Changes

{{Infobox

{{Infobox

|title =  Ashtodariya Adhyaya

|title =  Ashtodariya Adhyaya

|data2 = ''Roga Chatushka''

|data2 = ''Roga Chatushka''

|label3 = Preceding Chapter

|label3 = Preceding Chapter

|data3 = [[Trishothiya]]

|data3 = [[Trishothiya Adhyaya]]  

|label4 = Succeeding Chapter

|label4 = Succeeding Chapter

|data4 = [[Maharoga]]

|data4 = [[Maharoga Adhyaya]]  

|label5 = Other Sections

|label5 = Other Sections

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data5 = [[Nidana Sthana]], [[Vimana Sthana]], [[Sharira Sthana]], [[Indriya Sthana]], [[Chikitsa Sthana]], [[Kalpa Sthana]], [[Siddhi Sthana]]

|data11 = [https://doi.org/10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.021 10.47468/CSNE.2020.e01.s01.021]

}}

}}

=== Abstract ===

<big>'''Abstract'''</big>

<div style="text-align:justify;">

 

In continuation of the previous chapter, this chapter delves into classifications of various diseases. Diseases have been broadly classified here into two groups – one comprising of diseases manifesting as a result of involvement of two or more ''doshas'' (''Samanyaja Vyadhi''), while the other focusing on diseases caused due to a single ''dosha'' (''Nanatmaja Vyadhi''). Forty-eight diseases have been enlisted with their types from diagnostic perspective in this chapter. The role of ''doshas'' in etiopathogenesis of the diseases, difference between the exogenous and endogenous diseases and their coexistence has also been described. In modern medicine, classification and knowledge of these diseases differs. Some diseases described in this chapter can be exactly correlated with diseases of modern medicine whereas some cannot be.

<div style="text-align:justify;">In continuation of the previous chapter, this chapter delves into classifications of diseases. Diseases have been broadly classified here into two groups – one comprising of diseases manifesting as a result of involvement of two or more doshas (Samanyaja Vyadhi), while the other focusing on diseases caused due to a single dosha (Nanatmaja Vyadhi). Forty-eight diseases have been enlisted with their types from diagnostic perspective in this chapter. The role of dosha in etiopathogenesis of the diseases, difference between the exogenous and endogenous diseases and their coexistence is also described. One to one correlation of these disease entities with those in conventional medicine has limited scope. Some diseases described in this chapter can be exactly correlated with diseases of conventional medicine whereas some cannot be. </div>

'''Keywords''': ''kapha, nija, pitta, sannipattika, vikara, vata,'' numerical classification of diseases.

'''Keywords''': ''kapha, nija, pitta, sannipattika, vikara, vata,'' numerical classification, diseases.

</div>

</div>

=== Introduction ===

 

 

== Introduction ==

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

Important principles of diseases in this section of the ''Roga Chatushka'' (tetrad on diseases) have been described. The preceding chapter provided a broader explanation for the cause of innumerable diseases due to ''dosha'' vitiation as well as variations in characteristics like pain, sign, etiology, site of origin, site of manifestation, symptoms and nomenclature. However, only the most important diseases, probably prevalent at that time, have been classified in view of prescribing treatment. Classification of these known diseases, based on characteristics provided above, and coupled with a few more variables such as prognosis, chronicity, treatment etc. have been done at various places within the [[Charaka Samhita]]. On critically analyzing, we find that the diseases have been classified into groups having as few as one to as many as eight diseases each.Three disease groups of twenty types each have been classified at the end. It has been observed that the listing of groups by diseases has been done in a descending order - from those having eight diseases to one  - because there are no other groups that have greater than eight types of diseases within them, except for the three groups with twenty types. Hence, these outliers (with twenty types) have been enumerated at the end rather than in the beginning of the chapter. Even though there are eighteen types of obstinate skin diseases, only the seven most obstinate ones have been enumerated here.  

Important principles of diseases in this section of the ''Roga Chatushka'' (tetrad on diseases) have been described. The preceding chapter provided a broader explanation for the cause of innumerable diseases due to ''dosha'' vitiation as well as variations in characteristics like pain, sign, etiology, site of origin, site of manifestation, symptoms and nomenclature. However, only the most important diseases, probably prevalent at that time, have been classified in view of prescribing treatment. Classification of these known diseases, based on characteristics provided above, and coupled with a few more variables such as prognosis, chronicity, treatment etc. have been done at various places within the [[Charak Samhita]]. On critically analyzing, we find that the diseases have been classified into groups having as few as one to as many as eight diseases each.Three disease groups of twenty types each have been classified at the end. It has been observed that the listing of groups by diseases has been done in a descending order - from those having eight diseases to one  - because there are no other groups that have greater than eight types of diseases within them, except for the three groups with twenty types. Hence, these outliers (with twenty types) have been enumerated at the end rather than in the beginning of the chapter. Even though there are eighteen types of obstinate skin diseases, only the seven most obstinate ones have been enumerated here.  

As mentioned above, various modes of classification have been used to classify diseases in the Samhita - some diseases have been classified only according to ''doshas'' involved, such as ''apasmara'' (epilepsy), ''akshi roga'' (eye diseases), ''mukha roga'' (diseases of oral cavity), ''pratishyaya'' (rhinitis) etc. In some cases, apart from ''doshas'', certain etiological factors have also been considered and nomenclature has been done accordingly e.g. in case of ''unmada, pandu roga, hridroga, chhardi, shosha, vrana'' etc. Some diseases have been classified taking into consideration only prominent clinical features, such as in the case of ''kushtha, kilasa, arsha, jwara,'' and ''aayama''.  In some cases, nomenclature is based on the site involved in pathogenesis, as in ''rakta pitta, kamala'' etc, while in some cases, severity has been the basis for classification e.g. ''vatarakta''. We also find groups containing sub-classes or sub-groups of diseases. This hierarchical basis has been used while classifying the three disease families mentioned that have twenty types of diseases. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' which are sub-classified into other diseases. Similarly, twenty types of ''pramehas'' are broadly classified into three groups on the basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned. ''Yoni vyapada'' (gynecological disorders) are broadly classified into diseases caused by ''dosha'' and diseases caused by amalgamation of ''doshas'' and ''dushyas'', with further sub-classifications. Thus, it can be said that classification has not been restricted to a single hierarchic pattern but a hierarchical system for disease classification as well. Still, the classification of all known diseases is not complete using the above mentioned system. Need-based or contextual re-classification of various disease groups can be found in many places within the Samhita.  

As mentioned above, various modes of classification have been used to classify diseases in the Samhita - some diseases have been classified only according to ''doshas'' involved, such as ''apasmara'' (epilepsy), ''akshi roga'' (eye diseases), ''mukha roga'' (diseases of oral cavity), ''pratishyaya'' (rhinitis) etc. In some cases, apart from ''doshas'', certain etiological factors have also been considered and nomenclature has been done accordingly e.g. in case of ''unmada, pandu roga, hridroga, chhardi, shosha, vrana'' etc. Some diseases have been classified taking into consideration only prominent clinical features, such as in the case of ''kushtha, kilasa, arsha, jwara,'' and ''aayama''.  In some cases, nomenclature is based on the site involved in pathogenesis, as in ''rakta pitta, kamala'' etc, while in some cases, severity has been the basis for classification e.g. ''vatarakta''. We also find groups containing sub-classes or sub-groups of diseases. This hierarchical basis has been used while classifying the three disease families mentioned that have twenty types of diseases. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' which are sub-classified into other diseases. Similarly, twenty types of ''pramehas'' are broadly classified into three groups on the basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned. ''Yoni vyapada'' (gynecological disorders) are broadly classified into diseases caused by ''dosha'' and diseases caused by amalgamation of ''doshas'' and ''dushyas'', with further sub-classifications. Thus, it can be said that classification has not been restricted to a single hierarchic pattern but a hierarchical system for disease classification as well. Still, the classification of all known diseases is not complete using the above mentioned system. Need-based or contextual re-classification of various disease groups can be found in many places within the Samhita.  

This lack of standardization or disease classification or nomenclature does warrant a need to frame some standards that are unanimously acceptable across the world. In fact, the need for standardizing disease classifications has been strongly aired by experts and this body of classification has been given the name of Ayurvedic Classification of Diseases (ACD). Moreover, considering the importance of traditional medicine, the World Health Organization (WHO) is also incorporating Traditional Medicine (TM) in ICD-11. WHO recently completed a survey among member nations and discovered that 82% of the world's population uses some form of TM.[2]  To bring all countries onto one platform for health management requires the inclusion of TM in ICD.  

This lack of standardization or disease classification or nomenclature does warrant a need to frame some standards that are unanimously acceptable across the world. In fact, the need for standardizing disease classifications has been strongly aired by experts and this body of classification has been given the name of Ayurvedic Classification of Diseases (ACD). Moreover, considering the importance of traditional medicine, the World Health Organization (WHO) is also incorporating Traditional Medicine (TM) in ICD-11. WHO recently completed a survey among member nations and discovered that 82% of the world's population uses some form of TM.[2]  To bring all countries onto one platform for health management requires the inclusion of TM in ICD.  

To make this happen, immense efforts are required to develop adequate nomenclature and classification for Ayurvedic diseases. However, there are practical challenges associated with correlating all these diseases mentioned in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] with modern disease families. For example, certain diseases or disorders such as ''kushtha, pandu, prameha, gulma,'' etc. may not have an equivalent in modern medicine. Some do have a direct correlation with those found or classified today, such as ''bhagandara, kamala, baddhodara, chidrodara, tamaka shwasa'' etc.  

To make this happen, immense efforts are required to develop adequate nomenclature and classification for Ayurvedic diseases. However, there are practical challenges associated with correlating all these diseases mentioned in [[Ayurveda]] with modern disease families. For example, certain diseases or disorders such as ''kushtha, pandu, prameha, gulma,'' etc. may not have an equivalent in modern medicine. Some do have a direct correlation with those found or classified today, such as ''bhagandara, kamala, baddhodara, chidrodara, tamaka shwasa'' etc.  

The relationship between the ''doshas'' and endogenous diseases can be explained using the following analogy mentioned in this text:  just as no bird (under the Sun) can fly without casting a shadow, no endogenous disease (caused by the disturbance of the equilibrium of ''dhatus'') can occur without the vitiation of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''. The exogenous diseases may or may not be caused due to a vitiated ''dosha'' but so far as their treatment is concerned, ''doshas'' need not be factored in. There is also a mention of exogenous and endogenous diseases coexisting together. Endogenous diseases are, at times, followed by the exogenous ones and vice-versa. While treating such conditions, one should start treatment on the basis of the secondary development and our understanding of the primary nature of the disease.

The relationship between the ''doshas'' and endogenous diseases can be explained using the following analogy mentioned in this text:  just as no bird (under the Sun) can fly without casting a shadow, no endogenous disease (caused by the disturbance of the equilibrium of ''dhatus'') can occur without the vitiation of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''. The exogenous diseases may or may not be caused due to a vitiated ''dosha'' but so far as their treatment is concerned, ''doshas'' need not be factored in. There is also a mention of exogenous and endogenous diseases coexisting together. Endogenous diseases are, at times, followed by the exogenous ones and vice-versa. While treating such conditions, one should start treatment on the basis of the secondary development and our understanding of the primary nature of the disease.

</div>

</div>

===Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation===

==Sanskrit text, Transliteration and English Translation==

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

अथातोऽष्टोदरीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  

अथातोऽष्टोदरीयमध्यायं व्याख्यास्यामः||१||  

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  

इति ह स्माह भगवानात्रेयः||२||  

athātō'ṣṭōdarīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  

athātō'ṣṭōdarīyamadhyāyaṁ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ||1||  

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  

iti ha smAha bhagavAnAtreyaH||2||  

We shall now expound the chapter on “Eight abdominal diseases. Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]

Now we shall expound the chapter "Ashtodariya" (Numerical Classification of Diseases starting from eight types of abdominal diseases). Thus said Lord Atreya [1-2]

==== Numerical classification of diseases ====

=== Numerical classification of diseases ===

अष्टावुदराणीति, अष्टौ मूत्राघाता:  अष्टौ क्षीरदोषा:, अष्टौ रेतोदोषा: ,सप्त कुष्ठानीति,सप्त पिडका:,  

अष्टावुदराणीति, अष्टौ मूत्राघाता:  अष्टौ क्षीरदोषा:, अष्टौ रेतोदोषा: ,सप्त कुष्ठानीति,सप्त पिडका:,  

पञ्च पाण्डुरोगा:, पञ्चोन्मादा:, चत्वारोऽपस्मारा:, चत्वारोऽक्षिरोगा:, चत्वारः कर्णरोगा:, चत्वारः प्रतिश्याया:,  

पञ्च पाण्डुरोगा:, पञ्चोन्मादा:, चत्वारोऽपस्मारा:, चत्वारोऽक्षिरोगा:, चत्वारः कर्णरोगा:, चत्वारः प्रतिश्याया:,  

चत्वारो मुखरोगा:, चत्वारो ग्रहणीदोषा:, चत्वारो मदा:, चत्वारो मूर्च्छाया:, चत्वारः शोषा:, चत्वारि क्लैब्यानि:,  

चत्वारो मुखरोगा:, चत्वारो ग्रहणीदोषा:, चत्वारो मदा:, चत्वारो मूर्च्छाया:, चत्वारः शोषा:, चत्वारि क्लैब्यानि:,  

त्रयः शोथा:, त्रीणि किलासानि, त्रिविधं लोहितपित्तम, द्वौ ज्वरO, द्वौ व्रणO, द्वावायामO, द्वे गृध्रस्यO,  द्वे कामले,  

त्रयः शोथा:, त्रीणि किलासानि, त्रिविधं लोहितपित्तम, द्वौ ज्वरO, द्वौ व्रण, द्वावायाम, द्वे गृध्रस्य,  द्वे कामले,  

द्विविधमामम, द्विविधं वातरक्तम, द्विविधान्यर्शांसी, एक ऊरुस्तम्भ:, एकः सन्न्यास:, एको महागद:, विंशतिः क्रिमिजातय:,   

द्विविधमामम, द्विविधं वातरक्तम, द्विविधान्यर्शांसी, एक ऊरुस्तम्भ:, एकः सन्न्यास:, एको महागद:, विंशतिः क्रिमिजातय:,   

विंशतिः प्रमेहा:, विंशतिर्योनिव्यापद: इति इति अष्ट्चत्वारिंशद्रोगधिकरणान्यस्मिन् संग्रहे समुद्दिष्टानि  ||3||

विंशतिः प्रमेहा:, विंशतिर्योनिव्यापद: इति इति अष्ट्चत्वारिंशद्रोगधिकरणान्यस्मिन् संग्रहे समुद्दिष्टानि  ||3||

<div style="text-align:justify;">  

<div style="text-align:justify;">  

There are eight types of ''udara roga'' (abdominal swellings), eight types of ''mutraghata'' (oliguria/anuria), eight types of ''ksheera dosha'' (disorders related to breast milk), eight types of ''reto dosha'' (disorders of semen), seven types of ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), seven types of ''pidaka'' (inflammatory swelling), seven types of ''visarpa'' (acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions like erysipelas ), six types of ''atisara'' (diarrhoeal diseases), six types of ''udavarta'' (abdominal diseases due to suppression of natural urges), five types of ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps/tumour), five types of ''pleeha dosha'' (disorders of spleen), five types of ''kasa'' (cough), five types of ''shwasa'' (dyspnoea), five types of ''hikka'' (hiccup), five types of ''trishna'' (thirst), five types of ''chhardi'' (vomiting), five types of ''bhaktasyanashanasthanani'' (anorexia), five types of ''shiroroga'' (diseases of head), five types of ''hridroga'' (diseases of heart), five types of ''panduroga'' (anaemia), five types of ''unmada'' (insanity), four types of ''apasmara'' (epilepsy), four types of ''akshiroga'' (disorders of eyes), four types of ''karna roga'' (disorders of ear), four types of ''pratishyaya'' (rhinitis), four types of ''mukha roga'' (oral diseases/buccal diseases), four types of ''grahani roga'' (assimilation disorders/malabsorption disorders), four types of ''mada roga'' (intoxication), four types of ''murchcha'' (fainting), four types of ''shosha'' (consumption/wasting disorders), four types of ''klaibya'' (sterility),  three types of ''shopha'' (swellings), three types of ''kilasa'' (vitiligo),  three types of ''rakta-pitta'' (coagulopathies), two types of ''jwara'' (fever), two types of ''vrana'' (wound),  two types of ''aayama'' (abnormal posture of body due to severe muscular spasm), two types of ''gridhrasi'' (sciatica), two types of ''kamala'' (jaundice), two types of ''ama'' (disorders due to indigestion and metabolism), two types of ''vatarakta'' (gout), two types of ''arsha'' (piles), one type of ''urustambha'' (spastic paraplegia), one type of ''sanyasa'' (coma), one type of ''mahagada'' (Pshyconeurosis), twenty types of ''krimi roga'' (parasitic infestations), twenty types of ''prameha'' (urinary disorders which are characterized by abnormal and increased frequency of urine), and twenty types of ''yoni vyapad'' (gynaecological disorders).  

There are eight types of ''udara roga'' (abdominal swellings), eight types of ''mutraghata'' (oliguria/anuria), eight types of ''ksheera dosha'' (disorders related to breast milk), eight types of ''reto dosha'' (disorders of semen), seven types of ''kushtha'' (skin disorders), seven types of ''pidaka'' (inflammatory swelling), seven types of ''visarpa'' (acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions like erysipelas ), six types of ''atisara'' (diarrhoeal diseases), six types of ''udavarta'' (abdominal diseases due to suppression of natural urges), five types of ''gulma'' (abdominal lumps/tumour), five types of ''pliha dosha'' (disorders of spleen), five types of ''kasa'' (cough), five types of ''shwasa'' (dyspnoea), five types of ''hikka'' (hiccup), five types of ''trishna'' (thirst), five types of ''chhardi'' (vomiting), five types of ''bhaktasyanashanasthanani'' (anorexia), five types of ''shiroroga'' (diseases of head), five types of ''hridroga'' (diseases of heart), five types of ''panduroga'' (anaemia), five types of ''unmada'' (insanity), four types of ''apasmara'' (epilepsy), four types of ''akshiroga'' (disorders of eyes), four types of ''karna roga'' (disorders of ear), four types of ''pratishyaya'' (rhinitis), four types of ''mukha roga'' (oral diseases/buccal diseases), four types of ''grahani roga'' (assimilation disorders/malabsorption disorders), four types of ''mada roga'' (intoxication), four types of ''murchcha'' (fainting), four types of ''shosha'' (consumption/wasting disorders), four types of ''klaibya'' (sterility),  three types of ''shopha'' (swellings), three types of ''kilasa'' (vitiligo),  three types of ''rakta-pitta'' (coagulopathies), two types of ''jwara'' (fever), two types of ''vrana'' (wound),  two types of ''aayama'' (abnormal posture of body due to severe muscular spasm), two types of ''gridhrasi'' (sciatica), two types of ''kamala'' (jaundice), two types of ''ama'' (disorders due to indigestion and metabolism), two types of ''vatarakta'' (gout), two types of ''arsha'' (piles), one type of ''urustambha'' (spastic paraplegia), one type of ''sanyasa'' (coma), one type of ''mahagada'' (Pshyconeurosis), twenty types of ''krimi roga'' (parasitic infestations), twenty types of ''prameha'' (urinary disorders which are characterized by abnormal and increased frequency of urine), and twenty types of ''yoni vyapad'' (gynaecological disorders).  

Thus, classifications of forty-eight diseases have been briefly described in this chapter. [3]

Thus, classifications of forty-eight diseases have been briefly described in this chapter. [3]

</div>

</div>

==== Types of diseases ====

=== Types of diseases ===

===== Diseases of Eight Types =====

==== Diseases of Eight Types ====

<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">

एतानि यथोद्देशमभिनिर्देक्ष्यामः

एतानि यथोद्देशमभिनिर्देक्ष्यामः

अष्टावुदराणीति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातप्लीहबद्धच्छिद्रदकोदराणि, अष्टौ मूत्राघाता इतिवातपित्तकफसन्निपाताश्मरीशर्कराशुक्रशोणितजाः,  

अष्टावुदराणीति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातप्लीहबद्धच्छिद्रदकोदराणि, अष्टौ मूत्राघाता इतिवातपित्तकफसन्निपाताश्मरीशर्कराशुक्रशोणितजाः,  

अष्टौ क्षीरदोषा इति वैवर्ण्यं वैगन्ध्यं वैरस्यं पैच्छिल्यं फेनसङ्घातो रौक्ष्यंगौरवमतिस्नेहश्च, अष्टौ रेतोदोषा इति तनु शुष्कं फेनिलमश्वेतं पूत्यतिपिच्छलमन्यधातूपहितमवसादि च (१);  

अष्टौ क्षीरदोषा इति वैवर्ण्यं वैगन्ध्यं वैरस्यं पैच्छिल्यं फेनसङ्घातो रौक्ष्यंगौरवमतिस्नेहश्च, अष्टौ रेतोदोषा इति तनु शुष्कं फेनिलमश्वेतं पूत्यतिपिच्छलमन्यधातूपहितमवसादि च (१);  

ētāni yathōddēśamabhinirdēkṣyāmaḥ

ētāni yathōddēśamabhinirdēkṣyāmaḥ

aShTAvudarANIti vAtapittakaphasannipAtaplIhabaddhacchidradakodarANi, aShTau mUtrAghAtA iti  

aShTAvudarANIti vAtapittakaphasannipAtaplIhabaddhacchidradakodarANi, aShTau mUtrAghAtA iti  

vAtapittakaphasannipAtAshmarIsharkarAshukrashoNitajAH,aShTau kShIradoShA iti vaivarNyaM vaigandhyaM vairasyaM paicchilyaM phenasa~gghAto raukShyaM gauravamatisnehashca, aShTau retodoShA iti tanu shuShkaMphenilamashvetaM pUtyatipicchalamanyadhAtUpahitamavasAdi ca (1);  

vAtapittakaphasannipAtAshmarIsharkarAshukrashoNitajAH,aShTau kShIradoShA iti vaivarNyaM vaigandhyaM vairasyaM paicchilyaM phenasa~gghAto raukShyaM gauravamatisnehashca, aShTau retodoShA iti tanu shuShkaMphenilamashvetaM pUtyatipicchalamanyadhAtUpahitamavasAdi ca (1);  

   

  </div></div>

 

These diseases will be described in detail in the same order as enumerated earlier.  

These diseases will be described in detail in the same order as enumerated earlier.  

<div style="text-align:justify;">

<div style="text-align:justify;">

*Eight types of ''udara roga'' (abdominal swelling) are ''vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipataja, plihodara'' (due to splenic disorder), ''baddhodara'' (due to intestinal obstruction), ''chidrodara'' (due to intestinal perforation) and ''dakodara'' (ascites).

*Eight types of ''udara roga'' (abdominal swelling) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipataja, plihodara'' (due to splenic disorder), ''baddhodara'' (due to intestinal obstruction), ''chidrodara'' (due to intestinal perforation) and ''dakodara'' (ascites).

*Eight types of ''mutraghatas'' (Oliguria/Anuria) are ''vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipatika, ashmarija'' (due to stone in urinary tract), ''sharkaraja'' (due to gravels in urinary tract), ''shukraja'' (due to spermolith) and ''shonitaja'' (due to hematoma).

*Eight types of ''mutraghatas'' (Oliguria/Anuria) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipatika, ashmarija'' (due to stone in urinary tract), ''sharkaraja'' (due to gravels in urinary tract), ''shukraja'' (due to spermolith) and ''shonitaja'' (due to hematoma).

*Eight types of ''ksheera-dosha'' (disorders of breast milk) are ''vaivarnya'' (discoloration), ''vaignadhyam'' (altered smell), ''vairasyam'' (altered taste), ''paichichhilyam'' (sliminess), ''phenasamghata'' (excessive frothiness), ''raukshyam'' (absence of unctuousness), ''gauravam'' (heaviness in digestion/physical character) and ''atisneha'' (excessive unctuousness).

*Eight types of ''ksheera-dosha'' (disorders of breast milk) are ''vaivarnya'' (discoloration), ''vaignadhyam'' (altered smell), ''vairasyam'' (altered taste), ''paichichhilyam'' (sliminess), ''phenasamghata'' (excessive frothiness), ''raukshyam'' (absence of unctuousness), ''gauravam'' (heaviness in digestion/physical character) and ''atisneha'' (excessive unctuousness).

*Eight types of ''reto dosha'' (disorders of semen) are ''tanu'' (increased liquidity/decreased liquefaction time), ''shuskam'' (less viscous/dry), ''phenilam'' (excessive frothiness), ''ashwetam'' (discoloration), ''puti'' (foul smelling), ''atipichichhilam'' (excessive sliminess), ''anyadhatupahitam'' (presence of tissue constituents) and ''avasadi'' (increased specific gravity) (1)

*Eight types of ''reto dosha'' (disorders of semen) are ''tanu'' (increased liquidity/decreased liquefaction time), ''shuskam'' (less viscous/dry), ''phenilam'' (excessive frothiness), ''ashwetam'' (discoloration), ''puti'' (foul smelling), ''atipichichhilam'' (excessive sliminess), ''anyadhatupahitam'' (presence of tissue constituents) and ''avasadi'' (increased specific gravity) (1)

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===== Diseases of Seven Types =====

 

==== Diseases of Seven Types ====

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सप्त कुष्ठानीति कपालोदुम्बरमण्डलर्ष्यजिह्वपुण्डरीकसिध्मकाकणानि, सप्त पिडका इति शराविका कच्छपिका जालिनीसर्षप्यलजी विनता विद्रधी च, सप्त विसर्पा इति वातपित्तकफाग्निकर्दमकग्रन्थिसन्निपाताख्याः (२);  

सप्त कुष्ठानीति कपालोदुम्बरमण्डलर्ष्यजिह्वपुण्डरीकसिध्मकाकणानि, सप्त पिडका इति शराविका कच्छपिका जालिनीसर्षप्यलजी विनता विद्रधी च, सप्त विसर्पा इति वातपित्तकफाग्निकर्दमकग्रन्थिसन्निपाताख्याः (२);  

sapta kuṣṭhānīti kapālōdumbaramaṇḍalarṣyajihvapuṇḍarīkasidhmakākaṇāni, sapta piḍakā iti śarāvikākacchapikā jālinī sarṣapyalajī vinatā vidradhī ca, sapta visarpā itivātapittakaphāgnikardamakagranthisannipātākhyāḥ (2);  

sapta kuṣṭhānīti kapālōdumbaramaṇḍalarṣyajihvapuṇḍarīkasidhmakākaṇāni, sapta piḍakā iti śarāvikākacchapikā jālinī sarṣapyalajī vinatā vidradhī ca, sapta visarpā itivātapittakaphāgnikardamakagranthisannipātākhyāḥ (2);  

sapta kuShThAnIti kapAlodumbaramaNDalarShyajihvapuNDarIkasidhmakAkaNAni, sapta piDakA iti sharAvikA kacchapikA jAlinI sarShapyalajI vinatA vidradhI ca,sapta visarpA iti vAtapittakaphAgnikardamakagranthisannipAtAkhyAH (2);  

sapta kuShThAnIti kapAlodumbaramaNDalarShyajihvapuNDarIkasidhmakAkaNAni, sapta piDakA iti sharAvikA kacchapikA jAlinI sarShapyalajI vinatA vidradhI ca,sapta visarpA iti vAtapittakaphAgnikardamakagranthisannipAtAkhyAH (2);  

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*Seven varieties of ''kushtha'' (obstinate skin diseases) are ''kapala, udumbara, mandala, rishyajihwa, pundarika, sidhma'' and ''kakanaka''.

*Seven varieties of ''kushtha'' (obstinate skin diseases) are ''kapala, udumbara, mandala, rishyajihwa, pundarika, sidhma'' and ''kakanaka''.

*Seven types of ''visarpa'' (acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions) are vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipatika, agni, kardama and granthi. (2)

*Seven types of ''visarpa'' (acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions) are vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipatika, agni, kardama and granthi. (2)

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===== Diseases of Six Types =====

==== Diseases of Six Types ====

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षडतीसारा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातभयशोकजाः, षडुदावर्ता इति वातमूत्रपुरीषशुक्रच्छर्दिक्षवथुजाः (३);  

षडतीसारा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातभयशोकजाः, षडुदावर्ता इति वातमूत्रपुरीषशुक्रच्छर्दिक्षवथुजाः (३);  

ṣaḍatīsārā iti vātapittakaphasannipātabhayaśōkajāḥ, ṣaḍudāvartā itivātamūtrapurīṣaśukracchardikṣavathujāḥ (3);  

ṣaḍatīsārā iti vātapittakaphasannipātabhayaśōkajāḥ, ṣaḍudāvartā itivātamūtrapurīṣaśukracchardikṣavathujāḥ (3);  

ShaDatIsArA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtabhayashokajAH, ShaDudAvartA iti vAtamUtrapurIShashukracchardikShavathujAH (3);  

ShaDatIsArA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtabhayashokajAH, ShaDudAvartA iti vAtamUtrapurIShashukracchardikShavathujAH (3);  

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*Six types of ''Atisara'' (diarrhoeal disorders) are ''vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipatika, bhayaja'' (caused by fear) and ''shokaja'' (caused by grief.)

*Six types of ''Atisara'' (diarrhoeal disorders) are ''vatika, paittika, kaphaja, sannipatika, bhayaja'' (caused by fear) and ''shokaja'' (caused by grief.)

*Six types of ''Udavartas'' (abdominal diseases due to suppression of natural urges) are ''vataja'' (due to suppression of flatus), ''mutraja'' (due to suppression of urine), ''purishaja'' (due to suppression of feces), ''shukraja'' (Due to suppression of ejaculation of semen), ''chhardija'' (due to suppression of vomiting) and ''kshavathuja'' (due to suppression of sneezing). (3)

*Six types of ''Udavartas'' (abdominal diseases due to suppression of natural urges) are ''vataja'' (due to suppression of flatus), ''mutraja'' (due to suppression of urine), ''purishaja'' (due to suppression of feces), ''shukraja'' (Due to suppression of ejaculation of semen), ''chhardija'' (due to suppression of vomiting) and ''kshavathuja'' (due to suppression of sneezing). (3)

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===== Diseases of Five Types =====

==== Diseases of Five Types ====

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पञ्च गुल्मा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातशोणितजाः, पञ्च प्लीहदोषा इति गुल्मैर्व्याख्याताः, पञ्च कासा इतिवातपित्तकफक्षतक्षयजाः, पञ्च श्वासा इति महोर्ध्वच्छिन्नतमकक्षुद्राः, पञ्च हिक्का इति महती गम्भीरा व्यपेता क्षुद्राऽन्नजाच, पञ्च तृष्णा इति वातपित्तामक्षयोपसर्गात्मिकाः, पञ्च छर्दय इति द्विष्टार्थसंयोगजा वातपित्तकफसन्निपातोद्रेकोत्थाश्च , पञ्च भक्तस्यानशनस्थानानीति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातद्वेषाः, पञ्च शिरोरोगा इति पूर्वोद्देशमभिसमस्यवातपित्तकफसन्निपातक्रिमिजाः, पञ्च हृद्रोगा इति शिरोरोगैर्व्याख्याताः, पञ्च पाण्डुरोगा इतिवातपित्तकफसन्निपातमृद्भक्षणजाः, पञ्चोन्मादा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातागन्तुनिमित्ताः (४)

पञ्च गुल्मा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातशोणितजाः, पञ्च प्लीहदोषा इति गुल्मैर्व्याख्याताः, पञ्च कासा इतिवातपित्तकफक्षतक्षयजाः, पञ्च श्वासा इति महोर्ध्वच्छिन्नतमकक्षुद्राः, पञ्च हिक्का इति महती गम्भीरा व्यपेता क्षुद्राऽन्नजाच, पञ्च तृष्णा इति वातपित्तामक्षयोपसर्गात्मिकाः, पञ्च छर्दय इति द्विष्टार्थसंयोगजा वातपित्तकफसन्निपातोद्रेकोत्थाश्च , पञ्च भक्तस्यानशनस्थानानीति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातद्वेषाः, पञ्च शिरोरोगा इति पूर्वोद्देशमभिसमस्यवातपित्तकफसन्निपातक्रिमिजाः, पञ्च हृद्रोगा इति शिरोरोगैर्व्याख्याताः, पञ्च पाण्डुरोगा इतिवातपित्तकफसन्निपातमृद्भक्षणजाः, पञ्चोन्मादा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातागन्तुनिमित्ताः (४)

pañca gulmā iti vātapittakaphasannipātaśōṇitajāḥ, pañca plīhadōṣā iti gulmairvyākhyātāḥ, pañca kāsā itivātapittakaphakṣatakṣayajāḥ, pañca śvāsā iti mahōrdhvacchinnatamakakṣudrāḥ, pañca hikkā iti mahatīgambhīrā vyapētā kṣudrā'nnajā ca, pañca tr̥ṣṇā iti vātapittāmakṣayōpasargātmikāḥ, pañca chardaya itidviṣṭārthasaṁyōgajā vātapittakaphasannipātōdrēkōtthāśca , pañca bhaktasyānaśanasthānānītivātapittakaphasannipātadvēṣāḥ, pañca śirōrōgā iti pūrvōddēśamabhisamasyavātapittakaphasannipātakrimijāḥ, pañca hr̥drōgā iti śirōrōgairvyākhyātāḥ, pañca pāṇḍurōgā itivātapittakaphasannipātamr̥dbhakṣaṇajāḥ, pañcōnmādā iti vātapittakaphasannipātāgantunimittāḥ (4)

pañca gulmā iti vātapittakaphasannipātaśōṇitajāḥ, pañca plīhadōṣā iti gulmairvyākhyātāḥ, pañca kāsā itivātapittakaphakṣatakṣayajāḥ, pañca śvāsā iti mahōrdhvacchinnatamakakṣudrāḥ, pañca hikkā iti mahatīgambhīrā vyapētā kṣudrā'nnajā ca, pañca tr̥ṣṇā iti vātapittāmakṣayōpasargātmikāḥ, pañca chardaya itidviṣṭārthasaṁyōgajā vātapittakaphasannipātōdrēkōtthāśca , pañca bhaktasyānaśanasthānānītivātapittakaphasannipātadvēṣāḥ, pañca śirōrōgā iti pūrvōddēśamabhisamasyavātapittakaphasannipātakrimijāḥ, pañca hr̥drōgā iti śirōrōgairvyākhyātāḥ, pañca pāṇḍurōgā itivātapittakaphasannipātamr̥dbhakṣaṇajāḥ, pañcōnmādā iti vātapittakaphasannipātāgantunimittāḥ (4)

pa~jca gulmA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtashoNitajAH, pa~jca plIhadoShA iti gulmairvyAkhyAtAH, pa~jca kAsA iti vAtapittakaphakShatakShayajAH, pa~jca shvAsA itimahordhvacchinnatamakakShudrAH, pa~jca hikkA iti mahatI gambhIrA vyapetA kShudrA~annajA ca, pa~jca tRuShNA iti vAtapittAmakShayopasargAtmikAH, pa~jcachardaya iti dviShTArthasaMyogajA vAtapittakaphasannipAtodrekotthAshca [1] , pa~jca bhaktasyAnashanasthAnAnIti vAtapittakaphasannipAtadveShAH, pa~jcashirorogA iti pUrvoddeshamabhisamasya vAtapittakaphasannipAtakrimijAH, pa~jca hRudrogA iti shirorogairvyAkhyAtAH, pa~jca pANDurogA itivAtapittakaphasannipAtamRudbhakShaNajAH, pa~jconmAdA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtAgantunimittAH (4)

pa~jca gulmA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtashoNitajAH, pa~jca plIhadoShA iti gulmairvyAkhyAtAH, pa~jca kAsA iti vAtapittakaphakShatakShayajAH, pa~jca shvAsA itimahordhvacchinnatamakakShudrAH, pa~jca hikkA iti mahatI gambhIrA vyapetA kShudrA~annajA ca, pa~jca tRuShNA iti vAtapittAmakShayopasargAtmikAH, pa~jcachardaya iti dviShTArthasaMyogajA vAtapittakaphasannipAtodrekotthAshca [1] , pa~jca bhaktasyAnashanasthAnAnIti vAtapittakaphasannipAtadveShAH, pa~jcashirorogA iti pUrvoddeshamabhisamasya vAtapittakaphasannipAtakrimijAH, pa~jca hRudrogA iti shirorogairvyAkhyAtAH, pa~jca pANDurogA itivAtapittakaphasannipAtamRudbhakShaNajAH, pa~jconmAdA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtAgantunimittAH (4)

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*Five types of ''gulmas'' (abdominal lump/tumour) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipataja'' and ''raktaja''.  

*Five types of ''gulmas'' (abdominal lump/tumour) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipataja'' and ''raktaja''.  

*Five types of ''pleeha doshas'' (splenic disorders) are of the same type as those of ''gulma''.

*Five types of ''pliha doshas'' (splenic disorders) are of the same type as those of ''gulma''.

*Five types of ''kasa'' (cough) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, kshataja'' (caused by internal injuries in respiratory tract) and ''kshayaja'' (caused by wasting).

*Five types of ''kasa'' (cough) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, kshataja'' (caused by internal injuries in respiratory tract) and ''kshayaja'' (caused by wasting).

*Five types of ''shwasa'' (dyspnoea) are ''mahashwasa, urdhwashwasa, chhinna shwasa, tamaka shwasa'' and ''kshudra shwasa'' (dyspnoea due to exertion).

*Five types of ''shwasa'' (dyspnoea) are ''mahashwasa, urdhwashwasa, chhinna shwasa, tamaka shwasa'' and ''kshudra shwasa'' (dyspnoea due to exertion).

*Five types of ''unmada'' (insanity) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipataja'' and ''aagantuja'' (due to exogenous causes). (4)

*Five types of ''unmada'' (insanity) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja, sannipataja'' and ''aagantuja'' (due to exogenous causes). (4)

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===== Diseases of Four Types =====

==== Diseases of Four Types ====

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चत्वारोऽपस्मारा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातनिमित्ताः, चत्वारोऽक्षिरोगाश्चत्वारः कर्णरोगाश्चत्वारः प्रतिश्यायाश्चत्वारोमुखरोगाश्चत्वारो ग्रहणीदोषाश्चत्वारो मदाश्चत्वारो मूर्च्छाया इत्यपस्मारैर्व्याख्याताः, चत्वारः शोषा इतिसाहससन्धारणक्षयविषमाशनजाः, चत्वारि क्लैब्यानीति बीजोपघाताद्ध्वजभङ्गाज्जरायाः शुक्रक्षयाच्च (५)

चत्वारोऽपस्मारा इति वातपित्तकफसन्निपातनिमित्ताः, चत्वारोऽक्षिरोगाश्चत्वारः कर्णरोगाश्चत्वारः प्रतिश्यायाश्चत्वारोमुखरोगाश्चत्वारो ग्रहणीदोषाश्चत्वारो मदाश्चत्वारो मूर्च्छाया इत्यपस्मारैर्व्याख्याताः, चत्वारः शोषा इतिसाहससन्धारणक्षयविषमाशनजाः, चत्वारि क्लैब्यानीति बीजोपघाताद्ध्वजभङ्गाज्जरायाः शुक्रक्षयाच्च (५)

catvārō'pasmārā iti vātapittakaphasannipātanimittāḥ, catvārō'kṣirōgāścatvāraḥ karṇarōgāścatvāraḥpratiśyāyāścatvārō mukharōgāścatvārō grahaṇīdōṣāścatvārō madāścatvārō mūrcchāyāityapasmārairvyākhyātāḥ, catvāraḥ śōṣā iti sāhasasandhāraṇakṣayaviṣamāśanajāḥ, catvāri klaibyānītibījōpaghātāddhvajabhaṅgājjarāyāḥ śukrakṣayācca (5)

catvārō'pasmārā iti vātapittakaphasannipātanimittāḥ, catvārō'kṣirōgāścatvāraḥ karṇarōgāścatvāraḥpratiśyāyāścatvārō mukharōgāścatvārō grahaṇīdōṣāścatvārō madāścatvārō mūrcchāyāityapasmārairvyākhyātāḥ, catvāraḥ śōṣā iti sāhasasandhāraṇakṣayaviṣamāśanajāḥ, catvāri klaibyānītibījōpaghātāddhvajabhaṅgājjarāyāḥ śukrakṣayācca (5)

catvAro~apasmArA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtanimittAH, catvAro~akShirogAshcatvAraH karNarogAshcatvAraH pratishyAyAshcatvAro mukharogAshcatvArograhaNIdoShAshcatvAro madAshcatvAro mUrcchAyA ityapasmArairvyAkhyAtAH, catvAraH shoShA iti sAhasasandhAraNakShayaviShamAshanajAH, catvAriklaibyAnIti bIjopaghAtAddhvajabha~ggAjjarAyAH shukrakShayAcca (5)

catvAro~apasmArA iti vAtapittakaphasannipAtanimittAH, catvAro~akShirogAshcatvAraH karNarogAshcatvAraH pratishyAyAshcatvAro mukharogAshcatvArograhaNIdoShAshcatvAro madAshcatvAro mUrcchAyA ityapasmArairvyAkhyAtAH, catvAraH shoShA iti sAhasasandhAraNakShayaviShamAshanajAH, catvAriklaibyAnIti bIjopaghAtAddhvajabha~ggAjjarAyAH shukrakShayAcca (5)

*Four types of ''apasmara'' (epilepsy) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja'' and ''sannipataja''.

*Four types of ''apasmara'' (epilepsy) are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja'' and ''sannipataja''.

*Four types of ''klaibya'' (sterility) are ''beejopaghataja'' (affliction of sperm), ''dhwajabhangaja'' (atonia of genital organs/erectile dysfunction), ''jaraaja'' (senility) and ''shukrakshayaja'' (decreased production of sperm) (5)

*Four types of ''klaibya'' (sterility) are ''beejopaghataja'' (affliction of sperm), ''dhwajabhangaja'' (atonia of genital organs/erectile dysfunction), ''jaraaja'' (senility) and ''shukrakshayaja'' (decreased production of sperm) (5)

===== Diseases of Three Types =====

==== Diseases of Three Types ====

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त्रयः शोथा इति वातपित्तश्लेष्मनिमित्ताः, त्रीणि किलासानीति रक्तताम्रशुक्लानि, त्रिविधं लोहितपित्तमितिऊर्ध्वभागमधोभागमुभयभागं च (६)

त्रयः शोथा इति वातपित्तश्लेष्मनिमित्ताः, त्रीणि किलासानीति रक्तताम्रशुक्लानि, त्रिविधं लोहितपित्तमितिऊर्ध्वभागमधोभागमुभयभागं च (६)

trayaḥ śōthā iti vātapittaślēṣmanimittāḥ, trīṇi kilāsānīti raktatāmraśuklāni, trividhaṁ lōhitapittamitiūrdhvabhāgamadhōbhāgamubhayabhāgaṁ ca (6)

trayaḥ śōthā iti vātapittaślēṣmanimittāḥ, trīṇi kilāsānīti raktatāmraśuklāni, trividhaṁ lōhitapittamitiūrdhvabhāgamadhōbhāgamubhayabhāgaṁ ca (6)

trayaH shothA iti vAtapittashleShmanimittAH, trINi kilAsAnIti raktatAmrashuklAni, trividhaM lohitapittamiti UrdhvabhAgamadhobhAgamubhayabhAgaM ca (6)

trayaH shothA iti vAtapittashleShmanimittAH, trINi kilAsAnIti raktatAmrashuklAni, trividhaM lohitapittamiti UrdhvabhAgamadhobhAgamubhayabhAgaM ca (6)

*Three types of ''shothas'' (swellings) are ''vataja, pittaja'' and ''kaphaja''.

*Three types of ''shothas'' (swellings) are ''vataja, pittaja'' and ''kaphaja''.

*Three types of ''lohitatapittas'' (coagulopathies) are ''urdhabhagam'' (involving upper channels), ''adhobhagam'' (involving lower channels and ''ubhayabhagam'' (involving both channels). (6)

*Three types of ''lohitatapittas'' (coagulopathies) are ''urdhabhagam'' (involving upper channels), ''adhobhagam'' (involving lower channels and ''ubhayabhagam'' (involving both channels). (6)

===== Diseases of Two Types =====

==== Diseases of Two Types ====

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द्वौ ज्वराविति उष्णाभिप्रायः शीतसमुत्थश्च शीताभिप्रायश्चोष्णसमुत्थः, द्वौ व्रणाविति निजश्चागन्तुजश्च, द्वावायामावितिबाह्यश्चाभ्यन्तरश्च, द्वे गृध्रस्याविति वाताद्वातकफाच्च, द्वे कामले इति कोष्ठाश्रया शाखाश्रया च, द्विविधमाममितिअलसको विसूचिका च, द्विविधं वातरक्तमिति गम्भीरमुत्तानं च, द्विविधान्यर्शांसीति शुष्काण्यार्द्राणि च (७)

द्वौ ज्वराविति उष्णाभिप्रायः शीतसमुत्थश्च शीताभिप्रायश्चोष्णसमुत्थः, द्वौ व्रणाविति निजश्चागन्तुजश्च, द्वावायामावितिबाह्यश्चाभ्यन्तरश्च, द्वे गृध्रस्याविति वाताद्वातकफाच्च, द्वे कामले इति कोष्ठाश्रया शाखाश्रया च, द्विविधमाममितिअलसको विसूचिका च, द्विविधं वातरक्तमिति गम्भीरमुत्तानं च, द्विविधान्यर्शांसीति शुष्काण्यार्द्राणि च (७)

dvau jvarāviti uṣṇābhiprāyaḥ śītasamutthaśca śītābhiprāyaścōṣṇasamutthaḥ, dvau vraṇāvitinijaścāgantujaśca, dvāvāyāmāviti bāhyaścābhyantaraśca, dvē gr̥dhrasyāviti vātādvātakaphācca, dvēkāmalē iti kōṣṭhāśrayā śākhāśrayā ca, dvividhamāmamiti alasakō visūcikā ca, dvividhaṁ vātaraktamitigambhīramuttānaṁ ca, dvividhānyarśāṁsīti śuṣkāṇyārdrāṇi ca (7)

dvau jvarāviti uṣṇābhiprāyaḥ śītasamutthaśca śītābhiprāyaścōṣṇasamutthaḥ, dvau vraṇāvitinijaścāgantujaśca, dvāvāyāmāviti bāhyaścābhyantaraśca, dvē gr̥dhrasyāviti vātādvātakaphācca, dvēkāmalē iti kōṣṭhāśrayā śākhāśrayā ca, dvividhamāmamiti alasakō visūcikā ca, dvividhaṁ vātaraktamitigambhīramuttānaṁ ca, dvividhānyarśāṁsīti śuṣkāṇyārdrāṇi ca (7)

dvau jvarAviti uShNAbhiprAyaH shItasamutthashca shItAbhiprAyashcoShNasamutthaH, dvau vraNAviti nijashcAgantujashca, dvAvAyAmAvitibAhyashcAbhyantarashca, dve gRudhrasyAviti vAtAdvAtakaphAcca, dve kAmale iti koShThAshrayA shAkhAshrayA ca, dvividhamAmamiti alasako visUcikA ca,dvividhaM vAtaraktamiti gambhIramuttAnaM ca, dvividhAnyarshAMsIti shuShkANyArdrANi ca (7)

dvau jvarAviti uShNAbhiprAyaH shItasamutthashca shItAbhiprAyashcoShNasamutthaH, dvau vraNAviti nijashcAgantujashca, dvAvAyAmAvitibAhyashcAbhyantarashca, dve gRudhrasyAviti vAtAdvAtakaphAcca, dve kAmale iti koShThAshrayA shAkhAshrayA ca, dvividhamAmamiti alasako visUcikA ca,dvividhaM vAtaraktamiti gambhIramuttAnaM ca, dvividhAnyarshAMsIti shuShkANyArdrANi ca (7)

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*Two types of ''jwara'' (fever) are ''ushnabhipraya shitasamuttha'' (fever arising from cold and patient has desire for hot substances) and ''shitabhipraya ushnasamuttha'' (fever arising from heat and patient has desire for cold substances).

*Two types of ''jwara'' (fever) are ''ushnabhipraya shitasamuttha'' (fever arising from cold and patient has desire for hot substances) and ''shitabhipraya ushnasamuttha'' (fever arising from heat and patient has desire for cold substances).

*Two types of ''arsha'' (piles) are ''shushka'' (non bleeding masses) and ''aardra'' (bleeding masses). (7)

*Two types of ''arsha'' (piles) are ''shushka'' (non bleeding masses) and ''aardra'' (bleeding masses). (7)

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===== Diseases of One Type =====

==== Diseases of One Type ====

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एक ऊरुस्तम्भ इत्यामत्रिदोषसमुत्थः, एकः सन्न्यास इति त्रिदोषात्मको मनःशरीराधिष्ठानः, एको महागद इतिअतत्त्वाभिनिवेशः (८)

एक ऊरुस्तम्भ इत्यामत्रिदोषसमुत्थः, एकः सन्न्यास इति त्रिदोषात्मको मनःशरीराधिष्ठानः, एको महागद इतिअतत्त्वाभिनिवेशः (८)

ēka ūrustambha ityāmatridōṣasamutthaḥ, ēkaḥ sannyāsa iti tridōṣātmakō manaḥśarīrādhiṣṭhānaḥ, ēkōmahāgada iti atattvābhinivēśaḥ (8)

ēka ūrustambha ityāmatridōṣasamutthaḥ, ēkaḥ sannyāsa iti tridōṣātmakō manaḥśarīrādhiṣṭhānaḥ, ēkōmahāgada iti atattvābhinivēśaḥ (8)

eka Urustambha ityAmatridoShasamutthaH, ekaH sannyAsa iti tridoShAtmako manaHsharIrAdhiShThAnaH, eko mahAgada iti atattvAbhiniveshaH (8)

eka Urustambha ityAmatridoShasamutthaH, ekaH sannyAsa iti tridoShAtmako manaHsharIrAdhiShThAnaH, eko mahAgada iti atattvAbhiniveshaH (8)

*There is one ''urustambha'' (spastic paraplegia) which is caused by ''ama'' and all three ''doshas''.

*There is one ''urustambha'' (spastic paraplegia) which is caused by ''ama'' and all three ''doshas''.

*''Mahagada'' (major disease) is one and is due to ''atattvabhinivesha'' (mental and moral perversion). (8)

*''Mahagada'' (major disease) is one and is due to ''atattvabhinivesha'' (mental and moral perversion). (8)

===== Diseases of Twenty Types =====

==== Diseases of Twenty Types ====

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विंशतिः क्रिमिजातय इति यूका पिपीलिकाश्चेति द्विविधा बहिर्मलजाः, केशादा लोमादा लोमद्वीपाः सौरसा औदुम्बराजन्तुमातरश्चेति षट् शोणितजाः, अन्त्रादा उदरावेष्टा हृदयादाश्चुरवो दर्भपुष्पाः सौगन्धिका महागुदाश्चेति सप्त कफजाः,ककेरुका मकेरुका लेलिहाः सशूलकाः सौसुरादाश्चेति पञ्च पुरीषजाः; विंशतिः प्रमेहा इत्युदकमेहश्चेक्षुबालिकारसमेहश्चसान्द्रमेहश्च सान्द्रप्रसादमेहश्च शुक्लमेहश्च शुक्रमेहश्च शीतमेहश्च शनैर्मेहश्च सिकतामेहश्च लालामेहश्चेति दशश्लेष्मनिमित्ताः, क्षारमेहश्च कालमेहश्च नीलमेहश्च लोहितमेहश्च मञ्जिष्ठामेहश्च हरिद्रामेहश्चेति षट् पित्तनिमित्ताः,वसामेहश्च मज्जामेहश्च हस्तिमेहश्च मधुमेहश्चेति चत्वारो वातनिमित्ताः, इति विंशतिः प्रमेहाः; विंशतिर्योनिव्यापद इतिवातिकी पैत्तिकी श्लेष्मिकी सान्निपातिकी चेति चतस्रो दोषजाः, दोषदूष्यसंसर्गप्रकृतिनिर्देशैरवशिष्टाः षोडश निर्दिश्यन्ते,तद्यथा-रक्तयोनिश्चारजस्का चाचरणा चातिचरणा च प्राक्चरणा चोपप्लुता च परिप्लुता चोदावर्तिनी च कर्णिनी च पुत्रघ्नीचान्तर्मुखी च सूचीमुखी च शुष्का च वामिनी च षण्ढयोनिश्च महायोनिश्चेति विंशतिर्योनिव्यापदो भवन्ति (९)

विंशतिः क्रिमिजातय इति यूका पिपीलिकाश्चेति द्विविधा बहिर्मलजाः, केशादा लोमादा लोमद्वीपाः सौरसा औदुम्बराजन्तुमातरश्चेति षट् शोणितजाः, अन्त्रादा उदरावेष्टा हृदयादाश्चुरवो दर्भपुष्पाः सौगन्धिका महागुदाश्चेति सप्त कफजाः,ककेरुका मकेरुका लेलिहाः सशूलकाः सौसुरादाश्चेति पञ्च पुरीषजाः; विंशतिः प्रमेहा इत्युदकमेहश्चेक्षुबालिकारसमेहश्चसान्द्रमेहश्च सान्द्रप्रसादमेहश्च शुक्लमेहश्च शुक्रमेहश्च शीतमेहश्च शनैर्मेहश्च सिकतामेहश्च लालामेहश्चेति दशश्लेष्मनिमित्ताः, क्षारमेहश्च कालमेहश्च नीलमेहश्च लोहितमेहश्च मञ्जिष्ठामेहश्च हरिद्रामेहश्चेति षट् पित्तनिमित्ताः,वसामेहश्च मज्जामेहश्च हस्तिमेहश्च मधुमेहश्चेति चत्वारो वातनिमित्ताः, इति विंशतिः प्रमेहाः; विंशतिर्योनिव्यापद इतिवातिकी पैत्तिकी श्लेष्मिकी सान्निपातिकी चेति चतस्रो दोषजाः, दोषदूष्यसंसर्गप्रकृतिनिर्देशैरवशिष्टाः षोडश निर्दिश्यन्ते,तद्यथा-रक्तयोनिश्चारजस्का चाचरणा चातिचरणा च प्राक्चरणा चोपप्लुता च परिप्लुता चोदावर्तिनी च कर्णिनी च पुत्रघ्नीचान्तर्मुखी च सूचीमुखी च शुष्का च वामिनी च षण्ढयोनिश्च महायोनिश्चेति विंशतिर्योनिव्यापदो भवन्ति (९)

viṁśatiḥ krimijātaya iti yūkā pipīlikāścēti dvividhā bahirmalajāḥ, kēśādā lōmādā lōmadvīpāḥ saurasāaudumbarā jantumātaraścēti ṣaṭ śōṇitajāḥ, antrādā udarāvēṣṭā hr̥dayādāścuravō darbhapuṣpāḥsaugandhikā mahāgudāścēti sapta kaphajāḥ, kakērukā makērukā lēlihāḥ saśūlakāḥ sausurādāścēti pañcapurīṣajāḥ; viṁśatiḥ pramēhā ityudakamēhaścēkṣubālikārasamēhaśca sāndramēhaścasāndraprasādamēhaśca śuklamēhaśca śukramēhaśca śītamēhaśca śanairmēhaśca sikatāmēhaścalālāmēhaścēti daśa ślēṣmanimittāḥ, kṣāramēhaśca kālamēhaśca nīlamēhaśca lōhitamēhaścamañjiṣṭhāmēhaśca haridrāmēhaścēti ṣaṭ pittanimittāḥ, vasāmēhaśca majjāmēhaśca hastimēhaścamadhumēhaścēti catvārō vātanimittāḥ, iti viṁśatiḥ pramēhāḥ; viṁśatiryōnivyāpada iti vātikī paittikī ślēṣmikīsānnipātikī cēti catasrō dōṣajāḥ, dōṣadūṣyasaṁsargaprakr̥tinirdēśairavaśiṣṭāḥ ṣōḍaśa nirdiśyantē,tadyathā- raktayōniścārajaskā cācaraṇā cāticaraṇā ca prākcaraṇā cōpaplutā ca pariplutā cōdāvartinī cakarṇinī ca putraghnī cāntarmukhī ca sūcīmukhī ca śuṣkā ca vāminī ca ṣaṇḍhayōniśca mahāyōniścētiviṁśatiryōnivyāpadō bhavanti (9)

viṁśatiḥ krimijātaya iti yūkā pipīlikāścēti dvividhā bahirmalajāḥ, kēśādā lōmādā lōmadvīpāḥ saurasāaudumbarā jantumātaraścēti ṣaṭ śōṇitajāḥ, antrādā udarāvēṣṭā hr̥dayādāścuravō darbhapuṣpāḥsaugandhikā mahāgudāścēti sapta kaphajāḥ, kakērukā makērukā lēlihāḥ saśūlakāḥ sausurādāścēti pañcapurīṣajāḥ; viṁśatiḥ pramēhā ityudakamēhaścēkṣubālikārasamēhaśca sāndramēhaścasāndraprasādamēhaśca śuklamēhaśca śukramēhaśca śītamēhaśca śanairmēhaśca sikatāmēhaścalālāmēhaścēti daśa ślēṣmanimittāḥ, kṣāramēhaśca kālamēhaśca nīlamēhaśca lōhitamēhaścamañjiṣṭhāmēhaśca haridrāmēhaścēti ṣaṭ pittanimittāḥ, vasāmēhaśca majjāmēhaśca hastimēhaścamadhumēhaścēti catvārō vātanimittāḥ, iti viṁśatiḥ pramēhāḥ; viṁśatiryōnivyāpada iti vātikī paittikī ślēṣmikīsānnipātikī cēti catasrō dōṣajāḥ, dōṣadūṣyasaṁsargaprakr̥tinirdēśairavaśiṣṭāḥ ṣōḍaśa nirdiśyantē,tadyathā- raktayōniścārajaskā cācaraṇā cāticaraṇā ca prākcaraṇā cōpaplutā ca pariplutā cōdāvartinī cakarṇinī ca putraghnī cāntarmukhī ca sūcīmukhī ca śuṣkā ca vāminī ca ṣaṇḍhayōniśca mahāyōniścētiviṁśatiryōnivyāpadō bhavanti (9)

viMshatiH krimijAtaya iti yUkA pipIlikAshceti dvividhA bahirmalajAH, keshAdA lomAdA lomadvIpAH saurasA audumbarA jantumAtarashceti ShaT shoNitajAH, antrAdAudarAveShTA hRudayAdAshcuravo darbhapuShpAH saugandhikA mahAgudAshceti sapta kaphajAH, kakerukA makerukA lelihAH sashUlakAH sausurAdAshcetipa~jca purIShajAH; viMshatiH pramehA ityudakamehashcekShubAlikArasamehashca sAndramehashca sAndraprasAdamehashca shuklamehashca shukramehashcashItamehashca shanairmehashca sikatAmehashca lAlAmehashceti dasha shleShmanimittAH, kShAramehashca kAlamehashca nIlamehashca lohitamehashcama~jjiShThAmehashca haridrAmehashceti ShaT pittanimittAH, vasAmehashca majjAmehashca hastimehashca madhumehashceti catvAro vAtanimittAH, itiviMshatiH pramehAH; viMshatiryonivyApada iti vAtikI paittikI shleShmikI sAnnipAtikI ceti catasro doShajAH, doShadUShyasaMsargaprakRutinirdeshairavashiShTAHShoDasha nirdishyante, tadyathA- raktayonishcArajaskA cAcaraNA cAticaraNA ca prAkcaraNA copaplutA ca pariplutA codAvartinI ca karNinI ca putraghnIcAntarmukhI ca sUcImukhI ca shuShkA ca vAminI ca ShaNDhayonishca mahAyonishceti viMshatiryonivyApado bhavanti (9)

viMshatiH krimijAtaya iti yUkA pipIlikAshceti dvividhA bahirmalajAH, keshAdA lomAdA lomadvIpAH saurasA audumbarA jantumAtarashceti ShaT shoNitajAH, antrAdAudarAveShTA hRudayAdAshcuravo darbhapuShpAH saugandhikA mahAgudAshceti sapta kaphajAH, kakerukA makerukA lelihAH sashUlakAH sausurAdAshcetipa~jca purIShajAH; viMshatiH pramehA ityudakamehashcekShubAlikArasamehashca sAndramehashca sAndraprasAdamehashca shuklamehashca shukramehashcashItamehashca shanairmehashca sikatAmehashca lAlAmehashceti dasha shleShmanimittAH, kShAramehashca kAlamehashca nIlamehashca lohitamehashcama~jjiShThAmehashca haridrAmehashceti ShaT pittanimittAH, vasAmehashca majjAmehashca hastimehashca madhumehashceti catvAro vAtanimittAH, itiviMshatiH pramehAH; viMshatiryonivyApada iti vAtikI paittikI shleShmikI sAnnipAtikI ceti catasro doShajAH, doShadUShyasaMsargaprakRutinirdeshairavashiShTAHShoDasha nirdishyante, tadyathA- raktayonishcArajaskA cAcaraNA cAticaraNA ca prAkcaraNA copaplutA ca pariplutA codAvartinI ca karNinI ca putraghnIcAntarmukhI ca sUcImukhI ca shuShkA ca vAminI ca ShaNDhayonishca mahAyonishceti viMshatiryonivyApado bhavanti (9)

kevalashcAyamuddesho yathoddeshamabhinirdiShTo bhavati||4||

kevalashcAyamuddesho yathoddeshamabhinirdiShTo bhavati||4||

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*Twenty types of ''krimis'' (parasites) include ''yuka'' (lice) and ''pipilika'' (eggs of lice) on the body surface and produced from external impurities, six parasites in blood (''kesada, lomada, lomadwipa, saurasa, audumbara'' and ''jantumatara''). Seven parasites that live in ''kapha''-specific body locations (''antrada, udaraveshta, hridayada, churu, darbhapushpa, saugandhika'' and ''mahaguda''), and five parasites originating from feces (''kakeruka, makeruka, leliha, sashulaka'' and ''sausurada'').

*Twenty types of ''krimis'' (parasites) include ''yuka'' (lice) and ''pipilika'' (eggs of lice) on the body surface and produced from external impurities, six parasites in blood (''kesada, lomada, lomadwipa, saurasa, audumbara'' and ''jantumatara''). Seven parasites that live in ''kapha''-specific body locations (''antrada, udaraveshta, hridayada, churu, darbhapushpa, saugandhika'' and ''mahaguda''), and five parasites originating from feces (''kakeruka, makeruka, leliha, sashulaka'' and ''sausurada'').

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==== Definite relation between ''dosha'' and disease ====

=== Definite relation between ''dosha'' and disease ===

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सर्व एव निजा विकारा नान्यत्र वातपित्तकफेभ्यो निर्वर्तन्ते, यथाहि- शकुनिः सर्वं दिवसमपि परिपतन् स्वां छायां नातिवर्तते,तथा स्वधातुवैषम्यनिमित्ताः सर्वे विकारा वातपित्तकफान्नातिवर्तन्ते|  

सर्व एव निजा विकारा नान्यत्र वातपित्तकफेभ्यो निर्वर्तन्ते, यथाहि- शकुनिः सर्वं दिवसमपि परिपतन् स्वां छायां नातिवर्तते,तथा स्वधातुवैषम्यनिमित्ताः सर्वे विकारा वातपित्तकफान्नातिवर्तन्ते|  

वातपित्तश्लेष्मणां पुनः स्थानसंस्थानप्रकृतिविशेषानभिसमीक्ष्य  तदात्मकानपि च सर्वविकारां स्तानेवोपदिशन्तिबुद्धिमन्तः||५||  

वातपित्तश्लेष्मणां पुनः स्थानसंस्थानप्रकृतिविशेषानभिसमीक्ष्य  तदात्मकानपि च सर्वविकारां स्तानेवोपदिशन्तिबुद्धिमन्तः||५||  

sarva ēva nijā vikārā nānyatra vātapittakaphēbhyō nirvartantē, yathāhi- śakuniḥ sarvaṁ  divasamapiparipatan svāṁ chāyāṁ nātivartatē, tathā svadhātuvaiṣamyanimittāḥ sarvē vikārāvātapittakaphānnātivartantē|  

sarva ēva nijā vikārā nānyatra vātapittakaphēbhyō nirvartantē, yathāhi- śakuniḥ sarvaṁ  divasamapiparipatan svāṁ chāyāṁ nātivartatē, tathā svadhātuvaiṣamyanimittāḥ sarvē vikārāvātapittakaphānnātivartantē|  

vātapittaślēṣmaṇāṁ punaḥ sthānasaṁsthānaprakr̥tiviśēṣānabhisamīkṣya  tadātmakānapi casarvavikārāṁ stānēvōpadiśanti buddhimantaḥ||5||

vātapittaślēṣmaṇāṁ punaḥ sthānasaṁsthānaprakr̥tiviśēṣānabhisamīkṣya  tadātmakānapi casarvavikārāṁ stānēvōpadiśanti buddhimantaḥ||5||

sarva eva nijA vikArA nAnyatra vAtapittakaphebhyo nirvartante, yathAhi- shakuniH sarvaM <ref>Manohar P R. Clinical diagnosis in Ayurveda: Challenges and solutions. Ancient Sci Life 2012;31:149-50 </ref> divasamapi paripatan svAM chAyAM nAtivartate, tathAsvadhAtuvaiShamyanimittAH sarve vikArA vAtapittakaphAnnAtivartante|  

sarva eva nijA vikArA nAnyatra vAtapittakaphebhyo nirvartante, yathAhi- shakuniH sarvaM divasamapi paripatan svAM chAyAM nAtivartate, tathAsvadhAtuvaiShamyanimittAH sarve vikArA vAtapittakaphAnnAtivartante|  

vAtapittashleShmaNAM punaH sthAnasaMsthAnaprakRutivisheShAnabhisamIkShya <ref>William Morris et al.,Stacy Gomes, Marilyn Allen,Glob Adv Health Med. 2012 September; 1(4): 38–41 </ref> tadAtmakAnapi ca sarvavikArAM stAnevopadishanti buddhimantaH||5||

vAtapittashleShmaNAM punaH sthAnasaMsthAnaprakRutivisheShAnabhisamIkShya tadAtmakAnapi ca sarvavikArAM stAnevopadishanti buddhimantaH||5||

 

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All the endogenous diseases occur invariably due to the vitiation of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''. As a bird cannot infringe upon its own shadow even by flying throughout the day, in the same way all the diseases are produced by disturbances in equilibrium in ''dhatu'' and cannot occur without vitiation of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''. By examining location, sign and symptoms, causes of vitiation of ''vata'', ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' in any condition, the intelligent physician diagnose all diseases. (5)

All the endogenous diseases occur invariably due to the vitiation of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''. As a bird cannot infringe upon its own shadow even by flying throughout the day, in the same way all the diseases are produced by disturbances in equilibrium in ''dhatu'' and cannot occur without vitiation of ''vata, pitta'' and ''kapha''. By examining location, sign and symptoms, causes of vitiation of ''vata'', ''pitta'' and ''kapha'' in any condition, the intelligent physician diagnose all diseases. (5)

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==== Endogenous and exogenous diseases ====

=== Endogenous and exogenous diseases ===

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भवतश्चात्र-  

भवतश्चात्र-  

स्वधातुवैषम्यनिमित्तजा ये विकारसङ्घा बहवः शरीरे|  

स्वधातुवैषम्यनिमित्तजा ये विकारसङ्घा बहवः शरीरे|  

न ते पृथक् पित्तकफानिलेभ्य आगन्तवस्त्वेव ततो विशिष्टाः||६||

न ते पृथक् पित्तकफानिलेभ्य आगन्तवस्त्वेव ततो विशिष्टाः||६||

bhavataścātra-  

bhavataścātra-  

svadhAtuvaiShamyanimittajA ye vikArasa~gghA bahavaH sharIre|  

svadhAtuvaiShamyanimittajA ye vikArasa~gghA bahavaH sharIre|  

na te pRuthak pittakaphAnilebhya Agantavastveva tato vishiShTAH||6||

na te pRuthak pittakaphAnilebhya Agantavastveva tato vishiShTAH||6||

Disturbance in equilibrium of ''dhatus'' results in number of diseases and these are only due to ''pitta, kapha'' and ''vata'' i.e. they cannot be produced without involvement of these three ''doshas''. Exogenous diseases are exception to this. (6)

Disturbance in equilibrium of ''dhatus'' results in number of diseases and these are only due to ''pitta, kapha'' and ''vata'' i.e. they cannot be produced without involvement of these three ''doshas''. Exogenous diseases are exception to this. (6)

==== Progression of endogenous and exogenous diseases ====

=== Progression of endogenous and exogenous diseases ===

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आगन्तुरन्वेति निजं विकारं निजस्तथाऽऽगन्तुमपि प्रवृद्धः|  

आगन्तुरन्वेति निजं विकारं निजस्तथाऽऽगन्तुमपि प्रवृद्धः|  

तत्रानुबन्धं प्रकृतिं च सम्यग् ज्ञात्वा ततः कर्म समारभेत||७||  

तत्रानुबन्धं प्रकृतिं च सम्यग् ज्ञात्वा ततः कर्म समारभेत||७||  

āganturanvēti nijaṁ vikāraṁ nijastathā''gantumapi pravr̥ddhaḥ|  

āganturanvēti nijaṁ vikāraṁ nijastathā''gantumapi pravr̥ddhaḥ|  

Aganturanveti nijaM vikAraM nijastathA~a~agantumapi pravRuddhaH|  

Aganturanveti nijaM vikAraM nijastathA~a~agantumapi pravRuddhaH|  

tatrAnubandhaM prakRutiM ca samyag j~jAtvA tataH karma samArabheta||7||  

tatrAnubandhaM prakRutiM ca samyag j~jAtvA tataH karma samArabheta||7||  

Exogenous diseases may occur as secondary development after endogenous and similarly endogenous diseases may further progress as exogenous diseases. One should carefully analyze primary causes and secondary complications before starting treatment. (7)

Exogenous diseases may occur as secondary development after endogenous and similarly endogenous diseases may further progress as exogenous diseases. One should carefully analyze primary causes and secondary complications before starting treatment. (7)

==== Summary ====

=== Summary ===

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तत्र श्लोकौ-  

तत्र श्लोकौ-  

चत्वारश्चाष्टका वर्गाः, षट्कौ द्वौ, सप्तकास्त्रयः|  

चत्वारश्चाष्टका वर्गाः, षट्कौ द्वौ, सप्तकास्त्रयः|  

अष्टोदरीये रोगाणां रोगाध्याये प्रकाशिताः||९||  

अष्टोदरीये रोगाणां रोगाध्याये प्रकाशिताः||९||  

tatra ślōkau-  

tatra ślōkau-  

catvArashcAShTakA vargAH, ShaTkau dvau, saptakAstrayaH|  

catvArashcAShTakA vargAH, ShaTkau dvau, saptakAstrayaH|  

aShTodarIye rogANAM rogAdhyAye prakAshitAH||9||  

aShTodarIye rogANAM rogAdhyAye prakAshitAH||9||  

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Summing up the contents- this chapter on “Numerical classification of diseases with eight types of abdominal diseases” lists down three diseases having twenty variants each, three diseases having one each, eight diseases having two each, ten diseases having four each, twelve diseases having five each, four diseases having eight each, two diseases having six each, and three diseases having seven variants each. (8-9)

Summing up the contents- this chapter on “Numerical classification of diseases with eight types of abdominal diseases” lists down three diseases having twenty variants each, three diseases having one each, eight diseases having two each, ten diseases having four each, twelve diseases having five each, four diseases having eight each, two diseases having six each, and three diseases having seven variants each. (8-9)

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=== ''Tattva Vimarsha'' ===

== Tattva Vimarsha (Fundamental Principles) ==

*Numerical classification of diseases is important in practice for differential diagnosis and planning treatment.  

*Numerical classification of diseases is important in practice for differential diagnosis and planning treatment.  

*In due course of time, endogenous diseases make the patient vulnerable to exogenous diseases and vice versa.   

*In due course of time, endogenous diseases make the patient vulnerable to exogenous diseases and vice versa.   

=== ''Vidhi Vimarsha'' ===

== Vidhi Vimarsha (Applied Inferences) ==

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*Classification of diseases, including abdominal ones, have been discussed in this chapter. Since diseases are innumerable, the classification is only restricted to diseases prevalent at that time. [Verse no. 1-2]

*Classification of diseases, including abdominal ones, have been discussed in this chapter. Since diseases are innumerable, the classification is only restricted to diseases prevalent at that time. [Verse no. 1-2]

*In this chapter, diseases have been  classified according to ''sankhya samprapti'' (by the number of variants of the disease), ''vidhi samprapti'' (i.e., by features or symptoms of the disease). [Verse 3, 4(1)]

*In this chapter, diseases have been  classified according to ''sankhya samprapti'' (by the number of variants of the disease), ''vidhi samprapti'' (i.e., by features or symptoms of the disease). [Verse 3, 4(1)]

*The common thing among these three diseases with seven varieties is that their manifestation site is skin but they vary in clinical features, severity, chronicity etc. Nomenclature of ''kushtha'' and ''pidaka'' is based mainly on clinical manifestation and in ''visarpa'' subtypes have been also mentioned according to ''doshas'' involved. [Verse no. 4(2)]

*The common thing among these three diseases with seven varieties is that their manifestation site is skin but they vary in clinical features, severity, chronicity etc. Nomenclature of ''kushtha'' and ''pidaka'' is based mainly on clinical manifestation and ''visarpa'' subtypes have been mentioned according to ''doshas'' involved. [Verse no. 4(2)]

*Diseases are classified into six types on the basis of their etiological factors involved. During classifying ''atisara'' both physical and mental factors are considered while classification of ''udavarta'' is based on suppression of six important natural urges. [Verse no. 4(3)]

*Diseases are classified into six types on the basis of their etiological factors involved. During classifying ''atisara'' both physical and mental factors are considered while classification of ''udavarta'' is based on suppression of six important natural urges. [Verse no. 4(3)]

*In this verse 12 diseases have been mentioned which have 5 subtypes. If we analyze five subtypes of each disease we will find that in most of the cases four sub-types are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja'' and ''sannipataja''. Fifth type varies in many of above mentioned diseases like in ''gulma'' and ''pleeha dosha - raktaja'', in ''chhardi- dwistarthsangyogaja'', in ''bhaktasyanasana - dweshaja,'' in ''shiroroga'' and ''hridroga - krimija'', in ''pandu – mridbhakshanaja'' and in ''unmada – agantuja''. Any cause other than ''dosha'' remarkably changes pathogenesis of disease so keeping this fact in mind, last subtypes have been separately mentioned and named. For the same reason in ''kasa'', in place of ''sannipataja, kshataja'' and ''kshayaja kasa'' and in ''trishna'' in place of ''kaphaja - aamaja, trishna'' have been mentioned. In ''shvasa'' division has been done on the basis of prominent symptoms and in ''hikka'' it is based on both symptoms and causative factors. [Verse no. 4(4)]

*In this verse 12 diseases have been mentioned which have 5 subtypes. If we analyze five subtypes of each disease we will find that in most of the cases four sub-types are ''vataja, pittaja, kaphaja'' and ''sannipataja''. Fifth type varies in many of above mentioned diseases like in ''gulma'' and ''pliha dosha - raktaja'', in ''chhardi- dwistarthsangyogaja'', in ''bhaktasyanasana - dweshaja,'' in ''shiroroga'' and ''hridroga - krimija'', in ''pandu – mridbhakshanaja'' and in ''unmada – agantuja''. Any cause other than ''dosha'' remarkably changes pathogenesis of disease so keeping this fact in mind, last subtypes have been separately mentioned and named. For the same reason in ''kasa'', in place of ''sannipataja, kshataja'' and ''kshayaja kasa'' and in ''trishna'' in place of ''kaphaja - aamaja, trishna'' have been mentioned. In ''shvasa'' division has been done on the basis of prominent symptoms and in ''hikka'' it is based on both symptoms and causative factors. [Verse no. 4(4)]

*In eight out of set of ten diseases mentioned, classification into subtypes has been based on involvement of ''soshas''. ''Sosha and klaibya'' pathogenesis and treatment varies with cause of the disease so they are classified on the basis of causative agent involved. [Verse no. 4(5)]

*In eight out of set of ten diseases mentioned, classification into subtypes has been based on involvement of ''soshas''. ''Sosha and klaibya'' pathogenesis and treatment varies with cause of the disease so they are classified on the basis of causative agent involved. [Verse no. 4(5)]

*The basis of classification is different in all the three above mentioned diseases. In ''shotha'' subtypes are classified on the basis ''dosha'', in ''kilasa'' it is based on clinical features and in ''lohitapitta'' it is classified on the basis of site of manifestation. [Verse no. 4(6)]

*The basis of classification is different in all the three above mentioned diseases. The ''shotha'' subtypes are classified on the basis of  ''dosha'', in ''kilasa'' it is based on clinical features and in ''lohitapitta'' it is classified on the basis of site of manifestation. [Verse no. 4(6)]

*Diseases are classified into two types based on etiology, clinical features, severity etc. mainly aimed to properly understand pathogenesis as well as to plan treatment. [Verse no. 4(7)]

*Diseases are classified into two types based on etiology, clinical features, severity etc. mainly aimed to properly understand pathogenesis as well as to plan treatment. [Verse no. 4(7)]

*Diseases with no subtypes have been mentioned. The above set includes possible variation of physical and mental causes. ''Urustambha'' occurs due to three ''doshas'' and ''ama, sanyasa'' is psycho-somatic in nature and in ''mahagada'' there is involvement of mental entities only. [Verse no. 4(8)]

*Diseases with no subtypes have been mentioned. The above set includes possible variation of physical and mental causes. ''Urustambha'' occurs due to three ''doshas'' and ''ama, sanyasa'' is psycho-somatic in nature and in ''mahagada'' there is involvement of mental entities only. [Verse no. 4(8)]

*While describing diseases with large number of subtypes separate way of classification was used. All the mentioned diseases are first broadly classified in a group and then sub-types are mentioned. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' and then among these four groups twenty types of ''krimi'' have been mentioned.( Cha.Vi.7) Twenty types of ''prameha'' are broadly classified in three groups on basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned, Similarly, ''yoni vyapada'' are broadly classified as diseases due to ''dosha'' and diseases due to amalgamation of ''dosha'' and ''dushyas'' and under second category 16 types of diseases have been mentioned. [Verse no. 4(9)]

*While describing diseases with large number of subtypes separate way of classification was used. All the mentioned diseases are first broadly classified in a group and then sub-types are mentioned. ''Krimi'' are first classified into ''bahya, raktaja, shleshmaja'' and ''purishaja'' and then among these four groups twenty types of ''krimi'' have been mentioned.[Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]]7] Twenty types of ''prameha'' are broadly classified in three groups on basis of ''doshas'' and then subtypes are mentioned, Similarly, ''yoni vyapada'' are broadly classified as diseases due to ''dosha'' and diseases due to amalgamation of ''dosha'' and ''dushyas'' and under second category 16 types of diseases have been mentioned. [Verse no. 4(9)]

*Importance of ''dosha'' in disease production has been mentioned. Equilibrium of ''dosha'' is important aspect of ''swasthaya'' or health and if ''doshas'' are vitiated they will lead to disease formation. Three important factors by which one can diagnose disease have been mentioned in the above verse. [Verse no. 5]

*Importance of ''dosha'' in disease production has been mentioned. Equilibrium of ''dosha'' is important aspect of ''swasthya'' or health and if ''doshas'' are vitiated they will lead to disease formation. Three important factors by which one can diagnose disease have been mentioned in the above verse. [Verse no. 5]

*It has been emphasized that there is separate category of disease (''agantuja vyadhi'') in which involvement of ''doshas'' may not be necessary. [Verse no. 6]

*It has been emphasized that there is separate category of disease (''agantuja vyadhi'') in which involvement of ''doshas'' may not be necessary. [Verse no. 6]

*It has been clarified that exogenous and endogenous diseases can coexist and at times endogenous diseases are followed by the exogenous ones and even the exogenous ones are followed by the endogenous one. So, while treating such type of conditions secondary development and the primary nature of the disease should be properly analyzed. [Verse no.7]

*It has been clarified that exogenous and endogenous diseases can coexist and at times endogenous diseases are followed by the exogenous ones and even the exogenous ones are followed by the endogenous one. So, while treating such type of conditions secondary development and the primary nature of the disease should be properly analyzed. [Verse no.7]

*With the advancement of scientific knowledge and technology mode of disease classification has changed a lot but the basic principles remain the same. At present, disease classification is based upon etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features etc. So, basis remains the same but due to enhancement in knowledge nomenclature has changed. [Verse no.3]

*With the advancement of scientific knowledge and technology mode of disease classification has changed a lot but the basic principles remain the same. At present, disease classification is based upon etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features etc. So, basis remains the same but due to enhancement in knowledge nomenclature has changed. [Verse no.3]

==== ''Udara roga'' ====

=== ''Udara roga'' ===

Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1, Ch.Su.18/31]

Cardinal feature of ''udara roga'' is swelling in abdomen so all diseases having presentation with abdominal swelling/distension can be taken under common term ''udara roga''. In general diseases of stomach and bowel can be included in it. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 184 </ref>[Madhukosh on M.Ni.35/1] [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana 18/31]

So, ''udara rogas'' described in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda Ayurveda] can be correlated with different intraabdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegalies, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pleeha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.

So, ''udara rogas'' described in [[Ayurveda]] can be correlated with different intra-abdominal conditions in which abdominal swelling/distension is the prime feature eg. abdominal tumours, hepato/splenomegaly, intestinal obstruction, perforation, ascites etc. Subtypes of ''udara roga'' are named and described on the cause of swelling/distension. First four types are named after ''dosha'' involved. Description of ''pleehodara'' in [[Chikitsa Sthana]] closely resembles with spleen enlargement. ''Pliha'' refers to spleen so all conditions with predominant splenomegaly which cause visible abdominal swelling/distension can be taken by the term ''pleehodara''. ''Baddha'' means obstruction, and so obstructive conditions leading to abdominal swelling/distension can be clubbed as ''baddhodara''. Cause and symptoms closely resembles with that of intestinal obstruction so intestinal obstruction could be the possible modern correlate. ''Chhidra'' refers to cavity or hole. In description of ''chhidrodara'' it is clearly mentioned that intestine is injured which leads to exudation of material from intestine to abdominal cavity from the injured site. This condition closely resembles intestinal perforation. ''Udaka'' literally refers to water. ''Udakodara'' or ''jalodara'' is a condition in which fluid is accumulated in intestine. Based on resemblance in clinical features it can be correlated with ascites.

==== ''Mutraghata'' ====

=== ''Mutraghata'' ===

In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1, Dalhana on S.U.58/1, Chakrapaani on C.Chi.26/43-44]

In ''mutraghata'' main symptom is either oliguria or enuria due to suppression of urine formation and obstructive uropathy.''Vijayarakshita'' has mentioned difference between ''mutrakrichra'' and ''mutraghata''. In ''mutrakrichra'' there is painful and frequent micturition <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 825 </ref> so it can be correlated with dysuria as in urinary tract infection. All conditions in which urinary output is low or absent can be interpreted as ''mutraghata''.[ Ma.Ni.31/1] [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra 58/1]<ref name=Susruta>Sushruta. Sushruta Samhita. Edited by Jadavaji Trikamji Aacharya. 8th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia;2005.</ref>, [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/43-44]

Four types of ''mutraghata'' are classified according to ''dosha'' <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 114 </ref>:  

Four types of ''mutraghata'' are classified according to ''dosha'' <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 114 </ref>:  

*''Ashmarija mutraghata'' (''Ashmari'' means stone) can be taken as obstruction of urine due to urolithiasis.  

*''Ashmarija mutraghata'' (''Ashmari'' means stone) can be taken as obstruction of urine due to urolithiasis.  

*In the same way based on the nomenclature ''sharkaraja mutraghata'' can be taken as condition with gravels in urinary tract,  

*In the same way based on the nomenclature ''sharkaraja mutraghata'' can be taken as condition with gravels in urinary tract,  

*''shonitaja'' refers to blood clot and so it can be taken as hematuria due to tuberculosis, tumor, thrombosis, stone and trauma.

*''shonitaja'' refers to blood clot and so it can be taken as hematuria due to tuberculosis, tumor, thrombosis, stone and trauma.

==== ''Ksheera dosha'' ====

=== ''Ksheera dosha'' ===

''Ksheera'' literally means milk, and ''ksheera dosha'' means disorders in which breast milk is vitiated. Eight types of ''ksheera dosha'' (pathological lactation) are mentioned according to change in physical characteristics of breast milk like color, smell, consistency etc.

''Ksheera'' literally means milk, and ''ksheera dosha'' means disorders in which breast milk is vitiated. Eight types of ''ksheera dosha'' (pathological lactation) are mentioned according to change in physical characteristics of breast milk like color, smell, consistency etc.

==== ''Reto dosha'' ====

=== ''Reto dosha'' ===

''Retas'' refers to sperm <ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 887 </ref> so various clinical conditions in which sperm is vitiated can be denoted as common term ''reto dosha'' (Sperm disorders) such as oligospermia, azoospermia and sperm dyskynesia. Sub classification of ''reto dosha'' has been done on any alteration in physical characteristic of ''retas'' with impaired spermatogenesis and impaired sperm emission. [Verse no. 4(1)]

''Retas'' refers to sperm <ref> Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 887 </ref> so various clinical conditions in which sperm is vitiated can be denoted as common term ''reto dosha'' (Sperm disorders) such as oligospermia, azoospermia and sperm dyskynesia. Sub classification of ''reto dosha'' has been done on any alteration in physical characteristic of ''retas'' with impaired spermatogenesis and impaired sperm emission. [Verse no. 4(1)]

==== ''Kushtha'' ====

=== ''Kushtha'' ===

The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[ A.H.Ni. 14/3, A.H.Ni. 14/4]

The disease in which discoloration or disfigurement of skin occurs comes under ''kushtha''. Various dermatological disorders including leprosy are included under ''kushtha''.[A.H.Nidana Sthana 14/34]<ref name=Hridaya>Vagbhata. Ashtanga Hridayam. Edited by Harishastri Paradkar Vaidya. 1st ed. Varanasi: Krishnadas Academy;2000.</ref>

==== ''Pidaka'' ====

=== ''Pidaka'' ===

''Pidaka'' refers to conditions like boil and abscess. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 625 </ref> These are the inflammatory swelling affecting diabetic or non diabetic immune compromised persons.

''Pidaka'' refers to conditions like boil and abscess. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 625 </ref> These are the inflammatory swelling affecting diabetic or non diabetic immune compromised persons.

==== ''Visarpa'' ====

=== ''Visarpa'' ===

''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[ Cha.Chi. 21/11, Chakrapani on C.Chi. 21/11, Dalhana on S.Ni.10/3, Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]

''Visarpa'' word literally refers to spreading, moving or gliding property. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1001 </ref> It is acute disease which spreads quickly, so all acute inflammatory conditions like erysipelas, herpes, erythema multiforme and acute lymphadenitis can be called ''visarpa''.[Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/11], [Chakrapani on Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/11], [Dalhana on Su.Sa.Nidana Sthana 10/3]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni.52/1]

It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]

It can be said that ''kushtha'' covers almost all dermatological disorders whereas ''pidakas'' are inflammatory swelling which occurs as complications of prameha but can occur in other conditions also. ''Visarpa'' is relatively serious condition and can be taken as acute spreading inflammatory skin conditions. [Verse no. 4(2)]

==== ''Atisara'' ====

=== ''Atisara'' ===

All diarrheal diseases including acute, chronic, psychogenic, drug and diet induced, inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases.

All diarrheal diseases including acute, chronic, psychogenic, drug and diet induced, inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases.

==== ''Udavarta'' ====

=== ''Udavarta'' ===

''Udavarta'' word refers to excretion <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 185 </ref> and is caused by suppression of natural urges due to which path of ''vata'' is obstructed resulting in hampering of normal functioning and movement of ''vata''. [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni. 27/1] Conditions characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.

''Udavarta'' word refers to excretion <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 185 </ref> and is caused by suppression of natural urges due to which path of ''vata'' is obstructed resulting in hampering of normal functioning and movement of ''vata''. [Madhukosha Teeka on M.Ni. 27/1] Conditions characterized by retention of feces, urine and flatus, associated with pain and leading to or caused by anti-peristaltic movements in the body.

==== ''Gulma'' ====

=== ''Gulma'' ===

''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha. Ni. 3/7, Cha. Chi. 5/7]

''Gulma'' is a condition in which there is palpable mobile or immobile lump in abdomen, in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size. So, ''gulma'' can be taken as any abdominal lump which can be palpated. [ Cha.Sa.[[Nidana Sthana]] 3/7], [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/7]

==== ''Kasa'' ====

=== ''Kasa'' ===

''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [ Cha.Chi.18/8, Su.Utt.52/5]

''Kasa'' refers to a condition in which air is expelled from the lungs with a sudden explosive sound of cough. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 281 </ref> ''Kasa'' includes all pathological conditions in which coughing is cardinal feature. [Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/8], [Su.Sa.Uttara Tantra.52/5]<ref name=Susruta/>

==== ''Shvasa'' ====

=== ''Shvasa'' ===

''Shvasa'' word implies respiration. ''Shvasa vyadhi'' refers to pathological conditions in which there is difficulty in breathing. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1106 </ref> ''Shvasa'' is a condition in which person breathes rapidly like a leather bag which inflates and deflates with speed. ''Shvasa'' refers to impaired cardiorespiratory function including systemic causes. [Madhukosha Teeka on M. Ni. 12.15]

''Shvasa'' word implies respiration. ''Shvasa vyadhi'' refers to pathological conditions in which there is difficulty in breathing. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1106 </ref> ''Shvasa'' is a condition in which person breathes rapidly like a leather bag which inflates and deflates with speed. ''Shvasa'' refers to impaired cardiorespiratory function including systemic causes. [Madhukosha Teeka on M. Ni. 12.15]

==== ''Hikka'' ====

=== ''Hikka'' ===

''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [ Su.U. 50/6, Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]

''Hikka'' is a disease in which ''hik hik'' sound is produced. It can be correlated with hiccup <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1298 </ref> and its pathological variation mentioned in Ayurvedic texts ranges from mild to severe life threatening conditions. [Su.Sa.Uttara tantra 50/6]<ref name=Susruta/>, [Madhukosha on Ma.Ni. 12/3]

==== ''Trishna'' ====

=== ''Trishna'' ===

''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [ A. U. 48/3 ]

''Trishna'' literally means thirst, a clinical entity in which patient suffers from excessive thirst not satisfied even after excessive water intake. [A.H.Uttara Sthana 48/3]<ref name=Hridaya/>

==== ''Chhardi'' ====

=== ''Chhardi'' ===

In ''chhardi'' (vomiting), food and ''dosha'' are forcefully expelled out through mouth.

In ''chhardi'' (vomiting), food and ''dosha'' are forcefully expelled out through mouth.

==== ''Arochaka'' ====

=== ''Arochaka'' ===

''Arochaka'' refers to a clinical condition in which person has loss of taste, appetite and aversion to food. <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 88 </ref>

''Arochaka'' refers to a clinical condition in which person has loss of taste, appetite and aversion to food. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 88 </ref>

==== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ====

=== ''Shiroroga'' and ''Hridroga'' ===

''Shira'' is head and ''hridaya'' is heart.Thus, ''Shiroroga'' are diseases of head and related structures <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1073 </ref> while ''hridroga'' are cardiovascular diseases <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1302 </ref>

''Shira'' is head and ''hridaya'' is heart.Thus, ''Shiroroga'' are diseases of head and related structures <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1073 </ref> while ''hridroga'' are cardiovascular diseases <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1302 </ref>

==== ''Pandu'' ====

=== ''Pandu'' ===

''Pandu'' is pallor of skin<ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 616 </ref>  and mucosa and is consistent with anemia.

''Pandu'' is pallor of skin<ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 616 </ref>  and mucosa and is consistent with anemia.

==== ''Unmada'' ====

=== ''Unmada'' ===

''Unmada'' is a syndrome with multiple manifestations and heterogeneous causes, including psychosis and mood disorders. It is characterized by perturbation / confusion (''vibhrama'') of mind (''manas''), intellect (''buddhi''), consciousness (''sangyaa''), knowledge (''jnana''), memory (''smriti''), desire (''bhakti''), manner (''sheela''), behaviour (''cheshta''), conduct (''aachaara''). This is cardinal sign of ''unmada''.  

''Unmada'' is a syndrome with multiple manifestations and heterogeneous causes, including psychosis and mood disorders. It is characterized by perturbation / confusion (''vibhrama'') of mind (''manas''), intellect (''buddhi''), consciousness (''sangyaa''), knowledge (''jnana''), memory (''smriti''), desire (''bhakti''), manner (''sheela''), behaviour (''cheshta''), conduct (''aachaara''). This is cardinal sign of ''unmada''.  

==== ''Apasmara'' ====

=== ''Apasmara'' ===

''Apasmara'' is a clinical condition with impaired memory, intellect and cognition, characterized by seizures and impaired consciousness, resembling epilepsy.

''Apasmara'' is a clinical condition with impaired memory, intellect and cognition, characterized by seizures and impaired consciousness, resembling epilepsy.

==== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ====

=== ''Akshi roga, karna roga'' and ''mukha roga'' ===

''Akshi Roga'' refers to ophthalmic disorders, ''karna roga'' to diseases of ear <ref>Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 257 </ref> and ''mukha roga'' as disorders of mouth.

''Akshi Roga'' refers to ophthalmic disorders, ''karna roga'' to diseases of ear <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 257 </ref> and ''mukha roga'' as disorders of mouth.

==== ''Grahani'' ====

=== ''Grahani'' ===

''Grahani'' is a group of diseases involving small intestine as in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and all types of disorders of digestion and absorption.

''Grahani'' is a group of diseases involving small intestine as in irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases and all types of disorders of digestion and absorption.

==== ''Mada/Murchha'' ====

=== ''Mada/Murchha'' ===

''Mada'' is acute state of confusion and delirium and ''murchcha'' is deep loss of consciousness (syncope).  

''Mada'' is acute state of confusion and delirium and ''murchcha'' is deep loss of consciousness (syncope).  

==== ''Shosha'' ====

=== ''Shosha'' ===

''Shosha'' refers to phthisis, a progressive wasting or consumptive condition such as tuberculosis. It generally refers to depletion of ''dhatu'' and hence strength.  

''Shosha'' refers to phthisis, a progressive wasting or consumptive condition such as tuberculosis. It generally refers to depletion of ''dhatu'' and hence strength.  

==== ''Klaibya'' ====

=== ''Klaibya'' ===

''Klaibya'' denotes impotence.<ref> Williams Monier, Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 324 </ref>

''Klaibya'' denotes impotence.<ref> Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 324 </ref>

==== ''Shotha'' ====

=== ''Shotha'' ===

''Shotha'' is a condition with swelling/distension. [23]

''Shotha'' is a condition with swelling/distension. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 1091 </ref>

==== ''Kilasa'' ====

=== ''Kilasa'' ===

''Kilasa'' refers to depigmentation of skin as in leukoderma, vitiligo.

''Kilasa'' refers to depigmentation of skin as in leukoderma, vitiligo.

==== ''Raktapitta'' ====

=== ''Raktapitta'' ===

''Raktapitta'' stand for a group of disorders of bleeding[24]/coagulopathies.  

''Raktapitta'' stand for a group of disorders of bleeding<ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 861 </ref>/coagulopathies.

==== ''Jwara'' ====

=== ''Jwara'' ===

''Jwara'' refers to fever.[25]

''Jwara'' refers to fever.<ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 428 </ref>

==== ''Vrana'' ====

=== ''Vrana'' ===

''Vrana'' (wound) is defined as any lesion in the body causing damage or destruction of the tissue which on healing may leave behind a scar permanently.  

''Vrana'' (wound) is defined as any lesion in the body causing damage or destruction of the tissue which on healing may leave behind a scar permanently.  

==== ''Aayama'' ====

=== ''Aayama'' ===

''Aayama'' refers to abnormal posture of body due to severe muscular spasm or dysotnia.  

''Aayama'' refers to abnormal posture of body due to severe muscular spasm or dysotnia.  

==== ''Gridhrasi'' ====

=== ''Gridhrasi'' ===

''Gridhrasi'' refers to sciatica lumbosacral radiculopathy and lumbosacral plexopathy.   

''Gridhrasi'' refers to sciatica lumbosacral radiculopathy and lumbosacral plexopathy.   

==== Miscellaneous diseases ====

=== Miscellaneous diseases ===

'''''Kamala''''': Jaundice

'''''Kamala''''': Jaundice

'''''Urustambha''''':  ''Urustambha'', pelvic girdle myopathy and flaccid paraplegia is seen.

'''''Urustambha''''':  ''Urustambha'', pelvic girdle myopathy and flaccid paraplegia is seen.

'''''Sanyasa''''': ''Sanyasa'' is a state of unconsciousness in which a person lies in vegetative state and correlates with coma. [ Ch.Su.24/44-45]  

'''''Sanyasa''''': ''Sanyasa'' is a state of unconsciousness in which a person lies in vegetative state and correlates with coma. [Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 24/44-45]  

'''''Mahagada''''': ''Atattvabhinivesha'' is said to be ''Mahagada''. It is a psychological disorder such as hypochondriasis and paranoia. [ Ch.Chi.10/60]  [Verse no. 4(8)]

'''''Mahagada''''': ''Atattvabhinivesha'' is said to be ''Mahagada''. It is a psychological disorder such as hypochondriasis and paranoia. [ Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 10/60]  [Verse no. 4(8)]

'''''Krimi Roga''''': ''Krimi'' refers to various parasitic infestation.

'''''Krimi Roga''''': ''Krimi'' refers to various parasitic infestation.

'''''Prameha''''': ''Prameha'' is passage of excessive and turbid urine from many causes.

'''''Prameha''''': ''Prameha'' is passage of excessive and turbid urine from many causes.

'''''Yoni Vyapada''''': ''Yoni Vyapada'' refers to different conditions afflicting female genitals. [27] Broadly it refers to various gynecological disorders. [Verse no. 4(9)]

'''''Yoni Vyapada''''': ''Yoni Vyapada'' refers to different conditions afflicting female genitals. <ref>Monier Williams , Sanskrit – English Dictionary, Motilal Varanasi Publications, Reprint- 1997, Page no 858 </ref> Broadly it refers to various gynecological disorders. [Verse no. 4(9)]

Exogenous causes are important cause of morbidity and mortality and so they are included in international classification of diseases. In separate chapter injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes & external causes of morbidity and mortality have been mentioned in ICD-10. Exogenous causes were given importance in ancient times also and so their role in disease diagnosis and treatment has been emphasized in above verse. [Verse no. 7]

Exogenous causes are important cause of morbidity and mortality and so they are included in international classification of diseases. In separate chapter injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes & external causes of morbidity and mortality have been mentioned in ICD-10. Exogenous causes were given importance in ancient times also and so their role in disease diagnosis and treatment has been emphasized in above verse. [Verse no. 7]

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=== References ===

== References ==

<references/>

<references/>

*udara (udara, उदर) - Generalized abdominal enlargement.

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*Mūtrāghātaat(mUtrAghAtAH ,मूत्राघात) - Anuria / Oliguria A disease characterized by anuria or oligouria due to obstruction to the flow of urine.

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*kṣīradōṣa (kShIradoSha ,क्षीरदोष ) - Vitiation of breast milk, they are classified into eight varieties.

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*rētōdōṣa (retodoSha ,रेतोदोष) - Seminal abnormalities The term signifies all kinds of seminal anomalies including its qualitative and quantitative disturbances.

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*piḍakā (piDakA ,पिडका) - Mass, postules.

*gulma (gulma,गुल्म) - Lump in abdomen. A lump like formation occurring in the abdomen either mobile or static in nature, circular in shape and constantly increasing and decreasing in size.

*plīha (plIha,प्लीह) - Spleen

*kāsā (kAsa,कास) -  Cough A disease characterized by excessive cough either dry or with mucous.

*śvāsa (shvAsa,श्वास) - Dyspnoea due to respiratory disease. It is a respiratory disease marked by recurrent paroxysmal attacks of Shortness of breath, a subjective difficulty or distress in breathing, with or without wheezing due to obstruction in the respiratory airways.

*hikkā (hikkA,हिक्का) – Hiccoughs. A disease characterized by production of peculiar sound like hic-hic by mouth.

*tr̥ṣṇā  (tRuShNA,तृष्णा) - Polydypsia The condition resembles to morbid thirst in which the person even after continuous water intake fails to quench his thirst.

*chhardi (chhardi,छर्दि) - Vomiting A disease in which vomiting is the main symptom.

*śirōrōga (shiroroga,शिरोरोग) - Headache and diseases of scalp. Disease conditions wherein headache is prominent feature. Totally there are eleven such conditions. In literature there are again mention of nine conditions affecting the scalp which are also considers among the diseases affecting the head.

*pāṇḍurōga (pANDuroga ,पाण्डुरोग) - Pallor of body, Anemia The term literally means paleness of the skin and mucosa along with yellowish discoloration of urine and feces; marked by lack of blood, strength complexion, body fat and essence of the body tissues.

*śōtha (shotha,शोथ) – It is used synonymous to edema.

*lōhitapitta (lohitapittaM,लोहितपित्त) - Hemorrhagic disorder A hemorrhagic disorder in which bleeding occurs through orifices of the body without any direct injury to the body tissues.

*jvara ( jvara,ज्वर) - Pyrexia / fever A sense of non well being in senses, mind and body along with raised body temperature and associated by obstruction to the skin.