Bilva
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa
| Section/Chapter | Herb database/Bilva |
|---|---|
| Botanical name(s) | Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa |
| Family | Rutaceae |
| Availability | Available |
| Contributors | Team Dravyaguna |
| Year of publication | 2026 |
| Publisher | Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre |
| DOI | Awaited |
Aegle marmelos (commonly known as bael, bilva, or stone apple) is a plant species in the family Rutaceae. Aegle marmelos is a medium-sized, slow-growing, deciduous spiny tree native to dry tropical and subtropical forests of the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar, and Thailand.[1] It reaches heights of 8–15 meters and exhibits trifoliate, alternate leaves traditionally associated with religious symbolism in South Asia. The fruit is a globose or pyriform berry with a hard, woody outer shell (5–15 cm diameter) containing aromatic, mucilaginous orange pulp embedded with numerous woolly seeds. All morphological parts—including the unripe fruit, ripe fruit, root bark, leaves, and stem—possess distinct therapeutic profiles in classical Indian medicine.
Botanical profile and nomenclature
- Taxonomic name: Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa
- Botanical synonyms: Crateva marmelos L., Feronia pellucida Roth, Belou marmelos (L.) W.Wight
- Family: Rutaceae (Citrus family)
- Sanskrit names: Bilva, Sriphala, Shandilya, Shailusha, Malura, Pootivata
- Vernacular names: Bael, Stone Apple, Golden Apple (English); Bel, Bael (Hindi/Bengali); Maredu (Telugu); Vilvam (Tamil); Baelu (Kannada); Koovalam (Malayalam); Bel (Marathi).
Ayurvedic energetics and pharmacodynamics
In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology (Dravyaguna), Bilva presents a distinct dual-action profile depending on fruit maturity. Unripe fruit (Ama Bilva) is primary for intestinal and digestive pathology, whereas ripe fruit (Pakva Bilva) acts as a laxative but is heavier to digest. Leaves (Bilva Patra) and roots (Bilva Mula, a constituent of Dashamula) possess potent Vata-Kapha pacifying properties.
| Parameter | Unripe fruit (Ama Bilva) | Leaves (Bilva Patra) | Root bark (Bilva Mula) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rasa (Taste) | Kashaya (Astringent), Tikta (Bitter) | Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent) | Kashaya (Astringent), Madhura (Sweet) |
| Guna (Qualities) | Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry) | Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry) | Laghu (Light) |
| Virya (Potency) | Ushna (Hot) | Ushna (Hot) | Ushna (Hot) |
| Vipaka (Post-digestive) | Katu (Pungent) | Katu (Pungent) | Katu (Pungent) |
| Dosha Karma | Kapha-Vata Hara | Kapha-Vata Hara | Tridosha Hara (esp. Vata-Kapha) |
| Primary actions | Grahi (Absorbent), Deepana (Stomachic), Pachana (Digestive) | Mehahara (Antidiabetic), Shothahara (Anti-inflammatory) | Shothahara (Anti-edematous), Anulomana (Carminative) |
| Indications | Atisara (Diarrhea), Grahani (IBD/IBS), Pravahika (Dysentery) | Prameha (Diabetes), Jwara (Fever), Shotha (Swelling) | Vata-vyadhi (Neurological/Joint disorders), Vamana (Vomiting) |
Therapeutic uses
Pravahika, Agnimandya(loss of appetite), grahani roga[2]
Synonyms in Charak Samhita
Bilva, Shriphala(fruit of bilva is having aroma), Shandilya, Malur, Mahaphala(fruit is large in size), Sadaphala(bilva bears fruits always)
Synonyms in Bhavaprakasa Nighantu
Shandilya, Shailusha(Bilva tree grows in hilly region also),malura[3]
Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions
| Sr.no. | Reference in Charak Samhita | Activity |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/11 | Asthapana |
| 2 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/19 | Pachani-Grahi yavagu(gruel) |
| 3 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/20 | Piita-Shelsmaja Atisara yavagu |
| 4 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 2/28 | Grahi yavagu |
| 5 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(12) | Arshoghna mahakashaya (anti-hemorrhoids) |
| 6 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(25) | Asthapanopaga mahakashaya(helping corrective enema) |
| 7 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(26) | Anuvasanopaga mahakashaya(unctuous enema) |
| 8 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(38) | Shwayathuhara mahakashaya(relieving oedema) |
| 9 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 5/64 | Anu taila dravya |
| 10 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 13/10 | Sthavara Sneha Yoni (Vegetable origin of lipids) |
| 11 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 21/24 | Management of obesity |
| 12 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 25/40 | Agrya Sangraha |
| 13 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/107 | Shaka Varga(group of vegetables) |
| 14 | Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/138 | Phala Varga(group of fruits) |
| 15 | Cha.Sa.Sharira Sthana 8/33 | Vyapagat garbhashalya chikitsa |
| 16 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 8/11 | Aragvadha Yoga(collections of best food articles, factors and drugs in various conditions) |
| 17 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 9/12 | Tilvaka Ghrita Yoga |
| 18 | Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 12/16 | Churna Yoga |
| 19 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/43 | In formulation of Brahma rasayana |
| 20 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/183 | Used as peya with amla in Jwara atisara |
| 21 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/187 | Used as peya where jwara(fever) is associated with Parikartika(fissure) |
| 22 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/220 | As an ingredient of Pippalyadi Ghrita |
| 23 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/235 | Used as khseerapaka where jwara is associated with parikartika |
| 24 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 | As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila |
| 25 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 4/46 | In Yavagu prayoga |
| 26 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/67 | To increase effect of Trayushanaadi ghrita |
| 27 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/149 | Ingredient of Mishrak Sneha |
| 28 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/165 | As Pathya Diet in Gulma |
| 29 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/65 | Ingredient in Mustadi Churna |
| 30 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 7/81 | Ingredient in Triphalasav |
| 31 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/93 | Ingredient in Uttarbhatik Ghrita |
| 32 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/126 | Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga |
| 33 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/127 | Ingredient in Atisar nashak Yoga |
| 34 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/168 | Ingredient in Rajayakshma nasak Ghrita |
| 35 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 10/18 | Ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Ghrita |
| 36 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/43 | Ingredient in Kshar Gudika |
| 37 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/50 | Ingredient in Kansaharitaki Avaleh |
| 38 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 | Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita |
| 39 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/60 | Ingredient in Jivantyadi Yavagu |
| 40 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/109 | In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka) |
| 41 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/40 | As an application of taila before Swedana kriya |
| 42 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/44 | Used as avasechana in arsha roga |
| 43 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/47 | Used in avagaha sweda |
| 44 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/63 | As an ingredient of traushnadi churna |
| 45 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/69 | Bilva and kapittha are used with chitraka |
| 46 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/93 | kashaya Or yavani used in yusha |
| 47 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/100 | Alleviates pain in arsha with patha |
| 48 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/107 | As an ingredient of chavyadi ghrita |
| 49 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/110 | As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrita |
| 50 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/131 | Used in anuvasana basti |
| 51 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/144 | As an ingredient of dantyarishta |
| 52 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/195 | Used in rakta arsha shoola |
| 53 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/200 | Used in rakta arsha |
| 54 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/230 | As an ingredient of hriberadi ghrita |
| 55 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/236 | As an ingredient of sunishanak changeri ghrita |
| 56 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/82 | As an ingredient of dashmuladya ghrita |
| 57 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/88 | As an ingredient of pancamuladhya ghrita evum churna |
| 58 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/113 | Used as ingredient of yavagu |
| 59 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/129 | As an ingredient of Nagaradya churna |
| 60 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/136 | As an ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa |
| 61 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/156 | As an ingredient of Mulasava |
| 62 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/188 | Used in preparation of Pancham Kshara |
| 63 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/58 | Used in Kaphaja Pandu(anemia) Roga |
| 64 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/119 | As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita |
| 65 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/94 | Used in yusha preparation for hikka svasa |
| 66 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/102 | Used in yavagu preparation for hikka shvasa |
| 67 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/105 | Dasamula kwath is used in condition of trishna in terms of patients of hikka svasa |
| 68 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/140 | As an ingredient of dashamuladya ghrita |
| 69 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 17/142 | As an ingredient of Tejovatyadi ghrita |
| 70 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/77 | As an ingredient of peya yoga |
| 71 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/110 | As a ahara dravya |
| 72 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 18/123 | As an ingredient of dashamuladi ghrita |
| 73 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 | As a pramathya dravya |
| 74 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/26 | As a Ingreidient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana |
| 75 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/34 | As a yusha dravya |
| 76 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/35 | As a yusha dravya |
| 77 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/45 | As a anuvasana dravya |
| 78 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/48 | Use with paya for pana |
| 79 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/52 | As a yoga dravya in treatment of pittaja atisara |
| 80 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/62 | As a anuvasana dravya |
| 81 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/104 | As a kwatha dravya |
| 82 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/109 | As a yoga dravya |
| 83 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/110 | As a yoga dravya |
| 84 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/113 | As a yoga dravya |
| 85 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/114 | As a main dravya in kaphaj atisara |
| 86 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/118 | As a piccha basti dravya |
| 87 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/119 | As a anuvasana dravya |
| 88 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/23 | As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi |
| 89 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/129 | Used as anupana in vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of panchamula |
| 90 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 25/78 | Used for parisechana in Daha & shoola |
| 91 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/82 | As an ingredient of Punarnavadi taila for vataja hrudroga |
| 92 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/135 | Used in Vataja pratishyaya as dhoomavarti |
| 93 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/184 | Used in Kaphaja Siroroga for Pradhamana nasya |
| 94 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 26/243 | As an ingredient of Amrutadi varti |
| 95 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/29 | As an ingredient of Urustambha nashak Yoga |
| 96 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 27/56 | As an ingredient of Shyonakadi Parisheka and Pralepa |
| 97 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/97 | Used in the treatment of Nabhigata vata |
| 98 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/123 | As an ingredient of Baladi ghrita |
| 99 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/141 | As an ingredient of Yavadi taila |
| 100 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/169 | As an ingredient of Mulakadhya taila |
| 101 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 28/176 | As an ingredient of Mulaka taila |
| 102 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 29/104 | As an ingredient of Amrutadya taila |
| 103 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/91 | As an ingredient of Pushyanuga churna |
| 104 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/266 | Used in the treatment of Phena sanghat, As an ingredient of Anjanadi lepa |
| 105 | Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 30/278 | Used in the treatment of Pichhila stanya |
Dose
- 3-6 gm of the drug in powder form[4]
Important formulations
As per A.P.I.[5]
- Bilvadi leha
- Bruhatagangadhara churna
Current availability
Available
Current researches
Phytochemical profile
Chemical characterization of Aegle marmelos across various tissues has identified over 100 secondary metabolites.[6][7] The principal active phytochemical groups include:
- Coumarins and furanocoumarins: Marmelosin (imperatorin), marmin, umbelliferone, scopoletin, psoralen, aurapten, and xanthotoxol. Marmelosin represents the primary bio-marker constituent responsible for gastroprotective and anti-diarrheal activity.[1]
- Alkaloids: Aegeline, marmeline, shahimspine, fragrine, O-methylhalfordinol, and aegelenine.[6] Aegeline exhibits metabolic regulatory effects.
- Triterpenoids and sterols: β-sitosterol, lupeol, and γ-sitosterol.
- Phenolics and flavonoids: Rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, tannic acid, and gallic acid.[8]
- Polysaccharides and essential oils: Mucilage and pectins (fruit pulp); limonene, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, and cineole (leaf essential oil).
Therapeutic efficacy and pharmacological profile
Anti-diarrheal, anti-dysenteric, and gastroprotective activity
The primary historical clinical use of unripe Bilva fruit is in managing inflammatory bowel conditions, infectious diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
- Mechanisms of action: Unripe fruit extracts rich in marmelosin, tannins, and mucilage exhibit antisecretory and antimotility effects. Research demonstrates that aqueous and methanolic extracts significantly reduce castor oil-induced and enterotoxin-induced intestinal fluid accumulation and peristalsis.[9]
- Antimicrobial action against enteropathogens: A. marmelos extracts inhibit colonization and toxin production of enteropathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhimurium.[10]
- Ulcer protective effect: Marmelosin and mucosal polysaccharides enhance gastric mucosal resistance, stimulate mucin secretion, and neutralize gastric hyperacidity, showing efficacy comparable to ranitidine in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models.[7]
Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic activity
Leaf and fruit extracts of Aegle marmelos possess potent blood-glucose-lowering properties, validating its use in traditional management of Prameha (metabolic syndrome).
- Mechanisms of action: Aqueous leaf extract improves systemic glucose tolerance by increasing peripheral glucose uptake, enhancing hepatic glycogen synthesis, and suppressing gluconeogenic enzymes (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase).[11]
- Pancreatic beta-cell protection: Histopathological evaluations show that administration of A. marmelos extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models promotes regeneration of pancreatic β-cells and increases serum insulin secretion.[1]
- Enzyme inhibition: Extracts demonstrate strong competitive inhibition against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, delaying postprandial glucose absorption.[8]
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties
The root bark and leaf preparations suppress systemic inflammation, joint pain, and fever.
- Mechanisms of action: Methanolic leaf and root extracts inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma in animal models.[12] Bioactive coumarins (marmin and umbelliferone) downregulate key inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6).[7]
Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity
Free radical damage drives many chronic hepatic and systemic pathologies. A. marmelos leaves and fruit pulp contain high concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids that scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- Mechanisms of action: Administration of A. marmelos restores depleted endogenous antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH)—while reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in lipid peroxidation assays.[13]
- Hepatoprotection: In carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity models, Bilva extract significantly reduces elevated serum biomarkers: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin, restoring normal liver architecture.[1]
Cardioprotective and antihyperlipidemic activity
- Cardioprotection: Pre-treatment with A. marmelos leaf extract attenuates isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction by preventing membrane phospholipid degradation, maintaining intracellular enzyme leakage (CK-MB, LDH), and mitigating oxidative stress.[14]
- Lipid modulation: Extracts lower total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides while elevating high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in hyperlipidemic models.[11]
Dosage, formulations, and safety profile
Classical formulations
- Bilvadi Churna: Powdered combination of unripe Bilva, Mocharasa, Musta, and Dhataki used for acute diarrhea, dysentery, and IBS.
- Bilvashtaka Churna: Traditional polyherbal formulation prescribed for intestinal malabsorption (Grahani) and sluggish digestion.
- Bilvadilehya (Bilvadi Lehya): Herbal jam formulation indicated for chronic diarrhea, hyperacidity, vomiting, and nausea.
- Dashamularishta / Dashamula Kwatha: Complex decoction and fermented tonic incorporating Bilva root as a primary anti-inflammatory agent.
- Bilva Taila: Medicated sesame oil infused with Bilva fruit processed for ear ailments (Karnaroga), particularly tinnitus and hard of hearing.
Recommended posology (raw drug)
- Unripe fruit powder (Churna): 2–6 grams daily with warm water or buttermilk.
- Leaf powder (Churna): 3–6 grams daily.
- Leaf juice (Swarasa): 10–20 mL daily.
- Root bark decoction (Kwatha): 50–100 mL daily in divided doses.
- Fresh fruit pulp (ripe): 50–100 grams (used as a seasonal cooling beverage).
Toxicology and safety
Aegle marmelos exhibits a broad therapeutic window and high safety profile. Acute toxicity studies in rodents with aqueous and alcoholic leaf/fruit extracts showed no mortality or adverse behavioral parameters up to single doses of 2000 mg/kg body weight (NOAEL).[7]
- Precautions: Ripe fruit pulp is heavy to digest (Guru) and, if consumed excessively over prolonged periods, can cause intestinal bloating and constipation due to high pectin and mucosal content. Unripe fruit formulations should be discontinued once acute diarrhea or dysentery resolves to avoid excessive astringent (Stambhana) activity.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sharma, G. N., Dubey, S. K., Sati, N., & Sanadya, J. (2011). Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa: A potential medicinal plant for pharmaceuticals. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 1(1), 10–30.
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18
- ↑ Pro. Krushnachandra Chunekar, Bhavaprakash Nighantu. Reprint Edition 2020, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Guduchyadi varga, verse no.-13
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18
- ↑ Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 01:18
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dhankhar, S., Ruhil, S., Balhara, M., Dhankhar, S., & Chhillar, A. K. (2011). Aegle marmelos (Linn.) Correa: A potential source of phytomedicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(9), 1497–1507.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Baliga, M. S., Thilak, C., Haniadka, R., Rao, S., & Arora, R. (2011). Evaluation of the antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(11), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0534
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Pathirana, C. K., Madhujith, T., & Eeswara, J. (2020). Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa), a versatile medicinal plant: A review on chemical constituents and bioactivities. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(2), 1619–1629.
- ↑ Bhowmik, D., Kumar, K. S., Yadav, A., Srivastava, S., Paswan, S., & Dutta, A. S. (2012). Recent trends in Indian traditional herb Aegle marmelos and its medicinal potential. The Pharma Innovation, 1(4), 12–22.
- ↑ Rajan, S., Gokila, M., Jancy, P., Brindha, P., & Sujatha, R. (2011). Antioxidant and phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos fruit pulp. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(2), 159–163.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gandhi, G. R., & Sasikumar, P. (2012). Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activity of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. leaf extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(3), S115–S122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60140-1
- ↑ Patel, P. K., Patel, M. A., Vyas, B. A., Shah, D. R., & Gandhi, T. R. (2012). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of Aegle marmelos leaves. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 6(1), 23–28.
- ↑ Jagetia, G. C., Venkatesh, P., & Baliga, M. S. (2005). Evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Phytomedicine, 12(1-2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.006
- ↑ Prince, P. S. M., & Rajadurai, M. (2005). Preventive effect of Aegle marmelos leaf extract on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 57(10), 1353–1358. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.57.10.0015