Changes

== Chapter 4. Three-fold clinical examination for comprehensive diagnosis of diseases- [[Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana adhyaya]]  ==

== Chapter 4. Three-fold clinical examination for comprehensive diagnosis of diseases- [[Trividha Roga Vishesha Vijnaniya Vimana adhyaya]]  ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter deals with three methods of clinical examinations useful for understanding specific characteristics of diseases. These three methods are [[Aaptopadesha pramana|aptopadesha]] (authoritative instructions), [[Pratyaksha pramana|pratyaksha]] (direct observation) and [[Anumana pramana|anumana]] (inference). These methods play a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of a disease, but also in understanding whatever is knowable. In the beginning, one should faithfully go through the available authoritative literature available in that field of study. As per the guidelines of the literature, the physician should then proceed to perceive the direct observations, by his own senses. Many aspects of an ailment which are not perceivable by senses can be inferred by logic based on scriptures and by consulting experts. In this chapter, a set of assessment criteria has been provided for each method including pointers that help in determining what is to be examined by which method, how should something be examined, and what is to be inferred and on what basis, along with the authoritative sources of knowledge. </div>

== Chapter 5. Systemic biological transport in Human Body – [[Sroto Vimana]] ==

== Chapter 5. Systemic biological transport in Human Body – [[Sroto Vimana]] ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">[[Ayurveda]] describes a systemic biological transport system comprising of gross and minute as well as very subtle channels transporting not only fluids, nutrients and waste products but also energies and impulses in different biological settings. These channels are called as [[srotas]]. The [[srotas]]  are innumerable, but 13 gross channels are clinically approachable and are affected in different disease states with specific manifestations. These 13 gross channels comprise of three channels which transfer life-support substances from outside to inside the body and are called pranavaha (carrying vital energy), udakavaha (carrying body water) and annavaha srotas (carrying food nutrients). Another three channels perform gross excretory functions and remove faeces, urine and sweat and are called purishavaha, mutravaha and swedavaha srotas respectively. The remaining seven channels are for sustenance of the seven primordial tissues or dhatus and are collectively called sapta [[dhatu]]s.  Besides these gross channels, the living body has innumerable micro-channels responsible for secretion, synthesis and microcirculation of different life substances. There are as many srotamsi as there are life-factors operating in the body. These channels are prone to getting vitiated and obstructed, a fundamental reason for all pathologies in the body-mind system. [[Ama]], the byproduct of diminished [[agni]], is the most common cause of srotodushti (vitiation of transport system). There are four broad categories of srotas morbidity viz. hyperactivity, hypoactivity, distortions and swellings, and diversions of pathway. It is imperative to conserve the integrity of the srotamsi for good health. Ayurvedic srotovijnana is a unique approach to the understanding of macro, micro and molecular dimensions of the inner transport system of the living body. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">[[Ayurveda]] describes a systemic biological transport system comprising of gross and minute as well as very subtle channels transporting not only fluids, nutrients and waste products but also energies and impulses in different biological settings. These channels are called as [[srotas]]. The [[srotas]]  are innumerable, but 13 gross channels are clinically approachable and are affected in different disease states with specific manifestations. These 13 gross channels comprise of three channels which transfer life-support substances from outside to inside the body and are called pranavaha (carrying vital energy), udakavaha (carrying body water) and annavaha srotas (carrying food nutrients). Another three channels perform gross excretory functions and remove faeces, urine and sweat and are called purishavaha, mutravaha and swedavaha [[srotas]] respectively. The remaining seven channels are for sustenance of the seven primordial tissues or dhatus and are collectively called sapta [[dhatu]]s.  Besides these gross channels, the living body has innumerable micro-channels responsible for secretion, synthesis and microcirculation of different life substances. There are as many srotamsi as there are life-factors operating in the body. These channels are prone to getting vitiated and obstructed, a fundamental reason for all pathologies in the body-mind system. [[Ama]], the byproduct of diminished [[agni]], is the most common cause of srotodushti (vitiation of transport system). There are four broad categories of srotas morbidity viz. hyperactivity, hypoactivity, distortions and swellings, and diversions of pathway. It is imperative to conserve the integrity of the srotamsi for good health. Ayurvedic srotovijnana is a unique approach to the understanding of macro, micro and molecular dimensions of the inner transport system of the living body. </div>

== Chapter 6. Classification of Diseases – [[Roganika Vimana adhyaya]] ==

== Chapter 6. Classification of Diseases – [[Roganika Vimana adhyaya]] ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes criteria for classification and enumeration of diseases, agni (digestion capacity) and patients. Because of variable symptoms and pathogenesis, the diseases are innumerable and they are categorized in groups. The purpose of grouping is to find common modalities for treatment and diagnosis and it is essential to know the disease pathology at micro level. The source components of all the physical and mental disorders are tridosha (three morbid factors). There are three basic causes, viz. injudicious use of senses, intellectual errors and ignoring the bio clock. All diseases have common origin and pathway up to some level, which serves as criteria for grouping of ailments. The common criteria for the enumeration of diseases include prognosis, severity, location, nature of causative factors and site of origin. Classification of agni on the basis of strength is described in this chapter. [[Prakriti]] (constitution) as the parameter for the stratifying and clustering various types of patients and concept of psychosomatic diseases is highlighted. Primary and secondary diseases on the basis of priority of vitiation of doshas are explained for successful management of the disease. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">This chapter describes criteria for classification and enumeration of diseases, agni (digestion capacity) and patients. Because of variable symptoms and pathogenesis, the diseases are innumerable and they are categorized in groups. The purpose of grouping is to find common modalities for treatment and diagnosis and it is essential to know the disease pathology at micro level. The source components of all the physical and mental disorders are [[tridosha]] (three morbid factors). There are three basic causes, viz. injudicious use of [[Indriya|senses]], [[Prajnaparadha|intellectual error]]<nowiki/>s and ignoring the bio clock. All diseases have common origin and pathway up to some level, which serves as criteria for grouping of ailments. The common criteria for the enumeration of diseases include prognosis, severity, location, nature of causative factors and site of origin. Classification of [[agni]] on the basis of strength is described in this chapter. [[Prakriti]] (constitution) as the parameter for the stratifying and clustering various types of patients and concept of psychosomatic diseases is highlighted. Primary and secondary diseases on the basis of priority of vitiation of [[Dosha|doshas]] are explained for successful management of the disease. </div>

== Chapter 7. Types of patients and organisms affecting Human Body – [[Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana adhyaya]] ==

== Chapter 7. Types of patients and organisms affecting Human Body – [[Vyadhita Rupiya Vimana adhyaya]] ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">In this chapter, two subjects are described viz. 1. Two types of patients, based on the psychological types and physical strength are seen; 2. Knowledge of micro and macro organisms that affect human  body is given. These two topics seem different, however are connected in view of varied response of humans to exogenous causative factors of disease. The first type of responding individual exaggerates their symptoms (guruvyadhita) and other type understate their symptoms (laghuvyadhita). It is important to make correct assessment of their condition to know the prognosis for proper treatment.  Knowledge of micro and macro organisms affecting the body, their etiological factors, site (location), classification, morphology, pathology, nomenclature and treatment is described. These organisms termed as ‘krimi’ have both internal and external manifestations. Three internal types explained on the basis of their origin are raktaja (originating in blood), shleshmika (originating due to kapha predominant factors), and purishaja (originating in feces). Three step treatment protocol has been mentioned i.e., nidana parivarjana (giving up etiological factors), apakarshana (extraction) and [[prakriti]] vighata (creating unsuitable environment for parasites). Thus the chapter narrates in detail about the methodology of analysis of krimi, their origin and ill effects and also the modes and medicaments to treat them. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">In this chapter, two subjects are described viz. 1. Two types of patients, based on the psychological types and physical strength are seen; 2. Knowledge of micro and macro organisms that affect human  body is given. These two topics seem different, however are connected in view of varied response of humans to exogenous causative factors of disease. The first type of responding individual exaggerates their symptoms (guruvyadhita) and other type understate their symptoms (laghuvyadhita). It is important to make correct assessment of their condition to know the prognosis for proper treatment.  Knowledge of micro and macro organisms affecting the body, their etiological factors, site (location), classification, morphology, pathology, nomenclature and treatment is described. These organisms termed as ‘krimi’ have both internal and external manifestations. Three internal types explained on the basis of their origin are raktaja (originating in blood), shleshmika (originating due to kapha predominant factors), and purishaja (originating in feces). Three step treatment protocol has been mentioned i.e., [[nidana]] parivarjana (giving up etiological factors), apakarshana (extraction) and [[prakriti]] vighata (creating unsuitable environment for parasites). Thus the chapter narrates in detail about the methodology of analysis of krimi, their origin and ill effects and also the modes and medicaments to treat them. </div>

== Chapter 8. Methods of conquering debate and disease – [[ Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana adhyaya ]] ==  

== Chapter 8. Methods of conquering debate and disease – [[ Rogabhishagjitiya Vimana adhyaya ]] ==  

<div style="text-align:justify;">This comprehensive and detailed chapter deals with assessment criteria of standard quality treatise, the teacher and the disciple, the means for receiving the knowledge from the treatise, method of discussion and its types- friendly or hostile, result of discussion, worth considering or worth discarding. It describes examination of ten entities to understand the state of health of the patient before starting the treatment. For providing treatment, physician should consider the strength of patient, severity of disease, [[prakriti]] (constitution), [[vikriti]] (nature of abnormalities), potency of drugs, season for purification therapy, and the status of the patients in context to use of drugs. Thus, this chapter gives a glimpse of how advanced the medical education in India was over two thousand years ago and how well the phenomenon of health was understood and managed. </div>

<div style="text-align:justify;">This comprehensive and detailed chapter deals with assessment criteria of standard quality treatise, the teacher and the disciple, the means for receiving the knowledge from the treatise, method of discussion and its types- friendly or hostile, result of discussion, worth considering or worth discarding. It describes examination of ten entities to understand the state of health of the patient before starting the treatment. For providing treatment, physician should consider the strength of patient, severity of disease, [[prakriti]] (constitution), [[vikriti]] (nature of abnormalities), potency of drugs, season for purification therapy, and the status of the patients in context to use of drugs. Thus, this chapter gives a glimpse of how advanced the medical education in India was over two thousand years ago and how well the phenomenon of health was understood and managed. </div>