Charak Samhita

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Cyperus rotundus L
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= Cyperus rotundus, Musta, nut grass, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, caraka samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description='''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass'''
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_rotundus Cyperus rotundus L]


{{Infobox
{{Infobox
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|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Available
|data4 = Available
|data5 = --
|label6 = Contributors
|data5 = Team Dravyaguna
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
Line 20: Line 31:
}}
}}


==English name ==  
'''''Cyperus rotundus''''', commonly known as '''musta''' (मुस्ता), '''mustaka''', or '''nut grass''', is a perennial [[sedge]] native to Africa, southern and central Europe, and southern Asia. While widely categorized as an invasive agricultural weed, the [[rhizome]]s and [[tuber]]s of ''C. rotundus'' have been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine systems, including [[Ayurveda]] and [[traditional Chinese medicine]] (TCM).<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
 
In traditional medicine, it is primarily indicated for [[gastrointestinal disease|gastrointestinal disorders]], fevers, [[inflammation|inflammatory conditions]], and [[gynecology|gynecological irregularities]].<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Modern [[pharmacology|pharmacological]] research has investigated these traditional claims, identifying a wide array of bioactive compounds and validating its efficacy in gastrointestinal stability, inflammation management, gastroprotection, and specific [[dermatology|dermatological]] applications.<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />


--
==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Agnimandya,Ajerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), Jwara(fever), sangrahani , swasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush,
 
Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
Agnimandya,Ajeerna(indigestion), trushna(thirst), [[Jwara]](fever), sangrahani , shwasa(dyspnea), kasa(cough), mutrakruccha(dysuria), stanyavikara(breast milk disease), sutikaroga, atisara(diarrhea), amavata(rhematoid arthitis), krumiroga(worms).<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986;
Volume 5:55</ref>
Volume 5:55</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhitas==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhitas==
Musta, Ghana, Mustaka, Gundra, Bhadramusta, Nagaramusta, Krodakaseruka, Vanya, Varidanadakam(musta grows near water resources),
Musta, Ghana, Mustaka, Gundra, Bhadramusta, Nagaramusta, Krodakaseruka, Vanya, Varidanadakam(musta grows near water resources),
Kuruvinda, Nalad
Kuruvinda, Nalad
Line 70: Line 83:
|-
|-
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)  
| 3 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(11)  
| Truptighna (anti-satiety)  mahakashay
| Truptighna (anti-satiety)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14)  
| 4 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(14)  
| Kandughna(anti-pruritic/itching)  mahakashay
| Kandughna(anti-pruritic/itching)  mahakashaya
|-
|-
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)  
| 5 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(18)  
| Stanyashodhana (galacto-purifiers) mahakashay
| Stanyashodhana (galacto-purifiers) mahakashaya
|-
|-
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|6 ||Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(29)
|Trishna  nigrahana (reducing thirst)mahakashay
|Trishna  nigrahana (reducing thirst)mahakashaya
|-
|-
|7
|7
Line 95: Line 108:
|10
|10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/10
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|-
|-
|11
|11
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/12
|Santarpanajanya  vikar chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|Santarpanajanya  vikara chikitsa(Treatment of Over-nutrition disease)
|-
|-
|12
|12
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|13
|13
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani(medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|Vamana dravyani(medicines used in therapeutic emesis)
|-
|-
|14
|14
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|20
|20
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 1/1/58
|In  formulation of dwitiya brahma rasayana
|In  formulation of dwitiya Brahma rasayana
|-
|-
|21
|21
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/145  
|When patient is suffering with Pipasa in Jwara as an  ingredient of Shadanga paniya.
|When patient is suffering with Pipasa in Jwara as an  ingredient of Shadanga paniya, used as shruta sheeta jala  
 
Used as shruta sheeta jala
 
Pipasa jwar shantaye
|-
|-
|22
|22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/197,198
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/197,198
|Used as kwath(decoction) or   sheeta kashaya for  trushna,  deepana, doshapachana, jwar,aruchi  and  mukhavairasya
|Used as kwath(decoction) or sheeta kashaya for  trushna,  deepana, doshapachana, jwara,aruchi  and  mukhavairasya
|-
|-
|23
|23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201,202
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/201,202
|Used as Satat, anyedhyushka and  chaturthaka jwara
|Used as Satat, anyedyushka and  chaturthaka jwara
|-
|-
|24
|24
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|26
|26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/207
|Used in Vibadhdha Dosha (adhered to dhatus)
|Used in Vibaddha Dosha (adhered to dhatus)
|-
|-
|27
|27
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|31
|31
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/243
|Used as Kalka in formulation of  Patoladi niruhabasti
|Used as Kalka in formulation of  Patoladi niruha basti
|-
|-
|32
|32
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|33
|33
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/248
|Used as Kalka niruhabasti
|Used as Kalka niruha basti
|-
|-
|34
|34
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/258
|As an ingredient of  Chandanadhya taila
|As an ingredient of  Chandanadya taila
|-
|-
|35
|35
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/343
|Used in Punaravrtaka jwara as  an ingredient of Kirattiktadi kwath
|Used in Punaravrtaka jwara as  an ingredient of Kirattiktadi kwatha
|-
|-
|36
|36
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|37
|37
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 4/45
|In Yavagu Prayoga(Medicated gruels )
|In Yavagu Prayoga (Medicated gruels )
|-
|-
|38
|38
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|44
|44
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/26
|Sarva Prameh nashak yoga
|Sarva Prameha nashak yoga
|-
|-
|45
|45
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/27
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaj prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|Used for making decoction in Kaphaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|-
|46
|46
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/30
|Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)
|-
|-
|47
|47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/32
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/32
|Used for making decoction in Pittaj prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)  
|Used for making decoction in Pittaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)  
|-
|-
|48
|48
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/3
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 6/3
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaj prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)  
|Trikantakadhya Tail/Ghrit in Vata-kaphaja prameha(Urinary Diseases including diabetes)  
|-
|-
|49
|49
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|52
|52
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/77
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurisht
|Ingredient in Kanakabindurishta
|-
|-
|53
|53
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/91
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snan and Lepa
|Ingredient in Sidhdharthak  snana and Lepa


Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth  
Abhyantar and Bahya-shodhanarth  
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|54
|54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/102
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushth(skin disease)
|Bahyaprayogarth tail in Kushtha(skin disease)
|-
|-
|55
|55
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|57
|57
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 7/144
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrit
|Ingredient in Mahatikta Ghrita
|-
|-
|58
|58
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|62
|62
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/23
|In treatment of Vataj  Svayathu(oedema)
|In treatment of Vataj  Shvayathu(oedema)
|-
|-
|63
|63
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|64
|64
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/43
|Ingredient in Kshar Gudika
|Ingredient in Kshara Gudika
|-
|-
|65
|65
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|70
|70
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/126
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/126
|As an  ingredient of candanadhya ghrita
|As an  ingredient of Chandanadhya ghrita
|-
|-
|71
|71
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/129
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradhya churna
|As an  ingredient of Nagaradya churna
|-
|-
|72
|72
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/132
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittajagrahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadhya churna
|This drug is  used in treatment of pittaja grahani as an ingredient of Bhunimbadya churna
|-
|-
|73
|73
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/138
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/138
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadhya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|As an  ingredient of Kiratadya churna (Pittaja Grahani chiktsa)
|-
|-
|74
|74
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|75
|75
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/188
|Used in  preparation of Pancham Kshara
|Used in  preparation of Panchama Kshara
|-
|-
|76
|76
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|77
|77
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/47
|As an ingredient of Katukadhya Ghrita
|As an ingredient of Katukadya Ghrita
|-
|-
|78
|78
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/70   
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/70   
|As an ingredient of Navayas Loha
|As an ingredient of Navayasa Loha
|-
|-
|79
|79
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|81
|81
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/103
|As an ingredient of   Mandura Vataka  
|As an ingredient of Mandura Vataka  
|-
|-
|82
|82
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/119  
|As an ingredient of   Vyoshadi Ghrita
|As an ingredient of Vyoshadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|83
|83
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|84
|84
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 17/123
|As an ingredient of  satyadi churna
|As an ingredient of  shatyadi churna
|-
|-
|85
|85
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/51
|As an ingredient  of dusparsadi leha
|As an ingredient  of dusparshadi leha
|-
|-
|86
|86
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/69  
|As an ingredient  of manahsiladi dhuma
|As an ingredient  of manahshiladi dhuma
|-
|-
|87
|87
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/87  
|  
|As an ingredient of leha in pittaja kasa
|-
|-
|88
|88
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|89
|89
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/112
|As an ingredient  of katphaladi kwath
|As an ingredient  of katphaladi kwatha
|-
|-
|90
|90
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|91
|91
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|92
|92
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/118  
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|93
|93
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120  
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|94
|94
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/121
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|95
|95
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/163  
|As an ingredient of kasmaryadi ghrita
|As an ingredient of kashmaryadi ghrita
|-
|-
|96
|96
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|97
|97
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 18/120
|As a yoga dravya.
|As a yoga dravya.
|-
|-
|98
|98
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|99
|99
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/22
|As a ama pachak dravya
|As a ama pachaka dravya
|-
|-
|100
|100
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|102
|102
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/104
|As a kwath dravya
|As a kwatha dravya
|-
|-
|103
|103
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/38
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/38
|As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga
|As an ingredient of Kaphaja chhardihara yoga
|-
|-
|104
|104
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/54
|For kashaya pana.
|For kashaya pana
|-
|-
|105
|105
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88  
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/88  
|For pradeha(external application) prayoga in Kaphaja visarpa
|For pradeha(external application) prayoga in Kaphaja visarpa
|-
|-
|106
|106
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 21/130
|Used in granthi visarpa.(acute spreading erysepalas)
|Used in granthi visarpa.(acute spreading erysepalas)
|-
|-
|107
|107
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|118
|118
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/235
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/235
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga
|-
|-
|119
|119
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 26/239
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aaschotana karma
|Used in Kaphaja netra roga  for Aashchotana karma
|-
|-
|120
|120
Line 580: Line 589:
* Mahalakshadi taila
* Mahalakshadi taila
* Sadangapaniya
* Sadangapaniya


== Current availability==  
== Current availability==  
Line 587: Line 595:


== Current researches ==
== Current researches ==
== Phytochemistry ==
Phytochemical evaluations have isolated more than 550 distinct [[secondary metabolite]]s from the rhizomes of ''C. rotundus''.<ref name="Xue2023" /> The primary bioactive fractions driving its therapeutic efficacy include:
* '''[[Sesquiterpene]]s and [[essential oil]]s:''' The characteristic woody aroma and primary anti-inflammatory activities are attributed to volatile compounds, including [[cyperene]], cyperotundone, [[rotundone]], alpha-cyperone, and patchoulenone.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
* '''[[Phenols|Phenolics]] and [[flavonoid]]s:''' The plant contains significant reserves of polyphenols, flavonol glycosides, and specific [[stilbene]]s, such as scirpusin A and B, which contribute to its [[antioxidant]] profile.<ref name="Kamala2018" />
* '''Other constituents:''' The tubers also yield [[monoterpene|monoterpenoids]], [[alkaloid]]s, [[saponin]]s, and [[phytosterol]]s, such as [[beta-sitosterol]].<ref name="Xue2023" /><ref name="Kamala2018" />
== Medical research and efficacy ==
=== Gastrointestinal effects ===
In Ayurvedic pharmacology, ''C. rotundus'' is classified as a digestive stimulant (''Deepana'') and [[carminative]] (''Pachana''). Modern ''[[in vitro]]'' and ''[[in vivo]]'' studies indicate that the plant exhibits antidiarrheal and antimicrobial properties through non-bactericidal mechanisms.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Research demonstrates that a crude decoction of the tubers significantly inhibits the proliferation of the protozoan ''[[Giardia lamblia]]''.<ref name="Birdi2011" /> Furthermore, the extract reduces the adherence and invasive capabilities of pathogenic ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Shigella flexneri]]'' to intestinal epithelial cells, while concurrently neutralizing enterotoxin-induced cytotoxicity.<ref name="Birdi2011" />
=== Anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activity ===
Preclinical models have validated the traditional use of ''C. rotundus'' in treating painful and febrile inflammatory states. In animal models of [[carrageenan]]-induced paw [[edema]], ethanolic extracts of the rhizomes demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug|non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]] such as [[indomethacin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> Additionally, alcoholic extracts have shown significant antipyretic action in yeast-induced [[pyrexia]] models, achieving body temperature reductions statistically similar to [[aspirin]].<ref name="Kamala2018" /> These effects are primarily mediated by the essential oil and sesquiterpenoid fractions interacting with nociceptive and inflammatory pathways.<ref name="Xue2023" />
=== Gastroprotective mechanisms ===
Unlike synthetic NSAIDs, which frequently compromise gastric mucosal integrity, ''C. rotundus'' has demonstrated gastroprotective qualities.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> ''In vivo'' evaluations using 70% methanolic extracts showed a dose-dependent prevention of aspirin-induced gastric ulceration.<ref name="Thomas2015" /> The mechanism is associated with a significant upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes—specifically [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD), [[glutathione]] (GSH), and [[glutathione peroxidase]] (GPx)—alongside a marked reduction in tissue [[lipid peroxidation]].<ref name="Thomas2015" />
=== Dermatological applications ===
Clinical trials have explored the anti-androgenic potential of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil for topical applications in dermatology.
* '''[[Hair removal|Hair reduction]]:''' Due to the anti-androgenic activity of its constituent flavonoids, topical application of the essential oil has been investigated as a method for reducing [[hirsutism|unwanted body hair]].<ref name="Mohammed2014" /> In a randomized controlled trial comparing the oil against [[Alexandrite laser]] epilation and placebos, the topical ''C. rotundus'' oil achieved hair reduction results statistically equivalent to laser treatment for dark hair, while significantly outperforming laser therapy on white hair without adverse effects.<ref name="Mohammed2014" />
* '''Post-laser recovery:''' Additional clinical evidence indicates that the topical application of ''C. rotundus'' essential oil effectively mitigates post-laser skin irritation and [[erythema]] (redness), demonstrating a healing profile comparable to 1% [[hydrocortisone]] cream.<ref name="Mohammed2021" />
== Toxicology and safety ==
Toxicological evaluations indicate that ''C. rotundus'' possesses a favorable safety profile when prepared in standard therapeutic dosages.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /> Acute and chronic [[toxicity]] studies in animal models have shown no evidence of [[genotoxicity]] or significant systemic organ toxicity, corroborating its long history of clinical use in traditional medicine.<ref name="Peerzada2015" /><ref name="Xue2023" />
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Peerzada2015">{{cite journal |last1=Peerzada |first1=A. M. |last2=Ali |first2=H. H. |last3=Naeem |first3=M. |date=2015 |title=Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities |journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]] |volume=174 |pages=540–560 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.012}}</ref>
<ref name="Xue2023">{{cite journal |last1=Xue |first1=B.-X. |last2=He |first2=R.-S. |last3=Lai |first3=J.-X. |date=2023 |title=Phytochemistry, data mining, pharmacology, toxicology and the analytical methods of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae): a comprehensive review |journal=Phytochemistry Reviews |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=1353–1398 |doi=10.1007/s11101-023-09870-3}}</ref>
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<ref name="Mohammed2021">{{cite journal |last1=Mohammed |first1=G. F. |date=2021 |title=The effectiveness of Cyperus rotundus essential oil in reducing the side effects of laser hair removal |journal=[[Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=1501–1505 |doi=10.1111/jocd.14301 |pmid=34310860}}</ref>
}}
== External links ==
[https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus IMPPAT database]
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus
https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Cyperus%20rotundus


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
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