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Coriandrum sativum L.
{{#seo:
|title=Charak Samhita
|titlemode=append
|keywords= *Dhanyaka, Coriandrum sativum L., Coriander, Therapeutic use, herbs, researches on dravya, Charak Samhita, Dravyaguna, carakasamhitaonline, carakasamhita, caraka samhita, Ayurveda, Charak Samhita English translation, ancient Ayurveda text, Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda, Charak, Charaka Samhita, agnivesha, atreya, gopal basisht, yogesh deole, charak samhita wikipedia edition, charak samhita new edition, charaka samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, carak samhita new edition, research on charak samhita, text book charak samhita, fundamental principles of ayurveda, basic concepts of ayurveda,
|description= Dhanyaka (Coriandrum sativum L.) is widely used in Ayurveda for digestive, antipyretic, and carminative actions. It helps balance all three doshas and provides significant antioxidant properties.
|image=http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/resources/assets/ogimgs.jpg
|image_alt=charak samhita
|type=article
}}
 
{{Infobox
{{Infobox
|title = Dhanyaka
|title = Dhanyaka
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|data1 = Herb database/Dhanyaka
|data1 = Herb database/Dhanyaka
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|label2 = Botanical name(s)
|data2 = Coriandrum sativum L.
|data2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander Coriandrum sativum L.]
|label3 = Family
|label3 = Family
|data3 = Umbelliferae
|data3 = Apiaceae
|label4 = Availability
|label4 = Availability
|data4 = Avalable
|data4 = Available
|label5 = Contributors
|label5 = Contributors
|data5 = --
|data5 = [[Team Dravyaguna]]
|label6 = Year of publication  
|label6 = Year of publication  
|data6 =  2025
|data6 =  2026
|label7 = Publisher  
|label7 = Publisher  
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
|data7 =  [[Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre]]
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|data8  = Awaited
|data8  = Awaited
}}
}}
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriander Coriandrum sativum L.]''', popularly known as '''Dhanyaka''' (Coriander), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Its seeds and fresh aerial parts are extensively used as a culinary spice and a valued medicinal drug in [[Ayurveda]] for managing digestive, antipyretic, and inflammatory conditions.


==English name ==
==English name ==
Line 24: Line 35:


==Therapeutic uses==
==Therapeutic uses==
Atisara(diarrhoea), chardi(vomiting), daha(burning), jwara(fever), trushna(thirst), ajirna(indigetion)<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :21</ref>
Atisara (diarrhoea), Chardi (vomiting), Daha (burning sensation), Jwara (fever), Trushna (thirst), Ajirna (indigestion)<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 21.</ref>


==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
==Synonyms in Charak Samhita==
Dhanyaka(having seeds like cereals), Dhanya, Shungaverika, Kustumburu(fruits of dhanyaka resemble tumburu), Chhatra, Dhaneyaka, Kunati, Dhanak, Dhana, Dhenuka, Chatra, Vitunnak, Kustumbar
Dhanyaka (having seeds like cereals), Dhanya, Shungaverika, Kustumburu (fruits of Dhanyaka resemble Tumburu), Chhatra, Dhaneyaka, Kunati, Dhanak, Dhana, Dhenuka, Chatra, Vitunnak, Kustumbar


==Varieties==
==Varieties==
# Gramya  
# Gramya
# Vanya
# Vanya
 
 
 
== Botanical Profile & Traditional Context ==
In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Dhanyaka is classified as *Tridoshahara* (pacifying all three doshas) with a sweet post-digestion effect (*madhura vipaka*) and hot potency (*ushna veerya*). It plays a vital role in formulations targeting digestive fire enhancement and fever management.
 
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  
== Ayurvedic pharmacological properties ==  


Line 42: Line 58:
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
| 1 || Taste ([[rasa]])  || Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
|-
|-
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) ||Hot (ushna)
| 2 || Potency ([[veerya]]) || Hot (ushna)
|-
|-
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
| 3 || Post digestion effect ([[vipaka]]) || Sweet (madhura)
Line 48: Line 64:
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
| 4 || Qualities ([[guna]])|| Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
|-
|-
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three dosha (tridoshahara)
| 5 || Actions ([[karma]]) || Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)
|-
|-
|}
|}
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  
== Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions ==  


Line 58: Line 75:
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
! Sr.no. !! Reference in Charak Samhita !! Activity  
|-
|-
| 1  
| 1 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42) || Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 4/9(42)  
| Sheetaprashaman mahakashaya(pacifying cold)
|-
|-
| 2  
| 2 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20 || Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (disease due to over-nutrition)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 23/20  
| Santarpanajanya vikar chikitsa(disease due to over nutrition)
|-
|-
| 3  
| 3 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/171 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
| Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/171  
|Harita Varga(Class of green herbs)
|-
|-
|4
| 4 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/173 || Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/173
|Harita Varga(Class of green herbs)
|-
|-
|5
| 5 || Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307 || Krutanna Varga
|Cha.Sa.[[Sutra Sthana]] 27/307
|Krutanna Varga
|-
|-
|6
| 6 || Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135 || Vamana dravyani (emetic dravya)
|Cha.Sa.[[Vimana Sthana]] 8/135
|Vaman dravyani(emetic dravya)
|-
|-
|7
| 7 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40 || Kalyanaka Guda
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/40
|Kalyanaka Guda
|-
|-
|8
| 8 || Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54 || Trivrittadi Modaka
| Cha.Sa.[[Kalpa Sthana]] 7/54
|Trivrittadi Modaka
|-
|-
|9
| 9 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183 || Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/183
|Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
|-
|-
|10
| 10 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267 || As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 3/267
|As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
|-
|-
|11
| 11 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65 || Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/65
|Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
|-
|-
|12
| 12 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69 || Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/69
|Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
|-
|-
|13
| 13 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74 || Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/74
|Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
|-
|-
|14
| 14 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80 || Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/80
|Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
|-
|-
|15
| 15 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86 || Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/86
|Ingredient of Shatyadi Churna
|-
|-
|16
| 16 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/111 || As a diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 5/111
|As a diet in Gulma(abdominal lump)
|-
|-
|17
| 17 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70 || Pathya diet for pinasa in treatment of rajayakshma
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/70
|Pathya diet for Pinas in treatment of Rajayakshma
|-
|-
|18
| 18 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137 || As a kavala dravya for mukhashodhanartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/137
|As a Kaval dravya for Mukhashodhanarth 
|-
|-
|19
| 19 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142 || Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 8/142
|Ingredient in Yavani shadav
|-
|-
|20
| 20 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86 || Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/86
|Ingredient in Saindhavadi Churna
|-
|-
|21
| 21 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88 || Ingredient in Shadav
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 11/88
|Ingredient in Shadav
|-
|-
|22
| 22 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55 || Ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/55
|Ingredient in Chitrakadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|23
| 23 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65 || For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 12/65
|For Lepa, Abhyangadi  Bahyaprayogarth
|-
|-
|24
| 24 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110 || In treatment of udara roga (for parisheka)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/110
|In treatment of Udara roga (for parisheka)  
|-
|-
|25
| 25 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125 || As an ingredient of Narayana churna
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 13/125
|As an ingredient of narayan churna
|-
|-
|26
| 26 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72 || As an ingredient of Takrarishta
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/72  
|As an ingredient of takrarista
|-
|-
|27
| 27 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89 || Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/89
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrit, siddhant jala
|-
|-
|28
| 28 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103 || Use with phanita and goghrita; removes vata and vibandha
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/103
|Use with phanita and goghrita, Removes vata and vibandha
|-
|-
|29
| 29 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106 || As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/106
|As an ingredient of nagaradya ghrita
|-
|-
|30
| 30 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110 || Used as anupana in arsha (hemorrhoids)
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/110
|Used as anupana in arsha(hemorrhoids)
|-
|-
|31
| 31 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129 || Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 14/129
|Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhant jala
|-
|-
|32
| 32 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142 || Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 15/142
|Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
|-
|-
|33
| 33 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44 || As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 16/44
|As an ingredient of Dadimadi Ghrita
|-
|-
|34
| 34 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20 || As a pramathya dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/20  
|As a pramathya dravya  
|-
|-
|35
| 35 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26 || As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/26  
|As a Ingridient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
|-
|-
|36
| 36 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40 || As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/40  
|As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya
|-
|-
|37
| 37 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44 || As an ingredient of Chavyadi ghrita
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/44
|As a ingredient of chavyadi ghrita
|-
|-
|38
| 38 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105 || As a kwatha dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/105
|As a kwatha dravya  
|-
|-
|39
| 39 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110 || As a yoga dravya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 19/110
|As a yoga dravya  
|-
|-
|40
| 40 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/23 || As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/23
|As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
|-
|-
|41
| 41 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24 || Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/24
|Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
|-
|-
|42
| 42 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31 || As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 20/31
|As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
|-
|-
|43
| 43 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95 || As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 23/95
|As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
|-
|-
|44
| 44 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of trijataka
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/128
|Used as anupana in vataja  madatyaya as an ingredient of trijataka
|-
|-
|45
| 45 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/130 || Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/130
|Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
|-
|-
|46
| 46 || Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183 || Used in pachana
|Cha.Sa.[[Chikitsa Sthana]] 24/183
|Used in pachana.
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Dose==
==Dose==
* 1-3 gm of drug in powder form<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :21</ref>
* 1–3 g of drug in powder form<ref name="ref1"/>


==Important formulation==
==Important formulation==
As per A.P.I.<ref>Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health nd Family welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1 :21</ref>
As per A.P.I.<ref name="ref1"/>
* Dhanyapanchaka kwath churna
* Dhanyapanchaka kwatha churna


== Current availability==
Available
* '''In India –''' Cultivated extensively throughout India as a common spice and crop.


== Phytochemical Composition ==
The therapeutic potential of ''Coriandrum sativum'' seeds and leaves is driven by a rich profile of bioactive constituents:
* '''Volatile Oils:''' Rich in linalool, geranyl acetate, alpha-pinene, and gamma-terpinene.
* '''Polyphenols & Flavonoids:''' Quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin with strong antioxidant capacities.
* '''Fatty Acids & Minerals:''' Petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, and essential micronutrients.


== Current availability==  
== Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy ==
=== Digestive and Carminative Effects ===
Dhanyaka is traditionally validated as a potent digestive stimulant (*dipana*) and carminative.
* '''Mechanism:''' Essential oils like linalool stimulate gastrointestinal secretions, alleviate spasmodic abdominal discomfort, and improve overall nutrient absorption.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Experimental studies confirm that coriander extracts protect gastric mucosa and reduce flatulence and indigestion symptoms.<ref name="Emamghoreishi2005"/>


Available
=== Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Actions ===
Modern research supports its utility in burning sensations (*daha*) and inflammatory disorders.
* '''Mechanism:''' Polyphenolic compounds scavenge free radicals, downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, and protect cellular integrity from oxidative damage.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' In vitro evaluations demonstrate significant free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities across various extract models.<ref name="Chithra2000"/>


== Current researches ==
=== Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Properties ===
Coriander exhibits regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.
* '''Mechanism:''' Enhances insulin secretion and peripheral glucose uptake while modulating key hepatic enzymes involved in lipid synthesis.
* '''Scientific Evidence:''' Animal model studies show that dietary administration of coriander seed powder lowers serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood glucose levels.<ref name="Gray2999" /><ref name="Pathak2011">{{cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=N. |last2=Mishra |first2=P. K. |last3=Maurya |first3=R. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of Coriandrum sativum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=180–184}}</ref>


https://cb.imsc.res.in/imppat/phytochemical/Coriandrum%20sativum
== Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage ==
* '''Acute Toxicity:''' Coriander is safe for daily culinary and medicinal use with an established high safety profile.
* '''Precautions:''' Individuals with known hypersensitivity to Apiaceae family plants should exercise caution.
* '''Standard Therapeutic Dosage:'''
** ''Seed Powder (Churna):'' 1–3 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda practitioner<ref name="ref1"/>.


== Summary of Therapeutic Profile ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|+ Therapeutic Applications of ''Coriandrum sativum''
! Indication
! Active Biomolecules
! Primary Pharmacological Action
|-
| '''Indigestion / Ajirna'''
| Linalool, Volatile oils
| Carminative, Digestive stimulant
|-
| '''Burning Sensation / Daha'''
| Flavonoids, Polyphenols
| Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory
|-
| '''Hyperglycemia & Dyslipidemia'''
| Linalool, Essential fatty acids
| Hypolipidemic, Insulin secretagogue
|}


[[Category: Database of herbs and minerals | Herbs]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ref1">Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 21.</ref>
<ref name="Emamghoreishi2005">{{cite journal |last1=Emamghoreishi |first1=M. |last2=Khasaki |first2=M. |last3=Amooei |first3=M. |year=2005 |title=Spasmolytic effect of Coriandrum sativum leaf extract on rat ileum |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=365–370}}</ref>
<ref name="Chithra2000">{{cite journal |last1=Chithra |first1=V. |last2=Leelamma |first2=S. |year=2000 |title=Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals |journal=Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=59–61}}</ref>
<ref name="Gray2999">{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=A. M. |last2=Flatt |first2=P. R. |year=1999 |title=Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander) |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=203–209}}</ref>
<ref name="Pathak2011">{{cite journal |last1=Pathak |first1=N. |last2=Mishra |first2=P. K. |last3=Maurya |first3=R. |year=2011 |title=Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of Coriandrum sativum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=180–184}}</ref>
}}


This article is under development ..
[[Index.php?title=Category:Database of herbs and minerals| Herbs]]

Latest revision as of 17:47, 16 September 2026


Dhanyaka
Section/Chapter Herb database/Dhanyaka
Botanical name(s) Coriandrum sativum L.
Family Apiaceae
Availability Available
Contributors Team Dravyaguna
Year of publication 2026
Publisher Charak Samhita Research, Training and Skill Development Centre
DOI Awaited

Coriandrum sativum L., popularly known as Dhanyaka (Coriander), is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Its seeds and fresh aerial parts are extensively used as a culinary spice and a valued medicinal drug in Ayurveda for managing digestive, antipyretic, and inflammatory conditions.

English name

Coriander

Therapeutic uses

Atisara (diarrhoea), Chardi (vomiting), Daha (burning sensation), Jwara (fever), Trushna (thirst), Ajirna (indigestion)[1]

Synonyms in Charak Samhita

Dhanyaka (having seeds like cereals), Dhanya, Shungaverika, Kustumburu (fruits of Dhanyaka resemble Tumburu), Chhatra, Dhaneyaka, Kunati, Dhanak, Dhana, Dhenuka, Chatra, Vitunnak, Kustumbar

Varieties

  1. Gramya
  2. Vanya


Botanical Profile & Traditional Context

In traditional Ayurvedic texts, Dhanyaka is classified as *Tridoshahara* (pacifying all three doshas) with a sweet post-digestion effect (*madhura vipaka*) and hot potency (*ushna veerya*). It plays a vital role in formulations targeting digestive fire enhancement and fever management.

Ayurvedic pharmacological properties

Properties
Sr.no. Pharmacological criteria Properties
1 Taste (rasa) Astringent (kashaya), Bitter (tikta)
2 Potency (veerya) Hot (ushna)
3 Post digestion effect (vipaka) Sweet (madhura)
4 Qualities (guna) Light (laghu), Unctuous (snigdha)
5 Actions (karma) Pacify all three doshas (tridoshahara)

Reference in Charak Samhita and its actions

Herbs and their activities
Sr.no. Reference in Charak Samhita Activity
1 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 4/9(42) Sheetaprashamana mahakashaya (pacifying cold)
2 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 23/20 Santarpanajanya vikara chikitsa (disease due to over-nutrition)
3 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/171 Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
4 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/173 Harita Varga (Class of green herbs)
5 Cha.Sa.Sutra Sthana 27/307 Krutanna Varga
6 Cha.Sa.Vimana Sthana 8/135 Vamana dravyani (emetic dravya)
7 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/40 Kalyanaka Guda
8 Cha.Sa.Kalpa Sthana 7/54 Trivrittadi Modaka
9 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/183 Used as peya with amla in Jwaraatisara
10 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 3/267 As an ingredient of Agurvadi taila
11 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/65 Ingredient in Trayushanaadi ghrita
12 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/69 Ingredient of Hingusauvarchaladya ghrita
13 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/74 Ingredient of Pippalyadya ghrita
14 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/80 Ingredient of Hingvadi churna
15 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/86 Ingredient of Shatyadi churna
16 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 5/111 As a diet in Gulma (abdominal lump)
17 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/70 Pathya diet for pinasa in treatment of rajayakshma
18 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/137 As a kavala dravya for mukhashodhanartha
19 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 8/142 Ingredient in Yavani shadav
20 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/86 Ingredient in Saindhavadi churna
21 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 11/88 Ingredient in Shadav
22 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/55 Ingredient of Chitrakadi ghrita
23 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 12/65 For lepa, abhyangadi bahyaprayogartha
24 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/110 In treatment of udara roga (for parisheka)
25 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 13/125 As an ingredient of Narayana churna
26 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/72 As an ingredient of Takrarishta
27 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/89 Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
28 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/103 Use with phanita and goghrita; removes vata and vibandha
29 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/106 As an ingredient of Nagaradya ghrita
30 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/110 Used as anupana in arsha (hemorrhoids)
31 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 14/129 Used in peya, khada yusha, ghrita, siddhanta jala
32 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 15/142 Used as peya padartha in Kaphaja grahani
33 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 16/44 As an ingredient of Dadimadi ghrita
34 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/20 As a pramathya dravya
35 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/26 As an ingredient of dipaniya and sangrahi gana
36 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/40 As a yoga dravya in treatment of purisha kshaya
37 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/44 As an ingredient of Chavyadi ghrita
38 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/105 As a kwatha dravya
39 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 19/110 As a yoga dravya
40 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/23 As a yusha prayoga in Vataja chhardi
41 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/24 Ghritapana in Vataja chhardi
42 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 20/31 As a pana yoga in Pittaja chhardi
43 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 23/95 As an ingredient of Rishabhakadi agada
44 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/128 Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya as an ingredient of trijataka
45 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/130 Used as anupana in Vataja madatyaya
46 Cha.Sa.Chikitsa Sthana 24/183 Used in pachana

Dose

  • 1–3 g of drug in powder form[1]

Important formulation

As per A.P.I.[1]

  • Dhanyapanchaka kwatha churna

Current availability

Available

  • In India – Cultivated extensively throughout India as a common spice and crop.

Phytochemical Composition

The therapeutic potential of Coriandrum sativum seeds and leaves is driven by a rich profile of bioactive constituents:

  • Volatile Oils: Rich in linalool, geranyl acetate, alpha-pinene, and gamma-terpinene.
  • Polyphenols & Flavonoids: Quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin with strong antioxidant capacities.
  • Fatty Acids & Minerals: Petroselinic acid, linoleic acid, and essential micronutrients.

Pharmacological Activities & Therapeutic Efficacy

Digestive and Carminative Effects

Dhanyaka is traditionally validated as a potent digestive stimulant (*dipana*) and carminative.

  • Mechanism: Essential oils like linalool stimulate gastrointestinal secretions, alleviate spasmodic abdominal discomfort, and improve overall nutrient absorption.
  • Scientific Evidence: Experimental studies confirm that coriander extracts protect gastric mucosa and reduce flatulence and indigestion symptoms.[2]

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Actions

Modern research supports its utility in burning sensations (*daha*) and inflammatory disorders.

  • Mechanism: Polyphenolic compounds scavenge free radicals, downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, and protect cellular integrity from oxidative damage.
  • Scientific Evidence: In vitro evaluations demonstrate significant free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities across various extract models.[3]

Antidiabetic and Hypolipidemic Properties

Coriander exhibits regulatory effects on glucose and lipid metabolism.

  • Mechanism: Enhances insulin secretion and peripheral glucose uptake while modulating key hepatic enzymes involved in lipid synthesis.
  • Scientific Evidence: Animal model studies show that dietary administration of coriander seed powder lowers serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood glucose levels.[4][5]

Safety, Toxicity, and Dosage

  • Acute Toxicity: Coriander is safe for daily culinary and medicinal use with an established high safety profile.
  • Precautions: Individuals with known hypersensitivity to Apiaceae family plants should exercise caution.
  • Standard Therapeutic Dosage:
    • Seed Powder (Churna): 1–3 g daily or as directed by an Ayurveda practitioner[1].

Summary of Therapeutic Profile

Therapeutic Applications of Coriandrum sativum
Indication Active Biomolecules Primary Pharmacological Action
Indigestion / Ajirna Linalool, Volatile oils Carminative, Digestive stimulant
Burning Sensation / Daha Flavonoids, Polyphenols Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory
Hyperglycemia & Dyslipidemia Linalool, Essential fatty acids Hypolipidemic, Insulin secretagogue

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Department of Ayush, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Part I. 1986; Volume 1: 21.
  2. ↑ Emamghoreishi, M.; Khasaki, M.; Amooei, M. (2005). "Spasmolytic effect of Coriandrum sativum leaf extract on rat ileum". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 96 (3): 365–370. 
  3. ↑ Chithra, V.; Leelamma, S. (2000). "Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals". Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 37 (1): 59–61. 
  4. ↑ Gray, A. M.; Flatt, P. R. (1999). "Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant Coriandrum sativum (coriander)". British Journal of Nutrition. 81 (3): 203–209. 
  5. ↑ Pathak, N.; Mishra, P. K.; Maurya, R. (2011). "Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activity of Coriandrum sativum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 43 (2): 180–184. 

Herbs

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