameters vary significantly according to the status of agni.<ref>Singh A, Singh G, Patwardhan K, Gehlot S. Development, Validation and Verification of a Self-Assessment Tool to Estimate Agnibala (Digestive Strength). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Jan;22(1):134-140. doi: 10.1177/2156587216656117. Epub 2016 Jul 4.</ref>
Singh A, Patwardhan K. et. al. developed and validated a self-assessment tool to estimate strength of agni. The study also evaluated the practical utility of developed tool by recording serum lipid parameters. Lipid parameters vary significantly according to the status of agni.<ref>Singh A, Singh G, Patwardhan K, Gehlot S. Development, Validation and Verification of a Self-Assessment Tool to Estimate Agnibala (Digestive Strength). J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Jan;22(1):134-140. doi: 10.1177/2156587216656117. Epub 2016 Jul 4.</ref>
Eswaran H. T. et. al. prepared an agni assessment scale comprising 64 questions to evaluate the four types of agni. The study has validated a scale for internal consistency.<ref>Eswaran HT, Kavita MB, Tripaty TB, and Shivakumar. Formation and validation of questionnaire to assess Jāṭharāgni. Anc Sci Life.2015 Apr-Jun; 34(4): 203–209.</ref>
Eswaran H. T. et. al. prepared an agni assessment scale comprising 64 questions to evaluate the four types of agni. The study has validated a scale for internal consistency.<ref name=Eswaran>Eswaran HT, Kavita MB, Tripathy TB, and Shivakumar. Formation and validation of questionnaire to assess Jāṭharāgni. Anc Sci Life.2015 Apr-Jun; 34(4): 203–209.</ref>
Patil VC, Baghel MS et. al. developed formulae to assess the digestive functions (agni) during the administration of snehana (internal oleation).<ref>Patil VC, Baghel MS, Thakar AB. Assessment of [[agni]] (digestive process) and [[koshtha]] (bowel movement with special reference to abhyantara [[snehana]] (internal oleation). Ancient Sci. Life. 2008; 28:26-28</ref>
Patil VC, Baghel MS et. al. developed formulae to assess the digestive functions (agni) during the administration of snehana (internal oleation).<ref>Patil VC, Baghel MS, Thakar AB. Assessment of [[agni]] (digestive process) and [[koshtha]] (bowel movement with special reference to abhyantara [[snehana]] (internal oleation). Ancient Sci. Life. 2008; 28:26-28</ref>
'''1. Vitiation of jatharagni:''' Disorders of digestive system, indigestion, acid peptic diseases, irritable bowel syndrome
'''1. Vitiation of jatharagni:''' Disorders of digestive system, indigestion, acid peptic diseases, irritable bowel syndrome
'''2. Vitiation of bhutagni:''' Disorders in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism at hepatic level, disorders due to fluid and electrolytes imbalance
'''2. Vitiation of [[bhutagni]]:''' Disorders in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism at hepatic level, disorders due to fluid and electrolytes imbalance
'''3. Vitiation of dhatvagni:''' Disorders of tissue metabolism and systems related to various dhatu and srotasa
'''3. Vitiation of [[dhatvagni]]:''' Disorders of tissue metabolism and systems related to various dhatu and srotasa
The respective biomarkers and diagnostic assessment tools can be utilized to understand pathophysiology of these diseases.
The respective biomarkers and diagnostic assessment tools can be utilized to understand pathophysiology of these diseases.
=== I. Lowered state of agni ===
=== I. Lowered state of agni ===
The lowered functions of agni can be managed by administration of low dose of unctuous substance (sneha) to kindle it. Deepana (stimulation) of agni is the main therapy. Various dietary recipes, lifestyle modifications, panchakarma therapies and medicines are prescribed in management of grahani are prescribed for restoring equilibrium state of agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15] The food, beverages and medicines with hot potency, sour and pungent taste are prescribed to kindle agni. [[Langhana]] (therapeutic fasting) is an important measure in the management of vitiation of agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/276]
The lowered functions of agni can be managed by administration of low dose of unctuous substance (sneha) to kindle it. [[Deepana]] (stimulation) of agni is the main therapy. Various dietary recipes, lifestyle modifications, panchakarma therapies and medicines are prescribed in management of grahani are prescribed for restoring equilibrium state of agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15] The food, beverages and medicines with hot potency, sour and pungent taste are prescribed to kindle agni. [[Langhana]] (therapeutic fasting) is an important measure in the management of vitiation of agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/276]
=== Food and beverages to kindle agni ===
=== Food and beverages to kindle agni ===
=== Therapeutic procedures ===
=== Therapeutic procedures ===
* Therapeutic purgation (virechana) [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/18]
* Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/18]
* Therapeutic enema with decoction (niruha basti) [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/42]
* Therapeutic enema with decoction (niruha [[basti]]) [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/42]
===Treatment for excess agni ===
===Treatment for excess agni ===
Excess agni is generally caused due to vitiation of pitta dosha. Hence treatment of pitta dosha is prescribed. The other condition is obstruction of vata dosha by excess fats (medasavritta vata), it causes excess stimulation of agni and polyphagia. This condition is treated with reducing therapy for fats (meda dhatu). It normalizes vata dosha and reduces appetite.
Excess agni is generally caused due to vitiation of [[pitta dosha]]. Hence treatment of [[pitta dosha]] is prescribed. The other condition is obstruction of [[vata dosha]] by excess fats (medasavritta vata), it causes excess stimulation of agni and polyphagia. This condition is treated with reducing therapy for fats ([[meda dhatu]]). It normalizes [[vata dosha]] and reduces appetite.
* Paravata fruit (Garcinia cowa ROxb.) is used to reduce agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/134]
* Paravata fruit (Garcinia cowa ROxb.) is used to reduce agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/134]
* The alangy / ankota phala (alangium salviifolium (Linn.F.) Wang.) is used to reduce excess heat caused by agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/159]
* The alangy / ankota phala (alangium salviifolium (Linn.F.) Wang.) is used to reduce excess heat caused by agni. [Cha.Sa. [[Sutra Sthana]] 27/159]
* Peya (thin gruel)
* Peya (thin gruel)
* Therapeutic purgation (virechana) [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/18]
* Therapeutic purgation ([[virechana]]) [Cha.Sa. [[Siddhi Sthana]] 1/18]
==Current researches==
'''Review articles exploring the Physiological aspects of agni '''
Many review articles throwing light upon understanding the physiological functioning of Agni in context to jatharagni are available in the public domain. Few important points like the explanation of the digestive and metabolic functions of Agni mention of various types of dietetic materials are digested by their own agni ([[bhutagni]]), encouraged and enhanced by antaragni (jatharagni), which is further digested and metabolized by [[dhatvagni]] to associate the body with the nutritional strength, complexion and happy life along with providing energy to the seven dhatus are discussed in the articles.<ref name=Agrawal/>
'''Jatharagni and Prakriti of young Indian adult population: A descriptive cross-sectional study'''
Agni is dynamic in nature and hence is responsible for all types of transformations in the body. It plays a very important role in the growth, development and maintenance of the body. There is a definite type of jatharagni for a particular [[prakriti]] and this is pre-determined at the time of conception. Understanding one's own agni and [[prakriti]] helps individuals choose a specific diet and regimes for a healthy life. One Observational study was planned on this concept. The study establishes the association between agni and dvandvaja (mixed with two dosha) [[prakriti]]. It was observed that vata-pitta [[prakriti]] individuals had teekshnagni, vata-kapha [[prakriti]] individuals had mandagni, and kapha-pitta prakriti had vishamagni. Although the results were promising, they should be proven with a larger sample size in different populations.<ref>Kuttikrishnan M, Sridhar R, Varghese EJatharagni and Prakriti of young Indian adult population: A descriptive cross-sectional study. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2022 Jan-Mar;13(1):100438. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.04.008. Epub 2022 Jan 29. PMID: 35101333; PMCID: PMC9034458.</ref>
'''Formation and validation of questionnaire to assess jatharagni '''
The assessment of the state of agni is very crucial in the practice of [[ayurveda]]. It acts as a window first to understand the individual's digestive system. Secondly the metabolism (digestion and absorption) of the food and medicine in an individual is based on the state of agni. There are very few or no tools based on Ayurveda to assess agni. Interviewing an individual based on a questionnaire will serve as effective tool in analysing the state of agni.<ref name=Eswaran/>
'''Efficacy of samsarjana krama in a patient with agnimandya due to [[vyadhi]] sankar: A case study'''
The effect of agni on thermoregulation, bio-energetics, pharmacological mechanisms are some key areas of research.
The case mentioned above was diagnosed with [[vyadhi]] sankara (complicated disease condition) in terms of [[ayurveda]], patient’s condition was deteriorating, because of the agnimandya. The dietary advice was given on the line of sansarjana krama in order to improve the status of agni, which was the root cause for multiple ailments. The agni improved and also nutritional status showed a little improvement with relief of symptoms like nausea, palpitation, pallor and cracking of lips after treatment.<ref>Mukta, Rao MV, Arora J.Efficacy of Samsarjanakrama in a patient with Agnimandya due to vyadhi sankar: A case study. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021 Jan-Mar;12(1):182-186. doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.01.004. Epub 2021 Feb 27. PMID: 33648827; PMCID: PMC8039330.</ref>
=== Theses done ===
=== Theses done ===
1. Correlation of Jaṭharagni and Dhatvagni by S.N.Tiwari, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Banaras Hindu university, Varanasi,1969
1. S.N.Tiwari. Correlation of Jaṭharagni and [[Dhatvagni]]. Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Banaras Hindu university, Varanasi,1969
2. A.K.Mishra. Relation of Jaṭharagni and [[Dhatvagni]] clinical and experimental study. Dept. of Kayacikitsa, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1972.
3. Ashutosh Tiwari. Concept of Jaṭharagni. Dept of Basic Principles, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1980.
4. Govind Ram Paysi. Agni Vivechana. Dept. of Basic Principles, N.I.A. Rajasthan University Jaipur, 1985.
5. Madhavilatta G. Bhatt. Concept of Dhatu and [[Dhatvagni]] W.S.R. to Asṭhi dhatu and Asṭhyagni. Dept. of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar,1995.
6. Srividya Iyer. Concept of Bhaishajya Kaala and its applicability in relation to Agni w.s.r. to Amlapitta. Dept. of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar,2003.
7. Manish Dhanani. Kale cha Arabhate Karma Yattat Sadhyati Dhruvam in context of Jatharagni-Mandya. Dept. of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar,2005.
8. Vaibhav Dadu. Doşadhātumalakşayavŗddhivijñānīya Adhyāya of Suśruta Saṃhitā & Assessment of the principle “Pūrvah pūrvoativŗddhatvātvardhayeddhi param” in context of Raktakşaya . Dept. of Basic principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar, 2007.
9. Kishor G Satani. An Applied Study of Interrelationship of Jatharagni and [[Dhatvagni]] in Context to Dhatuvriddhi, Dept. of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar, 2011.
10. Saylee H Deshmukh . Fundamental and Applied aspect of Lifestyle in Ayurveda classics and its role in Agnimandya, Dept. of Basic Principles, I.P.G.T.& R.A. Jamnagar, 2014.
== Future areas of research ==
Research is needed to study the biological effects of various factors mentioned above. The role of hormones like insulin, thyroid hormones, growth hormones in regulating tissue metabolism is well studied. However, the pharmacological effect of various dietary recipes, lifestyle factors and medicinal formulations on these hormones needs to be elaborated. The focused study on relation of agni with theories of epigenetics, inflammation, gut microbiome can produce insightful outcomes and new treatment options.
The personalized medicine and personalized diet patterns depend completely of individualistic patterns of agni. The concept can provide leads beyond current theories of calorie consumption and nutrition.
The effect of agni on thermoregulation, bio-energetics, pharmacological mechanisms are some key areas of research.
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==Related chapters==
==Related chapters==
[[Grahani Chikitsa Adhyaya]], [[Trividhakukshiya Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Ahara vidhi]]
[[Grahani Chikitsa Adhyaya]], [[Trividhakukshiya Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Rasa Vimana Adhyaya]], [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]], [[Agni mahabhuta]], [[Ahara vidhi]], [[Dhatvagni]], [[Bhutagni]], [[Acid peptic diseases]], [[Deepana]], [[Pachana]]
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