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Sutra Sthana is the first section dealing with fundamental principles of [[[[Ayurveda]]]].

 

|description=Sutra Sthana is the first section dealing with fundamental principles of Ayurveda.

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title = [[Charak Samhita]] Sutra Sthana

|title = [[Charak Samhita]] Sutra Sthana-Preamble

|header1 = Sections

|label1 = Section/Chapter

 

 

|label2 = Preceding section

|label2 = Prior Section

|data2 = None

|data2 = None

 

|label3 = Succeeding section

 

|label3 = Next Section

|data3 = [[Nidana Sthana]]

|data3 = [[Nidana Sthana]]

 

|label4 = Other Sections

|label4 = All Sections

|data4 = [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data4 = [[Sutra Sthana]],[[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

 

|header5 = Chapters

 

 

|label6 = ''Bheshaja Chatushka''

|data7  = [[Yogesh Deole|Deole Y. S.]], [[Gopal Basisht|Basisht G.]]

|data6 = 1. [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]],  2.[[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]], 3. [[Aragvadhiya Adhyaya]], 4. [[Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya]]

 

|data8 = 2020

|label7 = ''Swastha Chatushka''

|data7 = 5. [[Matrashiteeya Adhyaya]], 6. [[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]], 7. [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]], 8. [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]

 

|header10 = Chapters

|label8 = ''Nirdesha Chatushka''

|label11 = Bheshaja Chatushka

|data8 = 9. [[Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya]], 10. [[Mahachatushpada Adhyaya]], 11. [[Tistraishaniya Adhyaya]], 12. [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]]

|data11 = 1. [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]],  2.[[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]], 3. [[Aragvadhiya Adhyaya]], 4. [[Shadvirechanashatashritiya Adhyaya]]

 

|label12 = Swastha Chatushka

|label9 = ''Kalpana Chatushka''

|data12 = 5. [[Matrashiteeya Adhyaya]], 6. [[Tasyashiteeya Adhyaya]], 7. [[Naveganadharaniya Adhyaya]], 8. [[Indriyopakramaniya Adhyaya]]  

|data9 = 13. [[Snehadhyaya]], 14. [[Swedadhyaya]], 15. [[Upakalpaniya Adhyaya]], 16. [[Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya]]

|label13 = Nirdesha Chatushka

 

|data13 = 9. [[Khuddakachatushpada Adhyaya]], 10. [[Mahachatushpada Adhyaya]], 11. [[Tistraishaniya Adhyaya]], 12. [[Vatakalakaliya Adhyaya]]

|label10 = ''Roga Chatushka''

|label14 = Kalpana Chatushka

|data10 = 17. [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya]], 18. [[Trishothiya Adhyaya]], 19. [[Ashtodariya Adhyaya]], 20. [[Maharoga Adhyaya]]

|data14 = 13. [[Snehadhyaya]], 14. [[Swedadhyaya]], 15. [[Upakalpaniya Adhyaya]], 16. [[Chikitsaprabhritiya Adhyaya]]  

 

|label15 = Roga Chatushka

|label11 = ''Yojana Chatushka''

|data15 = 17. [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya Adhyaya]], 18. [[Trishothiya Adhyaya]], 19. [[Ashtodariya Adhyaya]], 20. [[Maharoga Adhyaya]]

|data11 = 21. [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]], 22. [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya]], 23. [[Santarpaniya Adhyaya]], 24. [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]]

|label16 = Yojana Chatushka

 

|data16 = 21. [[Ashtauninditiya Adhyaya]], 22. [[Langhanabrimhaniya Adhyaya]], 23. [[Santarpaniya Adhyaya]], 24. [[Vidhishonitiya Adhyaya]]

|label12 = ''Annapana Chatushka''

|label17 = Annapana Chatushka

|data12 = 25. [[Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya]], 26. [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]], 27. [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], 28. [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]

|data17 = 25. [[Yajjah Purushiya Adhyaya]], 26. [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya Adhyaya]], 27. [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], 28. [[Vividhashitapitiya Adhyaya]]

 

|label18 = Sangrahadvaya

|label13 = ''Sangrahadvaya''

|data18 = 29. [[Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya]], 30. [[Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya]]

|data13 = 29. [[Dashapranayataneeya Adhyaya]], 30. [[Arthedashmahamooliya Adhyaya]]

 

}}

}}

== Preamble of Sutra Sthana (Section on Fundamental Principles) ==

'''<big>Preamble of Sutra Sthana ([[Section on Fundamental Principles]])</big>'''

<p style="text-align:justify;">Sutra Sthana is the first section dealing with fundamental principles of [[Ayurveda]].The [[Sutra Sthana]] (Section on fundamental principles) deserves the same place as the head deserves in the human body.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]]30/45] This important section lays the foundation for the whole Samhita by describing the basic principles. The word ''Sutra'' literally means a short sentence which has deep meaning. The name of section suggests that it is a chain of important principles in concise form.  Besides the fundamental principles, this section also establishes various technical terms that are used in subsequent sections of the samhita. This helps in providing a base to not just [[Ayurveda]] practitioners, but also to teachers, researchers, and scholars.  

<div style="text-align:justify;">The [[Sutra Sthana]] (Section on fundamental principles) deserves the same place as the head deserves in the human body.[Cha. Chi. 30/45] This important section lays the foundation for the whole Samhita by describing the basic principles. The word ''Sutra'' literally means a short sentence which has deep meaning. The name of section suggests that it is a chain of important principles in concise form.  Besides the fundamental principles, this section also establishes various technical terms that are used in subsequent sections of the samhita. This helps in providing a base to not just [[Ayurveda]] practitioners, but also to teachers, researchers, and scholars.  

 

From the standpoint of its structure, the Sutra Sthana consists of thirty chapters, grouped into eight logical contexts. The first seven ''Chatushkas'' (or tetrads, i.e., groups of four), while the last one is a a group of two chapters (sangrahadvaya). </p>

From the standpoint of its structure, the Sutra Sthana consists of thirty chapters, grouped into eight logical contexts. The first seven ''Chatushkas'' (or tetrads, i.e., groups of four), while the last one is a a group of two chapters (sangrahadvaya).

===Bheshaja Chatushka (four chapters on medicines)===

===Bheshaja Chatushka (four chapters on medicines)===

The first tetrad is also known as ''Bheshaja'' or the ''Aushadha''(medicine) ''Chatushka''. This tetrad deals with various medicines to be used in various forms either externally or internally.  

The first tetrad is also known as ''Bheshaja'' or the ''Aushadha''(medicine) ''Chatushka''. This tetrad deals with various medicines to be used in various forms either externally or internally.  

* The first chapter [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], explains important concepts such as [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Three Sharira Dosha and two Manas Dosha|''Tridosha'' (''Vata, Pitta and Kapha'')]], [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Rasa (taste sensations)|''Rasa''(taste)]], [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Six Basic Principles for direct knowledge|''Shat siddhanta'' (six basic principles)]], etc. which are integral to [[Ayurveda]] and used extensively throughout [[Charak Samhita]]. Besides these technical terms, the first chapter describes various medicines, like ''Phalini Dravya'' (therapeutically useful fruits as drugs), ''Moolini Dravya''(therapeutically useful roots as drugs), ''Mahasneha'' (four kinds of fats), ''Lavana''(salts), various types of ''mutra''(urine) and ''ksheera''(milk). The chapter emphasizes on the rational use of medications, since indiscriminate use of even good medicines can cause more harm than good. The chapter then goes on to explain the important concept of ''Trisutra'' (three principles of [[Ayurveda]]) i.e. ''hetu'' (causes), ''linga''(signs and symptoms) and ''aushadha'' (medicine).  

* The first chapter [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya]], explains important concepts such as [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Three Sharira Dosha and two Manas Dosha|''Tridosha'' (''Vata, Pitta and Kapha'')]], [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Rasa (taste sensations)|''Rasa''(taste)]], [[Deerghanjiviteeya Adhyaya#Six Basic Principles for direct knowledge|''Shad padartha siddhanta'' (six basic principles)]], etc. which are integral to [[Ayurveda]] and used extensively throughout [[Charak Samhita]]. Besides these technical terms, the first chapter describes various medicines, like ''Phalini Dravya'' (therapeutically useful fruits as drugs), ''Moolini Dravya''(therapeutically useful roots as drugs), ''Mahasneha'' (four kinds of fats), ''Lavana''(salts), various types of ''mutra''(urine) and ''ksheera''(milk). The chapter emphasizes on the rational use of medications, since indiscriminate use of even good medicines can cause more harm than good. The chapter then goes on to explain the important concept of ''Trisutra'' (three principles of [[Ayurveda]]) i.e. [[hetu]] (causes), ''linga''(signs and symptoms) and ''aushadha'' (medicine).  

* The second chapter ([[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]]) deals specifically with herbs and medicines to be used during and after [[Panchakarma]] (five methods of bio-purification). Thus, the first two chapters of this tetrad describe various medicines to be used internally.  

* The second chapter ([[Apamarga Tanduliya Adhyaya]]) deals specifically with herbs and medicines to be used during and after [[Panchakarma]] (five methods of bio-purification). Thus, the first two chapters of this tetrad describe various medicines to be used internally.  

* The third chapter ([[Aragvadhiya Adhyaya]]) advocates the use of topical medications, or medicines to be applied externally, i.e.,''lepa'' etc.  

* The third chapter ([[Aragvadhiya Adhyaya]]) advocates the use of topical medications, or medicines to be applied externally, i.e.,''lepa'' etc.  

The third tetrad, ''Nirdesha Chatushka'', is about instructions to health care providers.  

The third tetrad, ''Nirdesha Chatushka'', is about instructions to health care providers.  

* The first chapter [[Khuddakachatushpada]], deals with four aspects of therapeutics) - ''vaidya'' (physician), ''dravya'' (medicine), ''upasthata'' (nurse) and ''rogi''(patient). Four qualities of each of these aspects and prime importance of the physician among all of them.  

* The first chapter [[Khuddakachatushpada]], deals with four aspects of therapeutics) - [[vaidya]] (physician), [[dravya]] (medicine), [[upasthata]] (caretaker) and [[rogi]](patient). Four qualities of each of these aspects and prime importance of the physician among all of them.  

* The next chapter, [[Mahachatushpada]], explains the classification of diseases on the basis of prognosis. It is recommended in this chapter that the treatment should only be initiated after thorough diagnosis and identification of the disease, and the physician should refrain himself from treating the incurable diseases.  

* The next chapter, [[Mahachatushpada]], explains the classification of diseases on the basis of prognosis. It is recommended in this chapter that the treatment should only be initiated after thorough diagnosis and identification of the disease, and the physician should refrain himself from treating the incurable diseases.  

* The third chapter, ([[Tistraishaniya]]) deals with topics such as the three types of desires, strength, causes of diseases, diseases themselves, paths, physicians, and therapies.  

* The third chapter, [[Tistraishaniya]] deals with topics such as the three types of desires, strength, causes of diseases, their types, pathways, physicians, and therapies.  

* The last chapter , ([[Vatakalakaliya]]) deals with the good and bad qualities/functions of ''vata'', ''pitta'', and ''kapha''. A physician should have a thorough knowledge of the guidelines provided in this tetrad to succeed in his field.

* The last chapter, [[Vatakalakaliya]] deals with the good and bad qualities/functions of [[vata]], [[pitta]], and [[kapha]]. A physician should have a thorough knowledge of the guidelines provided in this tetrad to succeed in his field.

===Kalpana Chatushka (four chapters on therapeutic purification procedures)===  

===Kalpana Chatushka (four chapters on therapeutic purification procedures)===  

The next tetrad, ''Kalpanachatushka'', deals with the application of medicines in the form of various therapeutic purification procedures either in healthy or in diseased individuals. ''Shodhana'' (bio-purification procedures) is an important concept of [[Ayurveda]] prescribed for removal of toxic wastes from the body. To prepare the patient for bio-purification, he has to go through specific pre-shodhana procedures, such as ''snehana''(internal application of ''sneha'' (fat)) and ''swedana''(sweating), to mobilize toxic wastes within the body and excrete them out of the body.   

The next tetrad, ''Kalpanachatushka'', deals with the application of medicines in the form of various therapeutic purification procedures either in healthy or in diseased individuals. ''Shodhana'' (bio-purification procedures) is an important concept of [[Ayurveda]] prescribed for removal of toxic wastes from the body. To prepare the patient for bio-purification, he has to go through specific pre-shodhana procedures, such as [[snehana]](internal application of ''sneha'' (fat)) and [[swedana]](sweating), to mobilize toxic wastes within the body and excrete them out of the body.   

* The first chapter, [[Snehadhyaya]], provides the guidelines for proper use of ''sneha''(lipids) either for ''shodhana'' or for ''shamana'' (to appease/palliation) purposes. A patient who has successfully completed the ''snehana'' procedure is now subjected to ''swedana'' procedure.  

* The first chapter, [[Snehadhyaya]], provides the guidelines for proper use of ''sneha''(lipids) either for ''shodhana'' or for ''shamana'' (to appease/palliation) purposes. A patient who has successfully completed the ''[[snehana]]'' procedure is now subjected to ''[[swedana]]'' procedure.  

* The next chapter, [[Swedadhyaya]], explains the various types of ''swedana''(fomentation) recommended for various diseases. ''Snehana'' and ''swedana'' help the toxins to move towards the gut from where they will be expelled out of the body either through ''vamana''(therapeutic emesis) or ''virechana''(therapeutic purgation).  

* The next chapter, [[Swedadhyaya]], explains the various types of [[swedana]](fomentation) recommended for various diseases. [[Snehana]] and [[swedana]] help the toxins to move towards the gut from where they will be expelled out of the body either through [[vamana]](therapeutic emesis) or [[virechana]](therapeutic purgation).  

* The next chapter, [[Upakalpaniya]], emphasizes on how a physician should be well equipped before administering any ''shodhana'' procedure to any of the patients. This chapter provides the outline for a fully equipped hospital and standard ''vamana'' and ''virechana'' procedures.  

* The next chapter, [[Upakalpaniya]], emphasizes on how a physician should be well equipped before administering any ''shodhana'' procedure to any of the patients. This chapter provides the outline for a fully equipped hospital and standard [[vamana]] and [[virechana]] procedures.  

* The last chapter of this tetrad, [[Chikitsaprabhritiya]], depicts the importance of ''shodhana'' over ''shamana'' therapy. The details of properly / improperly administered ''shodhana'' procedures are discussed here. Important concepts like ''shuddha chikitsa'' (pure form of treatment)and ''svabhavoparamavada''(theory of natural destruction) etc. have also been described in this chapter.

* The last chapter of this tetrad, [[Chikitsaprabhritiya]], depicts the importance of ''shodhana'' over ''shamana'' therapy. The details of properly / improperly administered ''shodhana'' procedures are discussed here. Important concepts like ''shuddha chikitsa'' (pure form of treatment)and ''svabhavoparamavada''(theory of natural destruction) etc. have also been described in this chapter.

* The first chapter [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya]], provides the details of diseases like ''shiroroga''(diseases of the head), ''hridroga''(cardiac diseases), eighteen types of ''kshaya''(loss of body tissues), ''vidradhi'' (abscess) and ''madhumeha''(a clinical condition similar to diabetes mellitus).  

* The first chapter [[Kiyanta Shiraseeya]], provides the details of diseases like ''shiroroga''(diseases of the head), ''hridroga''(cardiac diseases), eighteen types of ''kshaya''(loss of body tissues), ''vidradhi'' (abscess) and ''madhumeha''(a clinical condition similar to diabetes mellitus).  

* The next chapter, [[Trishothiya]], elucidates various types of edema.  

* The next chapter, [[Trishothiya]], elucidates various types of edema.  

*The third chapter, [[Ashtodariya]], reveals the types of about 48 diseases that are caused by a combination of ''doshas''.  

*The third chapter, [[Ashtodariya]], reveals the types of about 48 diseases that are caused by a combination of ''[[dosha]]s''.  

*The last chapter, [[Maharoga]], is exclusively dedicated to the diseases caused by single ''doshas''(''vata'', ''pitta'', or ''kapha'').

*The last chapter, [[Maharoga]], is exclusively dedicated to the diseases caused by single [[dosha]]''(''[[vata]]'', ''[[pitta]]'', or ''[[kapha]]'').

===Yojana Chatushka (four chapters on guidelines for management of diseases)===

===Yojana Chatushka (four chapters on guidelines for management of diseases)===

The sixth ''Chatushka'', ''Yojanachatushka'', deals with aspects of treatment of various diseases.  

The sixth ''Chatushka'', ''Yojanachatushka'', deals with aspects of treatment of various diseases.  

* The first chapter of this tetrad, [[Ashtauninditiya]], describes eight types of people who are marginalized (or ridiculed) in the society due to their physical features. Out of these eight, only two i.e. ''atisthoola'' (morbidly obese) and ''atikrisha'' (emaciated) are described in detail because of their clinical significance along with their symptomatology and treatment.  

* The first chapter of this tetrad, [[Ashtauninditiya]], describes eight types of people who are marginalized (or ridiculed) in the society due to their physical features. Out of these eight, only two i.e. ''atisthoola'' (morbidly obese) and ''atikrisha'' (emaciated) are described in detail because of their clinical significance along with their symptomatology and treatment.  

* The next chapter, [[Langhanabrimhaniya]], describes six types of treatment i.e. ''langhana''(fasting), ''brimhana''(nourishing therapy), ''snehana'', ''svedana'', ''rukshana''(medical treatment for reducing fat) and ''stambhana''(astringent therapy) – primarily for managing ''atisthoola'' or ''atikrisha'' conditions, but also indicated for various other conditions described later in the Samhita. Out of these six, mainly two therapies i.e. ''langhana'' and ''brimhana'' have been described in greater detail.  

* The next chapter, [[Langhanabrimhaniya]], describes six types of treatment i.e. [[langhana]](fasting), [[brimhana]](nourishing therapy), [[snehana]], [[swedana]], [[rukshana]](medical treatment for reducing fat) and [[stambhana]](astringent therapy) – primarily for managing ''atisthoola'' or ''atikrisha'' conditions, but also indicated for various other conditions described later in the Samhita. Out of these six, mainly two therapies i.e. [[langhana]] and [[brimhana]] have been described in greater detail.  

* The third chapter, [[Santarpaniya]], deals with diseases caused due to over-nourishment or under-nourishment along with their treatment.  

* The third chapter, [[Santarpaniya]], deals with diseases caused due to over-nourishment or under-nourishment along with their treatment.  

* The last chapter of this ''Chatushka'', [[Vidhishonitiya]], deals with diseases that are not cured by any of the above-mentioned therapies and termed as diseases due to vitiation of ''rakta'' (blood). Such diseases, along with their etiology, symptomatology and treatment have been described in this chapter. Overall this tetrad deals with all types of treatment modalities that find extensive reference across the Samhita.

* The last chapter of this ''Chatushka'', [[Vidhishonitiya]], deals with diseases that are not cured by any of the above-mentioned therapies and termed as diseases due to vitiation of [[rakta]] (blood). Such diseases, along with their etiology, symptomatology and treatment have been described in this chapter. Overall this tetrad deals with all types of treatment modalities that find extensive reference across the Samhita.

===Annapana Chatushka (four chapters on food and beverages)===

===Annapana Chatushka (four chapters on food and beverages)===

* The next chapter [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya]], describes in detail the concept of Ayurvedic pharmacology in the form of ''rasa'' (taste), ''veerya''(drug potency), and ''vipaka''(final conversion of food/drug after the action of ''jatharagni''(digestive power) and ''prabhava''(specific action of a drug). This chapter also throws light on the important concept of ''viruddha ahara''(incompatible diet) which seems to be the primary cause of many diseases even today.  

* The next chapter [[Atreyabhadrakapyiya]], describes in detail the concept of Ayurvedic pharmacology in the form of ''rasa'' (taste), ''veerya''(drug potency), and ''vipaka''(final conversion of food/drug after the action of ''jatharagni''(digestive power) and ''prabhava''(specific action of a drug). This chapter also throws light on the important concept of ''viruddha ahara''(incompatible diet) which seems to be the primary cause of many diseases even today.  

* The third chapter, [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], provides details of Ayurvedic dietetics. This chapter details a wide variety of food and beverages, along with their medicinal values.  

* The third chapter, [[Annapanavidhi Adhyaya]], provides details of Ayurvedic dietetics. This chapter details a wide variety of food and beverages, along with their medicinal values.  

* The last chapter, [[Vividhashitapitiya]], deals with important concepts such as formation of body tissues from the diet consumed, immunity and immune-compromised individuals, diseases originated from various body tissues, and migration of ''dosha'' from ''shakha''(periphery or the tissue elements) to ''koshtha''(central part of the body or alimentary tract)and vice versa.

* The last chapter, [[Vividhashitapitiya]], deals with important concepts such as formation of body tissues from the diet consumed, immunity and immune-compromised individuals, diseases originated from various body tissues, and migration of [[dosha]] from ''shakha''(periphery or the tissue elements) to ''koshtha''(central part of the body or alimentary tract)and vice versa.

===Sangraha Adhyaya(two chapters on brief summary)===

===Sangraha Adhyaya(two chapters on brief summary)===

'''Researches on Chatushka in Sutra Sthana:'''  

'''Researches on Chatushka in Sutra Sthana:'''  

#Madhymati Dhamale, The study of Yojana Catuska of Caraka and Yojana for the management of Raktasrita Vyadhi (Hypertension). 2001. M.D. Thesis. I.P.G.T.R.A., Jamnagar

#Madhumati Dhamale, The study of Yojana Catuska of Caraka and Yojana for the management of Raktasrita Vyadhi (Hypertension). 2001. M.D. Thesis. I.P.G.T.R.A., Jamnagar

#Dandavate B.D., A comparative study of the sutrasthanam of Caraka Samhita. Ph.D. Thesis. Pune

#Dandavate B.D., A comparative study of the sutrasthanam of Caraka Samhita. Ph.D. Thesis. Pune

#Mallika K.J. Critical study of Svastha-Chatushka of Charaka w.s.r. to biophysical and biochemical changes in Ritu Sandhi. 2002. M.D. Thesis. I.P.G.T.R.A., Jamnagar

#Mallika K.J. Critical study of Svastha-Chatushka of Charaka w.s.r. to biophysical and biochemical changes in Ritu Sandhi. 2002. M.D. Thesis. I.P.G.T.R.A., Jamnagar

=== All abstracts ===

=== All abstracts ===

The new learners of Sutra sthana can read all abstracts of chapters of this section on [[Abstracts – Sutra Sthana]] page.

The new learners of Sutra sthana can read all abstracts of chapters of this section on [[Abstracts – Sutra Sthana]] page.  

 

    

    

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