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Laboratory Tests:
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==== Laboratory Tests ====
Blood Tests
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===== Blood Tests =====
1. Glucose  
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====== 1. Glucose Elevated: ======
Elevated:  
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Diabetes mellitus
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*Diabetes mellitus
Cushing’s syndrome
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*Cushing’s syndrome
Early phase of hypovolemic shock (bleeding)
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*Early phase of hypovolemic shock (bleeding)
Pheochromocytoma
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*Pheochromocytoma
2. Sodium:  
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Normal levels (135-145 meq/L):  
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====== 2. Sodium: ======
In most cases of dehydration (diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating)
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Within 8 hours of onset of acute bleeding
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*Normal levels (135-145 meq/L):
Hyponatremia (<135 meq/L)  
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**In most cases of dehydration (diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating)
>8 hours after onset of bleeding, when interstitial fluid moves into the intravascular space
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**Within 8 hours of onset of acute bleeding
Sometimes after repeated vomiting or severe diarrhea
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*Hyponatremia (<135 meq/L):
Water intoxication
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**>8 hours after onset of bleeding, when interstitial fluid moves into the intravascular space
Diabetic ketoacidosis (usually)  
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**Sometimes after repeated vomiting or severe diarrhea
Cerebral salt wasting (head injury, tumor)  
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**Water intoxication
Hypernatremia (>145 meq/L)  
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**Diabetic ketoacidosis (usually)  
Dehydration (sometimes)  
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**Cerebral salt wasting (head injury, tumor)  
Diabetes insipidus  
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**Hypernatremia (>145 meq/L)  
3. Potassium:  
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**Dehydration (sometimes)  
Hypokalemia:  
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**Diabetes insipidus  
Hyperaldosteronism
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Anorexia nervosa
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====== 3. Potassium: ======
Hyperthyroidism
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*Hypokalemia:  
Hyperkalemia:  
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**Hyperaldosteronism
Diabetic ketoacidosis (usually)  
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**Anorexia nervosa
4. Calcium:  
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**Hyperthyroidism
Hypercalcemia:  
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*Hyperkalemia:  
Hyperparathyroidism
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**Diabetic ketoacidosis (usually)  
Hypervitaminosis D  
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Hypocalcemia:
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====== 4. Calcium: ======
Diabetic ketoacidosis (usually)  
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*Hypercalcemia:  
5. CBC:  
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**Hyperparathyroidism
White blood cells increased or decreased in sepsis
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**Hypervitaminosis D  
6. Hematocrit (HCT):  
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*Hypocalcemia:
Decreased in water intoxication
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**Diabetic ketoacidosis (usually)  
7. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):  
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Increased in kidney failure
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====== 5. CBC: ======
Decreased in water intoxication
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*White blood cells increased or decreased in sepsis
8. pH  
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<7.3 (diabetic ketoacidosis)  
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====== 6. Hematocrit (HCT): ======
9. Proteins:  
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*Decreased in water intoxication
Hypoalbuminemia in liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, severe malnutrition
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10. Hormone levels:  
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====== 7. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): ======
ADH  
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*Increased in kidney failure
Decreased in central diabetes insipidus
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*Decreased in water intoxication
Increased in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus  
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ACTH may be increased in pituitary adenoma or adrenal hyperplasia
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====== 8. pH: ======
Cortisol may be increased in adrenal adenoma
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*<7.3 (diabetic ketoacidosis)  
Aldosterone may be increased in adrenal adenoma or primary hyperaldosteronism
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11. Urine Tests
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====== 9. Proteins: ======
Osmolality  
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*Hypoalbuminemia in liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, severe malnutrition
<200 mOsm/kg in psychogenic polydipsia, diabetes insipidus  
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Specific gravity  
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====== 10. Hormone levels: ======
<1.005 in diabetes insipidus
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*ADH  
Glucose  
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*Decreased in central diabetes insipidus
Untreated diabetes mellitus 1 or 2  
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*Increased in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus  
Pheochromocytoma; rare  
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*ACTH may be increased in pituitary adenoma or adrenal hyperplasia
Proteins  
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*Cortisol may be increased in adrenal adenoma
In nephrotic syndrome
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*Aldosterone may be increased in adrenal adenoma or primary hyperaldosteronism
Sodium  >20 meq/L: cerebral salt wasting
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Principles of management:
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====== 11. Urine Tests: ======
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*Osmolality  
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*<200 mOsm/kg in psychogenic polydipsia, diabetes insipidus  
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*Specific gravity  
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*<1.005 in diabetes insipidus
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*Glucose  
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*Untreated diabetes mellitus 1 or 2  
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*Pheochromocytoma; rare  
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*Proteins  
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*In nephrotic syndrome
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*Sodium  >20 meq/L: cerebral salt wasting
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====== Principles of management: ======
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The treatment modalities intended to pacify vata and pitta dosha are applied for management of trishna. Specifically rain water, water processed with drugs having manda (mild) and sheeta (cool) properties, various medicated ghee mentioned in the text are used to manage trishna.  
 
The treatment modalities intended to pacify vata and pitta dosha are applied for management of trishna. Specifically rain water, water processed with drugs having manda (mild) and sheeta (cool) properties, various medicated ghee mentioned in the text are used to manage trishna.